LAW IN CRISIS THE CULTURAL LIVES OF LAW Edited by Austin Sarat RUTH A MILLER Law in Crisis The Ecstatic Subject of Natural Disaster s tanf ord l aw b o o k s An Imprint of Stanford University Press Stanford, California Stanford University Press Stanford, California ©2009 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miller, Ruth Austin Law in crisis : the ecstatic subject of natural disaster / Ruth A Miller p cm.—(The cultural lives of law) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8047-6256-4 (cloth : alk paper) Law—Philosophy. Subjectivity. Natural disasters—Law and legislation. Law—Political aspects. I Title. II Series: Cultural lives of law K240.M55 2009 340.1—dc22 2008055820 Typeset by Thompson Type in 10/14.5 Minion Contents Introduction Writing About Disaster: Metaphors in Crisis 33 The Gift of Life: Blood, Organs, and Viruses 52 Respect in Death: Ghouls and Corpses 85 Seismic Space: Camps, Cemeteries, Squares, and Monuments 120 Conclusion 174 Notes Bibliography Index 185 221 233 LAW IN CRISIS chapter one Introduction Introduction This book is in part a plea to revive ecstasy as a point of departure in the study of law.1 Ecstatic subjects—shattered, dispossessed, displaced, and beside themselves—have never disappeared completely from legal or political analysis.2 Since the 1970s and 1980s, the subject in ecstasy has been invoked in a number of books and articles, especially in the fields of religion, metaphysics, and literature.3 The idea, however, that ecstasy is, or should be, central to legal structures or legal study is one that has not found proponents for a number of centuries.4 I make the case in this book that legal ecstasy is still very much with us, that it remains an effective framework for politics, and that ecstatic subjects—or their off-center, eccentric counterparts—have been key players in the articulation of modern and contemporary political norms I so by focusing on what has increasingly been called “disaster law”5—defined broadly here as the legal and political structures that appear in the aftermath of crises such as earthquakes, floods, or fires What I suggest throughout this book is that the dual purposes of disaster law are, first, to make the disaster intelligible by, second, assigning a politically normative function to the subject in ecstasy I admit that the subject in ecstasy is a strange place to start a book that is not being written thirty years ago, when discussions of subjectivity were more widespread.6 What I propose over the following chapters, however, is that at that moment thirty years ago, there was a potential connection, a possible linkage, BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 Hobbs, W H “The Messina Earthquake,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 41 (7) (1909): 409–422 Hones, Sheila “Natural and Unnatural Wars.” Eds James D Proctor and David M Smith Geography and Ethics: Journeys in a Moral Terrain London and New York: Routledge, 1999 Hume, David “An Essay on Civil Liberty,” The Columbia Magazine (January 1788): 9–14 Italy Penal Code of the Kingdom of Italy London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1931 Jones, Matthew L “Descartes’ Geometry as Spiritual Exercise,” Critical Inquiry 28 (1) (Autumn, 2001): 40–71 Kâhya, Esin Ondokuzunca Yüzyılda Osmanlı ˙Imparatorlu˘gu’na Tip E˘gitimi ve Türk Hekimleri Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Ba¸skanlı˘g ı, 1997 Karateke, Hakan “Opium for the Subjects? 