Law at War The Law as it Was and the Law as it Should Be International Humanitarian Law

Law at War: The Law as it Was and the Law as it Should Be International Humanitarian Law Series VOLUME 22 Editors-in-Chief Professor Christopher Greenwood Professor Timothy L.H McCormack Editorial Advisory Board Professor Georges Abi-Saab H.E Judge George H Aldrich Madame Justice Louise Arbour Professor Ove Bring Professor Antonio Cassese Professor John Dugard Professor Dr Horst Fischer Dr Hans-Peter Gasser Professor Leslie C Green H.E Judge Geza Herczegh Professor Frits Kaishoven Professor Ruth Lapidoth Professor Gabrielle Kirk McDonald H.E Judge Theodor Meron Captain J Ashley Roach Professor Michael Schmitt Professor Jiri Toman The International Humanitarian Law Series is a series of monographs and edited volumes which aims to promote scholarly analysis and discussion of both the theory and practice of the international legal regulation of armed conflict The series explores substantive issues of International Humanitarian Law including, – protection for victims of armed conflict and regulation of the means and methods of warfare – questions of application of the various legal regimes for the conduct of armed conflict – issues relating to the implementation of International Humanitarian Law obligations – national and international approaches to the enforcement of the law and – the interactions between International Humanitarian Law and other related areas of international law such as Human Rights, Refugee Law, Arms Control and Disarmament Law, and International Criminal Law The titles in this series are listed at the end of this volume Professor Ove Bring Law at War: The Law as it Was and the Law as it Should Be Liber Amicorum Ove Bring Edited by Ola Engdahl Pål Wrange LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 On the cover: Peace of Westphalia 1648 The United Netherlands are recognized by Spain, 15 May 1648 ‘Allegory of Hugo Grotius and the Peace of Westphalia’ Painting, c.1648/80, school of Gerard Ter Borch (1617-1681) Copyright ANP, The Netherlands This book is printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Law at war : the law as it was and the law as it should be / edited by Ola Engdahl, Pål Wrange p cm — (International humanitarian law series ; v 22) Includes bibliographical references and index “Liber Amicorum Ove Bring.” ISBN 978-90-04-17016-2 (hardback : alk paper) War (International law) I Engdahl, Ola II Wrange, Pål III Bring, Ove, 1943- IV Series KZ6385.L38 2008 341.6—dc22 2008026993 ISSN 1389-6776 ISBN 978 90 04 17016 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA Fees are subject to change printed in the netherlands Table of Contents vii Table of Contents Preface ix From Ove to Bring Marie Jacobsson The Writings of Ove Bring Marie Jacobsson Legal Restraints on the Use of Armed Force Hans Blix Individual Responsibility under National and International Law for the Conduct of Armed Conflict Iain Cameron 39 Reflections on the Security Council and Its Mandate to Maintain International Peace and Security Hans Corell 61 National Sovereignty and Responsibility for Spent Nuclear Fuel Per Cramér The Developing Relationship Between Law and Politics in the United Nations Human Rights Council Gudmundur Eiriksson The Future of Human Rights Law in Peace Operations Ola Engdahl Sense and Sensibility in Sentencing – Taking Stock of International Criminal Punishment Frederik Harhoff 10 Submarine Operations and International Law Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg 21 75 101 105 121 141 viii Table of Contents 11 Occupation and Sovereignty – Still a Useful Distinction? Martti Koskenniemi 12 The Second Lebanon War: Reflections on the 2006 Israeli Military Operations against Hezbollah Said Mahmoudi 175 Cluster Munitions, Proportionality and the Foreseeability of Civilian Damage Timothy L H McCormack & Paramdeep B Mtharu 191 13 163 14 Sacrificial Violence and Targeting in International Humanitarian Law Gregor Noll 207 15 J.-J Rousseau and the Law of Armed Force Allan Rosas 219 16 Secession, Self-determination of ‘Peoples’ and Recognition – The Case of Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence and International Law 231 Per Sevastik 17 Fighting for Justice: Åke Hammarskjöld at the Permanent Court of International Justice Ole Spiermann 18 Do We Need a World Court of Human Rights? Geir Ulfstein 19 Neutrality, Impartiality and Our Responsibility to Uphold International Law Pål Wrange 20 Index The Diluted, Dismantled, Disjointed and Resilient Old Collective Security System or Decision-making and the Use of Force – the Law as it Could Be Inger Österdahl 245 261 273 293 315 Preface ix Preface This is a tribute to Ove – the teacher, the colleague and the friend Ove’s academic work will be reviewed in an essay by his companion in law and in life, Marie Jacobsson, and no-one could it better than she For our part, we shall here briefly recount some of the more salient points of his career, and add a few reflections Ove took his PhD at Stockholm University in 1979 with a dissertation on the protection of foreign investments, and was awarded a readership (assistant professor; docent) at the same university in 1983 Before finishing his PhD, Ove took employment at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1975 as a legal adviser, and between 1987 and 1993 he was the special legal adviser for public international law (folkrättsrådgivare) and assistant under-secretary In 1993, Ove returned to Academia when he took up the chair in international law at the University of Uppsala Four years later he proceeded to Stockholm and the Carl Lindhagen chair in international law at Stockholm University In that same year he was also appointed a professor of international law at the Swedish National Defence College, and when he resigned from Stockholm University in 2005, he was able to devote himself full time to the Defence College, where he and colleagues built up the Centre for Public International Law Ove has and has had many assignments In 1995 he was appointed Swedish Conciliator under the European Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration within the CSCE (now OSCE), and in 1999 he became a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague He is a member of the Swedish Foreign Ministry Delegation on International Law (Folkrättsdelegationen), was until 2007 a member of the Council of the San Remo Institute of International Humanitarian Law and is the current chairman of the Swedish Branch of the International Law Association He is further a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences, the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities (Vitterhetsakademien) For the Swedish public, Ove is ‘Mr International Law’, a one-stop, one-call encyclopedia of international law for students, journalists and policymakers He made the events on and after September 11 comprehensible to a wide audience, he spoke out on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he commented with spirit and vigour on Kosovo Not only have his interests been in tune with what the public demanded, he has also always been able to explain difficult things in a manner accessible to all, and in a way that is a joy to listen to But there is also another side of Ove’s involvement in public affairs, that of the humanitarian and human rights advocate His engagement in the right to freedom of Index 315 Index A abstention (in connection with neutrality), 274, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281, 286, 287, 298 Afghanistan, 117, 144, 165, 179, 180, 188, 203, 228, 301, 302 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 236, 237 African Commission of Human and Peoples’ Rights, 236, 237 African Union, 296, 311, 312 aggression (see also aggressive war and use of force), 5, 24, 25, 26, 129, 189, 220, 228, 229, 289, 298, 307 aggressive war (see also aggression and use of force), 303 aggressors, 222, 289 Ahtisaari, Martti, 240 air campaign, 110, 230 air strikes, 27, 177, 179, 182 Al-Anbari, 62, 63, 64 Albania, 203, 204 Al-Qaeda, 59, 126, 179, 188 American Society of International Law, 101, 172, 239 Amnesty International, 53, 117, 182 Annan, Kofi, 36, 61, 64, 70, 279 anti-terrorist (measures), 45, 46, 102, 304 Anzilotti, Dionisio, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Case concerning the, 285, 290 Arab League, 187 Arbour, Louise, 190 Aristotle, 7, 217 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo, Case concering, 168, 177 armed attack, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 177, 178, 179, 180, 188, 220, 293, 303, 309 armed conflict (see also hostilities and internal conflict), 21, 22, 23, 28, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 58, 60, 105, 117, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 133, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 164, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187, 189, 190, 195, 208, 219, 220, 226, 229, 275, 276, 280, 281, 286, 288, 298, 303 armed force (see also use of force), 4, 21–38, 219, 221, 229, 230, 298, 304, 312 armed forces, 47, 106 arms control, 5, 22, 77, 96, 191, 265, 268 Arrest Warrant Case, 52, 55 asylum, 51, 55, 168 atrocities (see also war crimes and grave breaches and crimes against humanity) 39, 40, 49, 54, 56, 57, 124, 125, 126, 129, 139, 208 Australia, 97, 196, 297 Austria, 93, 184, 196, 255, 256, 279 Austro-German Customs Union Case, 255 authority and control (cf also effective control and overall control), 111, 112, 115, 168 autonomy, 26, 27, 130, 174, 239, 240, 242, 243 Aziz, Tariq, 64 B Badinter Arbitration Committee, 232 Bangladesh, 237 Barcelona, 284 Baruch plan, 77, 78 Becker, André (Åke Hammarskjöld), 255, 256, 257 Beichmann, Frederik, 250 Beirut, 182 316 Index Belgium, 45, 52, 93, 106, 196 Belgrade, 46, 106, 239 belligerent, 150–161, 163, 165, 208, 226, 228, 259, 260, 277, 279, 280 Benvenisti, Eyal, 164, 167 Berlin, 6, 44, 47, 73, 116, 152, 266, 286 biological weapons, 5, 29, 82, 84, 191 Blair, Tony, 29, 143, 186 Blix, Hans, 4, 88 blockade, 4, 153, 154, 156, 158, 183, 184 Bodin, Jean, 170 bombing, 27, 29, 35, 45, 77, 106, 110, 126, 182–184, 197, 199, 201, 205, 211, 214, 215, 239, 287 bomblets, 184, 204, 205 booby traps, 193–194, 195 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27, 58, 105, 113, 114, 118, 132, 203, 239, 280, 302 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 62, 63, 64 Boven, Theo van, 275, 278 Brahimi Report on UN Peace Operations, 279 Briand-Kellogg Pact (Pact