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com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-98749 “Depremzedede uyuz ve fare korkusu,” Hürriyet (August 31, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-99307 “Earthquake at Lisbon,” The American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge (12) (September 1, 1837): 452–455 “Effects of Earthquake on the Emotions,” Current Literature (49) (4) (1910): 67 Erdek Aỗlyor, Hỹrriyet (August 22, 1999): http://arsiv.hurriyetim.com.tr/hur/turk/99/ 08/22/gundem/15gun.html 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY “Extract of a Letter Giving an Account of the Earthquake, Which Took Place at Naples, July 25th 1805,” The Monthly Anthology (12) (December 1805): 628–630 “Fatih Camii depreme ¸serbetli,” Hürriyet (August 22, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-97537 “Free Trade at its Zenith,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 66 (410) (December 1849): 776 “Germany in Earthquake,” Current Opinion (December 1, 1923): 654–657 “Gölcük’te karantina,” Hürriyet (August 22, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews aspx?id=-97480 Kapalỗarás saglam ỗkt, Hỹrriyet (August 20, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/ arsivnews.aspx?id=-97214 Karayolu kılavuzu,” Hürriyet (August 19, 1990): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews aspx?id=-97109 “Mary E Schloendorff v The Society of the New York Hospital,” Court of Appeals of New York, 211 N.Y 125; 105 N.E 92 (1914) “Mezar dili,” Hürriyet (August 25, 1999): http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/08/25/ 138858.asp “New Means of Perpetuating Memorials: Scientific Methods Ensuring Continuance for 10,000 Years,” The Illuminated London News (September 5, 1931): 30 “Observations on Earthquakes,” The Port-Folio, (5) (May 1812): 421–436 “Organ mafyas kimsesiz ỗocuk peásinde, uyars, Hỹrriyet (August 27, 1999): http:// arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-98545 “Otoyollar ücretsizdi,” Hürriyet (August 18, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews aspx?id=-96910 “Oy birli˘giyle idam,” Hürriyet (November 26, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews aspx?id=-115548 “Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad,” Court of Appeals of New York 248 N.Y 339 (1928) “Plessy v Ferguson,” 163 U.S 537 (1896) “Portugal,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 56 (345) (October 1844): 100–105 “Results of Revolution in Europe” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (436) (February 1852): 242–257 “Sakarya’da 20 bin ki¸si mezar evlerde kalıyor,” Zaman (February 23, 2007): http://www zaman.com.tr/webapp–tr/haber.do?haberno=504358 “Salgın hastalık tehlikesi” Hürriyet (August 22, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/ arsivnews.aspx?id=-97540 “Singleton v Norris,” 319 F.3d 1018 (8th Cir 2003) “Sir Robert Peel,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 68 (419) (September 1850): 358 “Some account of the Earthquake in Calabria, in the year 1783, in a letter from a gentleman on his travels through Calabria in 1786,” The Philadelphia Magazine and Review (January 1799): 11–13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 “The Calabria Earthquake,” Monthly Magazine of Belles-Lettres and the Arts (March 1834): 153–156 “The Effects of an Earthquake in Calabria: Burying,” Journal of Belles Lettres (September 11, 1838): 2–3 “The European Crisis,” Saturday Evening Post (September 26, 1857): “The Insurrection Act of 1807,” 10 U.S.C § 333(a)(1)(A) “The Light in Which we are Taught by the World of God to Consider Earthquakes,” Gentleman’s Magazine 20 (April 1750): 169 “Turkcell’den deprem savunması,” Hürriyet (August 30, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-98966 “Wars Between France and England,” The Friend of Peace (1815): 34–35 “Yıkılan binanın müteahhiti Evren’in evini de yapmı¸s,” Hürriyet (August 18, 1999): http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-96920 “Yunan Sa˘glık Bakanı: ‘Biz Türk kanı alırız,’” Milliyet (Eylül 11, 1999): http://www.milliyet com.tr/1999/09/11/index.html Index Accidents, 28, 70, 81–84, 91, 115, 151–52 Aesthetics, 64, 151 Agamben, Giorgio, 12, 15–17, 87, 89, 109, 134, 178, 181 American Red Cross (ARC), 16, 19–22, 40, 44, 87, 106 See also Red Crescent Amnesty, 113 Anarchists, 112–113, 178 Anatomy, 59, 179; anatomy lessons, 61 Andrews, William, 82–84, 172 Anghie, Antony, 121–22, 126 Animals, 50, 57, 61, 89 Antigone, 103–8, 114, 158, 177, 180 Anxiety, 95, 99–101, 158–59, 164, 166, 177 Archaeology, 108–9 Architects, 162–64, 166, 168 Arendt, Hannah, 132 Aristocrats, 105–6, 145 Armenians, 68–70, 95 Artists, 64, 140 Atomic bomb, 44–45, 159–60 See also Hiroshima Authoritarianism, 110, 136, 182 See also liberalism, totalitarianism Avcılar, 101–2, 143 Birth, 79–90 See also fertility, fetuses Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 39, 62, 94 Blood: cells, 62; donation, 56, 59, 64, 68–72, 77, 80; letting, 66–67, 81; as metaphor, 40, 63; regulation of, 68–72, 74; science of, 61–64; spatters, 48; transfusion, 31, 56, 61–65, 68, 77, 80, 179; typing, 63; vessels, 92 See also Gift of Life Bodily integrity, 31, 53–56, 81–86, 106, 109, 112–14, 178–79 Body snatching, 147–48 Bones, 67, 111 Borders: bodily, 57, 62, 64, 68, 71, 79–80, 86–87, 106, 109, 115; political, 122, 127, 130, 157, 171, 175 Braidotti, Rosi, 11–13, 17, 22–25, 28, 39, 45, 51, 58, 80, 87, 179, 181–82 Brain death, 57–59 Bureaucracy, 90, 113 Burial reform, 147, 158 Burke, Edmond, 39 Butler, Judith, 10–14, 59–60, 159, 180–82 Byzantium, 166–68 Babies, 87–88, 93 See also birth, children, fetuses Bandits, 68 See also pirates Bazaar, 162–65, 168 Bernard, Claude, 61–62, 64 Calabria, 92, 94, 149 Camps, 17, 25–26, 32, 76–79, 133–44, 148, 157–58, 161–62, 165, 169–72, 177, 179, 181 Canada, 39 Capital punishment, 115–18, 172–73 234 index Cardozo, Benjamin, 31, 52–56, 68, 80–84, 106, 115 Cement, 67, 166 Cemeteries, 32, 91, 101–3, 107–8, 120, 144–58, 162–65, 169–73, 178–79, 181 See also funerals, tombs Censorship, 95, 97, 99 Chaos, 16, 21, 96, 112, 124, 137, 139, 151, 179 Charity, 147 Cheah, Pheng, 59–60 Children, 54–55, 72–73, 76–80, 92, 156–57 See also babies Chinatown, 96, 98, 163, 165 Chinese, 96, 98, 108, 138–39, 163, 165 Cholera, 76–77 See also disease, fever, plague, viruses Christians, 35, 40, 95 Churches, 111, 145, 147, 149, 167 Citizenship formation, 99, 161–62, 164–65 Civil War (United States), 40 Civilians, 19, 111–12, 138, 141–43, 174–76 See also soldiers Civilization, 19–22, 39, 41–42, 45, 74–75, 93, 116, 120–21, 126 Cleanliness, 76, 136–37, 139, 163 See also hygiene Coffins, 105, 147–48, 154 Colonialism, 20, 30, 32, 40–41, 44, 59–60, 121–29, 131–35, 149, 159–60, 172–73 See also imperialism