of Paris), 24, 219, 259 Bring, Ove, 1–8, 9–20, 27, 39, 41, 57, 60, 105, 191, 192, 230, 245, 273, 274, 280, 291 Brownlie, Ian, 23, 34, 177, 298 Bulgaria, 93, 97 bunker, 197 Burma, 279 Bush, George W., 4, 23, 26, 32, 33, 35, 36, 95, 180, 186, 187 C Cambodia, 56, 203, 220 Canada, 97, 117, 184, 196, 234, 236, 296 Supreme Court, 234, 236, 238, 240, 241 Caroline case, 34 ceasefire, 78, 185, 186, 187, 188, 201, 204 Chad, 203, 297 Chechnya, 203 chemical weapons, 5, 29, 53, 54, 82, 84, 191 China, 24, 25, 27, 31, 97, 184, 243 civil service, 245, 275, 276, 278, 280, 281 civil war (see also internal conflict), 21, 226 civilian casualties, 180–181, 183, 185, 186, 200, 202, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217 civilian objects, 43, 127, 152, 153, 186, 193, 195, 202, 203, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 230 civilian person, 198 civilian population, 7, 40, 41, 43, 50, 55, 118, 132, 152–153, 164, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 210, 211, 215, 224, 230, 286 civilian property, 195, 196, 197, 199, 203, 205 civilian target, 52, 175, 181, 182, 186, 189, 190 cluster bombs, 184, 201, 205, 206 cluster munitions, 184, 185, 192–194, 201, 203–206 Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 165 coastal defence, 142 Cold War, end of, 21, 26, 37, 89, 275 collateral damage, 158, 183, 200, 210, 215 collective security, 1, 3, 5, 24, 25, 71, 73, 105, 269, 273, 280, 287, 293–313 colonialism, 166, 171, 179, 209 combat, 43, 47, 102, 127, 149, 183, 195, 214, 220 combatants, 40, 47, 59, 149, 163, 185, 195, 196, 201, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 216, 224, 225, 228, 230 command responsibility, 39, 48, 49, 51, 52, 123, 126–128, 133, 135–137, 139 Congo, Belgian, 257 Congo, Democratic Republic of (see also Zaire), 52, 108, 168, 177 continental shelf, 151 contraband, 158 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (Safety Convention), 115, 229 cosmopolitanism, 219, 273, 275, 289–290 Council of Europe, 268 covert operations, 143 crimes against humanity (see also atrocities), 42, 49–52, 55, 56, 58, 67, 121–122 133, 135, 229 criminal courts, 56, 122, 220, 229 criminal law, 39, 41, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 101, 122, 190, 193, 200, 223, 229 criminal responsibility, 39, 48, 49, 51, 57, 136, 200 criminological theory, 123 Critical Legal Studies Movement (CLS), 209 Index Croatia, 93, 203, 239 Cyprus, 109, 231 Czech Republic, 45, 93 D Darfur, 50, 126, 311 de Wet, Erika, 273, 284 death penalty, 51 Declaration of Paris (1856), 146 degrading treatment, 42, 48 demilitarised areas, democracy, 30, 59, 72, 108, 126, 173, 203, 209, 220–221, 231, 232, 234, 269, 270, 301, 304, 311 Denmark, 117, 121, 269 derogation, 44, 189, 190 detention, 42, 59, 105, 111, 112, 116, 117, 123, 138, 183 deterrent, 127, 128, 139 disarmament, 5, 21, 22, 24, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 97, 99, 101, 191, 203 disciplinary matters, 115 disciplinary powers, 112 discrimination, 70, 80, 94, 97, 99, 102, 104, 153, 154, 158, 276 displaced persons, 175, 201, 202 distinction, principle of 43, 50, 59, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 205, 210, 212, 225, 230 Donald, Dominick, 279 Dönitz, Karl, 142, 155, 158, 159 Dresden, 17 Drummond, Sir Eric, 246 dud rates, 203, 204 Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, 283, 285 Durban Review Conference, 101–104 E East Timor, 70, 166, 220, 302 ECOMOG, 311 ECOWAS, 297 effective control (cf also authority and control and overall control), 45, 49, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 168, 169, 181 Eichmann, Adolf, 42 ElBaradei, Mohamed, 89, 91 emergency, 44, 47, 70, 182, 189, 220, 230 Engelsdoerfer (Åke Hammarskjöld), 256, 257 equal treatment (in connection with neutrality), 275, 279, 280, 287 317 Eritrea, 203 Ethiopia, 203 ethnic cleansing, 27, 67, 126 European Convention on Human Rights, 44, 69, 106, 109, 116, 168, 267, 268 European Court of Human Rights, 44, 45, 69, 106, 168, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271 European Union (EU), 6, 22, 53, 56, 69, 84, 100, 105, 166, 221, 228, 232, 240, 242, 262, 287, 296, 297, 311 exclusion zone (maritime), 154, 155, 156, 159 exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 146, 147, 151 execution, 42, 48, 175, 201 explosive remnants of war (ERW), 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 202, 203 extradition, 42, 51, 54 extraterritoriality, 45, 52–53, 54, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118 F Falklands/Malvinas, 155 Finland, 76, 92, 98, 184, 229, 235, 241 Fleischhauer, Carl-August, 62 force protection, 119, 145 France, 24, 26, 31, 76, 86, 88, 92, 95, 97, 98, 111, 149, 187, 225, 231, 240, 250, 251 Franck, Thomas M., 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 275, 298, 300 free fire zone, 155, 159 Friendly Relations Declaration, 233, 236, 243 Fromageot, Henri, 254, 256, 257 G Gaynor, Fergal, 126, 138, 139 Gaza, 164, 173, 178 gender, 264 Geneva Conventions (1949), 4, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 53, 59, 134, 148, 152, 163, 176, 182, 183, 195, 210, 211, 220, 230, 276, 285, 298 Geneva Convention, IV (1949), 164, 167 Common Article 3, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 53 Protocol I Additional to, 4, 5, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 81, 148, 152, 153, 163, 182, 183, 195, 196, 200, 202, 210– 213, 215, 217, 220, 230, 276, 285, 298 ICRC Commentary on the Additional Protocols, 211, 213 318 Index ICRC Commentary on the II Geneva Convention, 160 Geneva Protocol (1924), 255, 256 genocide (see also prevention of genocide), 42, 43, 48, 54, 58, 114, 285, 290 Genocide Convention (1948), 42, 43, 54 Germany, 41, 68, 111, 142, 143, 149, 170, 231, 240, 255, 256, 257 Ghnem, Edward, 63 Girard, René, 207, 215, 216, 217, 218 Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP), 96, 97, 100 Goetschel, Laurent, 281, 287 Golan Heights, 179 Goldsmith, Lord (Peter), 32 grave breaches (see also war crimes), 41–43, 53 Great Britain (see United Kingdom) Greece, 46, 113, 231 Grotius, Hugo, 3, 40, 217, 224, 225, 259 Grünigen, Marianne von, 279, 281 Guantánamo, 59, 168 Guerrero, José Gustavo, 259 guerrilla operations, Guggenheim, Paul, 273 Gulf War, the First (1980–1988), 26, 155, 197, 208, 210 Gulf War, the Second (1990–1991), 26, 155, 197, 208, 210 H Hague Peace Conference, the First (1899), 7, 148 Hague Peace Conference, the Second (1907), 149, 274 Hague Convention II (Porter Convention) (1907), 23 Hague Regulations (annexed to IV Hague Convention) (1907), 210 Hamas, 178, 189 Hammarskjöld, Åke (see also Engelsdoerfer, Paul de Vineuil, and André de Becker), 245–259 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 4, 5, 245, 259, 273, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283–284, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291–292 Hammarskjöld, Hjalmar, 245, 273, 274 Harmon, Mark B., 126, 138, 139 Heinegg, Wolff Heintschel von, 215, 280 Helsinki Principles on the Law of Maritime Neutrality, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 280 Hezbollah, 175–190, 205, 206 High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, 31, 36, 37, 67, 68, 73 Hiroshima, 75 Hobbes, Thomas, 224 Hobbesian, 170 Hogg, Sir Douglas, 250 hors de combat, 40, 42, 148, 183, 185 hostilities, 23, 41, 149, 152, 153, 155, 157, 175, 177, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 221, 225, 276, 277 Huber, Max, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258, 260 Hudson, Manley O., 251, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259 Human Rights Committee, 45, 107, 108, 125, 168, 264, 265, 266 Human Rights Watch, 48, 53, 182, 203 human rights, 3, 23, 30, 31, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 56, 59, 68–72, 73, 101–104, 105–119, 126, 139, 140, 165, 167–169, 175, 176, 179, 181, 185, 189, 220, 221, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 237, 239, 241, 261–272, 277, 285, 289, 301, 302, 312 human rights, extraterritorial application (cf also extraterritoriality), 106–110 humanitarian assistance, 47, 230, 276, 277, 280, 281, 282, 300 humanitarian intervention, 6, 27, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308, 309, 312 humanitarian law, see international humanitarian law humanitarian operations, 229, 276, 279 humanitarian purposes, 311 Hungary, 46, 93, 97 Hurst, Sir Cecil, 254, 256, 257, 258 Hussein, Saddam, 28, 29, 30, 61, 64, 65 I IFOR, 105 imminent attack or threat (see also self-defence and use of force), 29, 33–37, 303 immunity, 48, 52, 59, 144, 145, 146, 230 impartiality, 64, 132, 152, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291 impunity, 56, 57, 125, 126, 127, 132 independence (of states), 22, 24, 129, 231, 232, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 281 indiscriminate attacks, 43, 153, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 199, 200, 205, 210, 212 Index individual responsibility, 39–60, 200, 218, 220 innocent passage, 145, 146, 147 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 168 internal (or non-international) (armed) conflict (see also civil war), 42–44 47–56, 208, 219–220, 226–227 internal water, 145, 150, 151 international ‘public’ law, 286 International Atomic Development Authority, 77 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 30, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 302 International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 172 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), 22, 27, 239, 284, 285, 291, 296, 307, 309 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (see also Geneva Conventions, ICRC Commentary and Red Cross Movement and Red Cross and Red Crescent, Fundamental Principles of), 4, 42, 43, 58, 195, 211, 213, 217, 276, 277, 280, 282 international constitutional law, 283 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 52, 72, 108, 167, 168, 169, 177, 179–180, 188, 246, 249, 259, 266, 284, 285 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 44, 69, 70, 108, 125, 129, 160, 221, 235, 236, 265 International Criminal Court (ICC) (see also Rome Statute of), 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 128, 131, 132, 140, 193, 196, 213, 220, 265, 285 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (see also Statute of and Rules of Procedure and Evidence of), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 121, 125, 131, 134, 138 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY ) (see also Statute of and Rules of Procedure and Evidence of), 49, 53, 57, 121, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138 international ethics, 289, 290 international humanitarian law (IHL) (see also jus in bello, laws of armed conflict and laws of war), 4, 5, 39, 40, 44, 46–47, 48, 53, 54, 319 58, 59, 60, 105, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 150, 163, 164, 167, 168, 179, 180–186, 189, 190, 191–206, 207–218, 219, 221, 224, 229, 230, 277, 278, 293, 298 International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Tribunal, IMT), 41, 158 International Law Association (ILA), 116, 150, 259, 260, 266, 274, 280 ILA Budapest Articles of Interpretation, 259 international organisations, responsibility of, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117 international organisations, exercise of authority over territory by, 166 international tribunals (see also International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia), 40, 229 internationalist, 245, 289 intervention, military (see also humanitarian intervention), 4, 27, 30, 32, 106, 165, 220, 237, 240, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312 Iran, 35, 37, 45, 81, 94, 95, 96, 155, 175, 177, 187, 210, 301, 302, 303 Iraq (see also Coalition Provisional Authority), 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 46, 52, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 73, 81, 83, 107, 116, 117, 126, 140, 155, 164, 165, 168, 177, 179, 187, 200, 203, 210, 220, 228, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307 ISAF, 117 Island of Palmas, 169 Israel, 35, 42, 45, 108, 154, 163, 167, 168, 173, 175–190, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206 Supreme Court, 167, Italy, 46, 93, 97, 157, 196, 202, 240, 249 J Japan, 49, 93, 97, 143, 209, 254 Jennings, Sir Robert, 246 Jochnick, Chris af, 208, 209 Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 98 joint criminal enterprise, 48, 49 jurisdiction, criminal, 39, 42, 43, 44, 52–57, 112, 115, 220 320 Index jurisdiction, universal criminal, 42, 52, 238 jus ad bellum, 4, 6, 196, 219, 221, 226, 228, 229 jus cogens, 286, 289 jus contra bellum, 7, 227, 228 jus in bello (see also international humanitarian law), 4, 6, 23, 176, 192, 196, 207, 208, 219, 221, 224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 302 K Kant, Immanuel, 227, 289, 291 Katanga, 237 Kegley, Charles, 289 Kellogg, Francis B., 259 Kellogg-Briand Pact, see Briand-Kellogg Pact Kerry, John, 32 KFOR, 110, 111, 112, 239 Kissinger, Henry, 22, 52 Korea, 4, 97 Koskiennemi, Martti, 126 Kosovo, 5, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 46, 106, 107, 111, 129, 130, 166, 169, 203, 204, 230, 231, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 301, 302, 307, 308 Krahenbühl, Pierre, 277 Kurdistan, 46, 179 Kuwait, 26, 31, 200, 203, 204 L Lapradelle, Albert Geouffre de, 250 Latvia, 93, 254 Lauterpacht, Hersch, 259, 273 law(s) or armed conflict (see also laws of war and international humanitarian law), 39, 40, 48, 58, 60, 144, 153, 156, 163, 273 law of nations, 3, 12 laws of war (and laws of warfare) (see also laws of armed conflict and international humanitarian law), 4, 5, 7, 23, 41, 42, 49, 59, 207, 208, 209, 217, 289 League of Nations, 5, 235, 246, 248, 252, 274 Advisory Committee of Jurists, 246–248 Council, 246, 255, 256 Covenant, 24, 219, 246, 249, 250, 251 Secretariat, 245, 246, 247 Secretary-General, 246, 247, Lebanon, 45, 56, 175–191, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206 Lithuania, 93, 97 London Protocol (1936), 141, 148, 149, 157, 158, 159, 161 Losinger case, 257 M Macedonia, 239 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 23 Madrid Agenda, 72 manifestly unlawful, 39, 51 Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict (UK), 151, 199, 200 Manual on Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts (Germany), 58 Médecins sans frontières, 277, 282 Mégret, Frédéric, 209 Memorandum of Understanding for the Oilfor-Food Program (1996), 61 Memorandum of Understanding on CSCE presence in Kosovo (1992), 239 military advantage, 158, 183, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 211, 212, 213, 214, 218 military discipline, 146, 226 military means, 142, 303 military necessity, 7, 124, 181, 183, 184, 186, 208, 209 military objective, 43, 149, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 196, 197, 207, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 230 military operations, 6, 30, 44, 46, 47, 107, 164, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187, 188, 193, 195, 196, 207 mimetic desire, 216 mines, land, 53, 193, 177, 195, 202 mines, naval, 144, 150, 156, 193 missiles, 7, 29, 38, 143, 144, 152, 153 Moldavia, 231, 242 Momir Nikoliæ case, 125, 130, 133 Montenegro, 58, 203, 239 Moore, John Bassett, 253, 254, 258 morale, 211, 214, 215 Morocco, 203, 249 N Nagasaki, 75 Nairobi, 107 Namibia, 169, 235 National Security Strategy 2002 of the United States of America, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 84, 96–97 Index Nationality Decrees, 169, 249, 250 NATO, 25, 26, 27, 28, 45, 46, 106, 107, 110, 112, 116, 126, 127, 204, 208, 230, 239, 240, 241, 262, 301, 306, 308, 309, 311 natural resources, 151, 303, 304, 311 naval forces, 142, 148, 153 Nemitz, Jan Christoph, 128, 138, 139 Netherlands, The, 93, 254, 258 neutrality, law of 5, 42, 142, 143, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 225, 238, 243, 259, 260, 273, 274, 275, 276, 280, 281, 282, 286, 287, 288 neutrality, maritime (see also Helsinki Principles and San Remo Manual), 148–162, 280 neutrality, principle of (in humanitarian affairs, peacekeeping and civil service), 276–280, 282, 286 NGOs, 263, 291, 304 Nigeria, 236, 297 non-combatant, 163 non-proliferation (of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction) (see also Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Treaty on the, and nuclear weapons), 5, 38, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 98, 100 Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Treaty on the (NPT) (1968), 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 302 non-state actors, 38, 80, 84, 90, 92, 98, 178, 180, 262, 298, 299, 304, 305, 312 Normand, Roger, 208, 209 North Korea, 25 Norway, 46, 70, 93, 110, 111, 117, 269 Nowak, Manfred, 262, 267, 268, 270 Nuclear Energy Agency, 85, 89 nuclear energy, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 nuclear fuel, 75–100 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), 83, 84, 95, 99 nuclear waste, 88, 93 nuclear weapons (see also non-proliferation), 5, 21, 29, 33, 35, 36, 38, 76–84, 86, 88, 90, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 168, 302, 303 Nuremburg, 41 321 O Obama, Barak, 32 occupation, 26, 30, 40, 41, 45, 46, 54, 65, 156, 163–174, 179, 180, 184 occupying power, 65, 164, 167, 170 OECD, 85, 89 Oil-for-Food Program (OFFP), 61, 64, 65, 66 Olmert, Ehud, 178 Operation Desert Storm, 144, 200 Oscar Chinn case, 257 Osiraq, 35 Ottawa, 22, 202, 285, 296 overall control (cf also authority and control and effective control), 107, 109, 114, 115 P Pajzs, Csáky, Esterházy case, 258 Palestine, 45, 108, 168, 173, 177, 178, 180, 284 Palme, Olof, Parks, W Hays, 214, 215 Paulus, Andreas, 286 peace operations (see also Brahimi Report), 105–119, 276, 279–280 peacebuilding, 229, 230 peace-enforcement, 51, 54, 67, 108, 168, 230 peacekeeping, 37, 51, 54, 67, 108, 144, 147, 163, 229, 230, 239, 275, 276, 279–280, 281, 282 peacemaking, 289 peoples, 44, 104, 203, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241, 243 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) (see also Statute of), 245–260, 274 Philippines, the, 49 pillage, 48, 160 Pinochet, Augusto, 18 pirates, 149 plea agreements, 130 post-Cold War, 280, 289 postcolonial, 209 Powell, Colin, 31 PRC, the, see China precautions (precautionary measures), 153, 159, 168, 183, 186, 194, 198, 205, 213 preemptive action (preemptive self-defence) (see also self-defence), 28–35 prevention of genocide, 285, 290, 300 322 Index preventive action (preventive self-defence) (see also self-defence), 27–36, 302, 303, 310 Prince von Pless Case, 257 prisoners of war, 5, 41, 117, 149, 179, 224, 225 private security companies, 163, 298, 305 prize, 149, 153, 157, 158, 159 proportionality, principle of, 167, 181, 182, 185, 186, 191–206, 210, 212, 213 Pufendorf, Samuel, 171 punishment, purposes of, 56, 122–134 Quebec, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 241 Rambouillet Agreement, 239 Ranciére, Jacques, 217 ransom, 225 rape, 47, 48, 54 rebellion, 228 recognition of states, 231–234, 237, 238, 242, 243 Red Cross and Red Crescent, Fundamental Principles of the, 276–277 Red Cross movement (see also International Committee of the Red Cross), 192, 276– 277 refugees, 51, 55, 168, 202 regime change, 302, 304 regional organisations, 295, 296, 297, 298, 311, 313 reprisals, 16, 185 responsibility, see individual responsibility and state responsibility and international organisations responsibility to protect, 22, 27, 67, 169, 285, 296, 307 retributive violence, 216, 217 Rice, Condoleezza, 31, 35, 156 Robinson, Mary, 102 rockets, 182, 185 rogue states, 28, 29, 35, 37, 97, 311 Romania, 93, 97, 231, 242 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 128, 131, 193, 196, 213, 220, 229, 230, 285 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 7, 219–230 Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the ICTR, 131, 134 Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the ICTY, 131, 134 Russia, 27, 28, 31, 44, 85, 95, 97, 106, 148, 170, 203, 231, 240, 241, 242, 243 Rwanda, 27, 44, 48, 49, 57, 114, 121, 133, 134, 220 S sacrificial violence, 207, 209, 211–218 Saint-Germain, Treaty of (1919), 255, 256 San Francisco Conference (1945), 26, 33, 235, 284 San Remo Manual on International Law applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 150, 152, 155, 280 sanctions, 26, 31, 37, 61, 66, 68, 69, 70, 77, 94, 95, 98, 280, 302 Saudi Arabia, 203 Scelle, Georges, 283, 285, 288, 291 Schachter, Oscar, 278 Scheinin, Martin, 262, 265, 266, 270 Schmitt, Carl, 217, 274 Scott, James Brown, 246 secession, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 self-defence (see also preemptive action and preventive action), 4, 5, 25, 26, 30, 33–37, 124, 156, 176–180, 188, 189, 219, 293, 301, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310, 312 self-determination, right to, 3, 5, 220, 231– 239, 241, 243 self-government, 26, 174, 242 sentencing, 121–140 September 11, 28, 53, 84, 89, 90, 102, 179, 304 Serbia (and Serbia-Montenegro) (see also Yugoslavia), 26, 46, 124, 126, 129, 130, 203, 204, 230, 231, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 SFOR, 105, 118 Sierra Leone, 56, 203, 220 slavery, 224, 225 Slovakia, 93, 231 soft law, 221 South Africa, 102, 169, 235, 236 South Korea, 25, 93 sovereignty, sovereign rights, 3, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 112, 145, 146, 150, 151, 163–173, 219, 222, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 239, 242, 285, 299, 307 Soviet Union, 24, 25, 76, 77, 78, 85, 86, 170 Index Spain, 46, 196, 231 Srebrenica, 126, 127, 280 state responsibility, 46, 76–100 passim, 105– 119 passim, 284 State Responsibility, ILC Articles on (2002), 47, 58, 284 statehood, 172, 232, 238, 242, 243 Statute of the ICTR (1994), 48, 131, 134, 220, 229 Statute of the ICTY (1993), 48, 131, 134– 136, 139, 220, 229 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (1922), 246–253 submunitions, 194, 197, 199, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206 Sudan, 203, 311 Suez, 5, 13 superfluous injury, 194, 205 superior responsibility, see command responsibility Sweden, 1, 4, 6, 51, 53, 54, 55, 59, 61, 68, 76, 86, 92, 93, 98, 117, 118, 207, 235, 241, 247, 254, 274, 279, 281, 293 Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2, 4, 61, 118, 245, 273 Switzerland, 68, 93, 249, 254, 257, 276, 279, 280, 282 Syria, 179, 203 T Taiwan, 93 Tajikistan, 203 targeting, 4, 7, 52, 126, 144, 148, 152–155, 158, 159, 176, 179–186, 188–190, 193– 195, 197, 199–200, 205, 207, 208–214, 215, 218 terrorism and terrorist attacks, 22, 28, 59, 72, 84, 89, 90, 92, 102, 172, 179, 180, 186– 188, 304 terrorists and terrorist organisations, 28, 29, 35, 37, 40, 45, 47, 51, 72, 84, 163, 179, 180, 187, 190, 298, 304 Thant, U, 279 torpedo, 143, 144, 148, 153, 154 torture, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 51, 52, 60, 117, 237 trade, 24, 142, 143, 169, 173, 280, 281, 304 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) (1992), 13 Turkey, 45, 46, 106, 107, 109, 168, 179, 210 323 U Uganda, 6, 108, 168, 177 United Kingdom, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 45, 46, 51, 61, 63, 65, 76, 86, 97, 116, 117, 142, 143, 148, 149 151, 153, 155, 157, 158, 179, 180, 186, 187, 188, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 210, 231, 240, 250, 269, 277, 301 United Nations (UN), 3, 5, 6, 24–26, 27, 29, 31, 38, 46, 61–74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 101– 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 166, 169, 184, 221, 228, 229, 231, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 262, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271, 276, 278, 279, 282, 283, 285, 293, 295 Atomic Energy Commission, 76, 77 Administrative Tribunal (UNAT), 72 Commission on Human Rights, 101, 104, 261 General Assembly, 30, 37, 41, 67, 68, 72, 76, 78, 84, 101, 102, 103, 104, 175, 176, 201, 206, 229, 230, 233, 235, 243, 248, 249, 253, 261, 269, 271, 278, 280, 282, 295 High Commissioner for Human Rights, 102, 104, 190, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 See High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change Human Rights Council, 101–104, 175, 176, 189, 201, 205, 206, 261, 262, 268, 269, 270 International Law Commission, 267 Secretariat, 65, 66, 235 Secretary-General, 6, 37, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 111, 182, 184, 273, 278– 279, 281, 282, 287 Security Council (UNSC), 4, 6, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44, 50, 61–74, 77, 81, 84, 94, 95, 98, 106, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 144, 147, 176, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 220, 230, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 278, 280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289, 293–313 UNSC Resolution 598, 187 UNSC Resolution 678, 32 UNSC Resolution 706, 61, 285 UNSC Resolution 712, 61 UNSC Resolution 986, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67 324 Index UNSC Resolution 1160, 239 UNSC Resolution 1244, 111, 112, 117, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243 UNSC Resolution 1267, 68 UNSC Resolution 1441, 31, 32 UNSC Resolution 1511, 117 UNSC Resolution 1546, 117 UNSC Resolution 1701, 181, 185, 187, 188 authorisation by, 67, 228, 297, 300, 302, 307, 309, 312, 313 see also Oil-for-Food Programme see also peace operations and peacekeeping and peace-enforcement UNIDIR, 203 UNIFIL, 182, 184, 188 UNMIK, 105, 111, 112, 240 UNMOVIC, 26, 30 World Summit Resolution (2005), 67, 68 World Summit (2005), 269, 271 UN Charter, 3, 4, 5, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 111, 113, 144, 147, 177, 178, 186, 187, 188, 220, 221, 228, 230, 233, 235, 243, 278, 279, 282, 285, 287, 288, 293, 296, 298, 300, 305, 308, 309 Article 103, 71 Article 2(4), 4, 6, 24, 25, 293, 300, 308 Article 25, 24, 51 Article 39, 36, 111 Article 51, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 43, 153, 177, 178, 180, 188, 195, 210, 211, 212, 213, 293 Chapter VII, 26, 32, 50, 67, 81, 101, 112, 113, 144, 147, 187, 221, 230, 241, 280, 285, 295 Chapter VIII, 21, 54, 105, 296 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 22, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 161 unexploded ordnances (submunitions, bomblets, etc), 110, 111, 184, 185, 194, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206 