Commerce, 162, 164 See also shopping Consent, 27, 52–54, 76, 78, 146 Constitutions, 39, 41 Contractors (building), 25–26, 112–15, 156–57 Contracts, 157 Corpses, 17, 48, 86–95, 99–104, 107–18, 145, 150, 179–81 Corruption, 113 Criminality, 25, 61, 78, 85–86, 97, 112–13, 115 Culture, 26–27, 29, 45, 48, 57, 131–32, 162; centers of culture, 19, 46–47, 50, 164 Davis, Mike, 50–51 Death penalty See capital punishment Death tolls, 30–31, 88, 90–91, 94–103, 108–9, 114, 162, 173, 175, 179 Decency, 136–37, 139, 143, 147 See also respectability Decomposition, 31, 90, 103–8, 110, 114–15, 120, 144–48, 171, 180 Deleuze, Gilles, 11, 23–24 Democracy, 31, 90, 103–110, 114, 118, 128, 144–48, 171, 177, 179–81 Descartes, René, 5–6, 8–14, 16, 22–24, 35, 37, 57–58, 80, 130 Desecration (of graves), 146–48, 152 See also disinterment, exhumation Despair, 92–93 Dignity, 106, 109, 118, 134 Disease, 31, 56, 73–80, 108, 120, 149, 178–79 See also cholera, fever, plague, viruses Disinterment, 90, 103–8, 110, 114, 155, 177, 179–81 See also desecration, exhumation Dismemberment, 41, 53, 56, 64–65, 73, 81, 86, 121, 179 Disorder, 35, 37, 48, 50, 66, 80, 136, 139, 150, 161–62, 164, 171 Domestic space, 38, 79, 112, 170, 172 See also homes Donors, 60, 68, 71, 72 See also blood donation Durmuş, Osman, 68–71, 175 Earthquake countries, 42, 120–21 Elderly, 61, 78 Emergency, 3, 15, 32, 49, 77, 114, 121, 172; state of, 121, 172–73 See also state of exception Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 105, 114, 145 England, 40, 42, 62, 74–75, 89, 93–94, 121, 147, 178 Enlightenment, 57, 59 Ernst, Max, 65, 67 European Court of Human Rights, 117–18, 156–57, 173 European Union, 113, 117 Everyday: law of, 26, 81, 83–84, 115–16, 118; politics of, 28, 32, 46; as trope, 48–50 Exhumation, 106 See also disinterment index Faỗades, 12223, 125, 127, 133, 135, 144 See also walls Fear, 28, 54–55, 68, 72–73, 79–80, 93, 97, 102, 108, 114, 117, 132, 147–48, 168 FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 174–77, 182 Feminist theory, 3, 22–25, 28–29, 32, 179, 181 Fertility, 79 See also births, fetuses Festivals, 170, 172 Fetuses, 62, 91 See also babies, birth, fertility Fever, 74, 105 See also cholera, disease, plague, viruses Fire brigades, 63–64, 73 Fires, 1, 13, 18–24, 30, 46–47, 51, 67–68, 79, 108, 150, 167, 174 Flags, 106, 156–57 Floods, 1, 2, 13, 16, 18–19, 20–23, 46, 51, 79 Foucault, Michel, 8–13, 23–24, 34, 58, 87 France, 19, 40, 64, 86, 88, 106, 147, 178 French Revolution, 39, 105–6, 145–46, 158 Funerals, 101, 146; military, 106 Gardens, 76, 150, 160, 163 Gender roles, 93 Geologists, 42, 120–21 Germany, 21, 39, 42–43, 85–86, 121 Ghouls, 31, 86, 91, 109–18, 144, 152, 178–79 See also looters Gift of Life, 31, 53, 56, 60, 63, 66, 69–73, 81, 84, 115, 175, 179 See also blood donation God, 15, 35–38, 43, 45 Godzilla, 44–45 Grand Bazaar See bazaar Greeks: ancient, 8–9, 104; modern, 68–70 Greely, Adolphus W., 76, 78, 135–39 Guilt, 27, 69 Hagia Sophia, 166–69 Hiroshima, 44–45, 159–60, 165 See also atomic bomb Hodenstein, Leopold Wettersteint de, 35–39, 44 Homeland Security, 175–77, 182 Homeless, 72, 76–78, 140 See also vagrancy 235 Homes, 30, 47, 79–80, 112–14, 140, 170 See also domestic space Hospitals, 52–53, 64, 72, 76–80, 134, 150 Hürriyet, 101, 112–13, 140, 142, 154 Hume, David, 39, 41 Hurricane Katrina, 46, 143, 174, 176–77 Husbands, 156 Hussey, A W., 65–67, 78 Hygiene, 76, 78–79, 100, 110, 114, 136 See also