United States, 4, 24, 26, 27, 28–30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 76, 77, 78, 86, 88, 90, 96, 97, 99, 100, 143, 149, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 168, 177, 179, 180, 186, 187, 188, 197, 211, 231, 240, 242, 297, 301 Supreme Court, 49 unnecessary suffering, 194, 205 use of (armed) force, 6, 21–38, 175, 176–180, 186, 188, 219, 220, 228, 229, 230, 293– 313 V Verdross, Alfred, 273, 284 Vienna Conference on Human Rights (1993), 221, 269 Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, 221 Vietnam, 4, 5, 154, 203 Vineuil, Paul de (Åke Hammarskjöld), 251, 252 Volcker Committee, 64, 65, 66 W Waldheim, Kurt, 279 Wall (the wall or barrier through occupied Palestinian territory), 6, 45, 108, 168, 177, 180, 284 Walzer, Michael, 289 war crimes (see also grave breaches and atrocities), 39, 44, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 67, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 190, 195, 196, 213, 229 war criminals, 41, 42, 55, 56, 128, 132, 133 warfare, 7, 40, 41, 43, 59, 163, 165, 196, 208, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 276 economic, 143, 144 naval, 141, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, warships, 147, 158, 160 wartime, 6, 42, 47, 123, 125, 129, 141, 144, 148, 161, 208 Washington Treaty (1922), 149 water, 304 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 21, 28, 29, 30, 35, 38, 82, 84, 95, 96, 191, 302, 303, 305 West Bank, 164, 173 World Bank (IBRD), 24, 51, 173, 262 World Trade Organization (WTO), 22, 262 World War I, 274 World War II, 42, 49, 75, 142, 143, 148, 163, 208, 211, 214 Index Y Z Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 49 Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of and Socialist Federal Republic of (see also Serbia and Serbia and Montenegro), 26, 48, 51, 111, 132, 204, 228, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 257 Zaire (see also Democratic Republic of Congo), 237 Å Åland, 235, 237, 241 325 International Humanitarian Law Series ISSN 1389-6776 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Leiden • Boston Michael J Kelly, Restoring and Maintaining Order in Complex Peace Operations: The Search for a Legal Framework, 1999 isbn 90 411 1179 Helen Durham and Timothy L.H McCormack (eds.), The Changing Face of Conflict and the Efficacy of International Humanitarian Law, 1999 isbn 90 411 1180 Richard May, David Tolbert, John Hocking, Ken Roberts, Bing Bing Jia, Daryl Mundis and Gabriël Oosthuizen (eds.), Essays on ICTY Procedure and Evidence in Honour of Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, 2001 isbn 90 411 1482 Elizabeth Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality Revisited: Law, Theory and Case Studies, 2002 isbn 90 411 1787 Lal Chand Vohrah, Fausto Pocar, Yvonne Featherstone, Olivier Fourmy, Christine Graham, John Hocking and Nicholas Robson (eds.), Man’s Inhumanity to Man: Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese, 2003 isbn 90 411 1986 Gideon Boas and William A Schabas (eds.), International Criminal Law Developments in the Case Law of the ICTY, 2003 isbn 90 411 1987 7* Karen Hulme, War Torn Environment: Interpreting the Legal Threshold, 2004 isbn 90 04 13848 x Helen Durham and Tracey Gurd (eds.), Listening to the Silences: Women and War, 2005 isbn 90 04 14365 9* ** Marten Zwanenburg, Accountability of Peace Support Operations, 2005 isbn 90 04 14350 10 Hirad Abtahi and Gideon Boas (eds.), The Dynamics of International Criminal Law, 2006 isbn 90 04 14587 11 Frits Kalshoven, Belligerent Reprisals, 2005 12 Pablo Antonio Fernández-Sánchez (ed.), The New Challenges of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts: In Honour of Professor Juan Antonio Carrillo-Salcedo, 2005 isbn 90 04 14830 * Winner of the ASIL Francis Lieber Prize ** Winner of the 2006 Paul Reuter Prize isbn 90 04 14386 13 Ustinia Dolgopol and Judith Gardam (eds.), The Challenge of Conflict: International Law Responds, 2006 isbn 90 04 14599 14* Laura Perna, The Formation of the Treaty Law of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 2006 isbn 90 04 14924 15 Michael Schmitt and Jelena Pejic (eds.), International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein, 2007 isbn 978 9004154 28 16 Ola Engdahl, Protection of Personnel in Peace Operations: The Role of the ‘Safety Convention’ against the Background of General International Law, 2007 isbn 978 9004154 66 17 Frits Kalshoven, Reflections on the Law of War: Collected Essays, 2007 isbn 978 90 04 15825 18 Héctor Olásolo, Unlawful Attacks in Combat Situations: From the ICTY’s Case Law to the Rome Statute, 2007 isbn 978 90 04 15466 19 José Doria, Hans-Peter Gasser and M Cherif Bassiouni (eds.), The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court: Essays in Honour of Professor Igor Blishchenko, 2008 isbn 978 90 04 16308 20 David A Blumenthal and Timothy L.H McCormack (eds.), The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance?, 2008 isbn 978 90 04 15691 21 Omar Abdulle Alasow, Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes, The Case of Somalia, forthcoming isbn 978 90 04 16475 22 Pål Wrange and Ola Engdahl (eds.), Law at War: The Law as it Was and the Law as it Should Be, Liber Amicorum Ove Bring, 2008 isbn 978 90 04170 16