cleanliness Hysteria, 27, 49, 52–56, 71, 74–75, 78, 80–81, 84, 86, 112, 179 Identity, 11, 21, 38, 57, 69, 73, 89, 94–95, 98, 103, 111–14, 116, 118, 122, 145, 168, 175, 178–79, 181 Imperialism, 20, 22, 26, 42–43, 121, 126, 131 See also colonialism Infection, 73–79, 147 See also disease Injury, 106 Insanity, 66, 78, 118 See also lunacy Insurrection Act (1807), 16 International law, 2, 60, 121–22, 126 Intersexuality, 59–60; hermaphrodite polar bears, 51 Iraq, 85–86, 177 Istanbul, 29–30, 33, 65, 67, 70, 76–78, 95–96, 99, 101, 107, 110–15, 140–43, 149, 152–53, 162, 166–68 Italy, 16, 19, 85–86, 92–94, 118, 148 Japan, 42–44, 57, 77–78, 97–99, 108–9, 112, 163, 175 Jealousy (of dead), 156 Kapalỗar See bazaar Killing, 47, 63, 65, 111–13, 115–16, 125, 133, 156 See also murder Koreans, 47, 98, 111–13 Kurds, 115 Lacan, Jacques, 179 Lefebvre, Henri, 31, 121–24, 127–33, 144–45, 159–60, 162, 164, 170 Liberalism, 10, 17, 26–28, 39, 68, 86, 104–10, 114, 127, 130–36, 141, 145–46, 151, 155, 158, 178, 182 See also 236 index Liberalism (continued) authoritarianism, social contract, totalitarianism Liberty, 39, 136, 139, 146 Lille, 146 Lima, 161 Lisbon, 33, 37–39, 74–75, 93–94, 111, 148–49 Logos, 7–8, 11, 16 Long Island Railroad, 81 See also Palsgraf, Helen Longinus, 7–8, 13, 72 Looters, 26, 31, 72–73, 109, 111–14, 117 See also ghouls Luck, 48, 156, 167–69 Lunacy, 78 See also insanity Magnetism, 54–55 Marginality, 7, 10, 20, 22, 38, 50, 63, 75, 77–80, 88, 124, 144, 158, 160–62, 165, 168–69, 171, 176–77 Marmara Sea, 30, 95, 101, 140 Marriage, 118, 170, 172 See also weddings Marxists, 69; Marxism, 128 Masculinity, 23, 49, 181 Mbembe, Achille, 32, 121–22, 132, 159–64 Media, 26, 47–50, 68, 78, 95, 101, 117 See also under names of specific newspapers Melancholy, 89–91, 180–81 Messina, 19–23, 94–95 MHP See Nationalist Action Party Miasmas, 75, 108 Milk, 56 Milliyet, 153 Milne, John, 42, 120–21 Minorities, 63, 98–99, 102–3 Miracles, 15–16 Monstrosity, 44, 112 Monuments, 32, 67, 109, 145, 158–72, 179 Moral earthquake (as trope), 39 Morality, 42, 61, 73, 103–5, 147–48, 164, 180 Morgues, 72–73, 110, 150–52 Mosques, 154, 162, 166–69 Mothers, 80, 92, 106–7, 155–57 Mourning, 67, 89, 155 See also melancholy Murder, 112, 116, 129, 132–33, 156 See also killing Muslims, 35, 95 Naples, 42–43, 93, 101 Nationalism, 65, 68, 88, 93, 175, 177 Nationalist Action Party (MHP), 68, 70 Nation-states, 60, 63, 116, 141 Natural law, 36–38 Natural resources, 28, 130–31, 134, 145 Nature, 7, 15, 21, 34–38, 40, 44, 48, 55, 57, 59–60, 91, 105, 128–34, 145; natural space, 128, 130–31, 134, 145; unnatural, 40 Nausea, 55 Nazis, 17, 85, 118 Necrophilia, 104 Negligence, 81–82, 84; See also torts Nerves, 53–54, 80 See also hysteria Nostalgia, 164 Nursi See Said Nursi Nussbaum, Martha, 104, 180–81 Oakland, 138 Obscene: space, 122–27, 133, 137–39, 143–49, 170–73, 182; acts, 85 Öcalan, Abdullah, 115, 117–18, 173 Occult, 168–69 Oil spills, 48 Organs, 59, 61, 64, 68, 72–74; donation, 56–57; mafia, 68, 72–73; “organs without bodies,” 58; transplant, 31, 56–58, 64, 67–68, 73, 80 Ottoman Empire, 35, 43–45, 61–62, 76, 95, 97–98, 149, 151, 162–64 Pain, 48, 53, 153, 156 Palsgraf, Helen, 81–84, 173 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad, 81–82, 115, 172 Panic, 99, 161 See also fear Pateman, Carole, 28 Patriotism, 147, 152 See also nationalism Philippines, 43–44 Photography, 48, 67, 72, 106–11, 140, 142, 154–55 Pirates, 21–22, 35, 50, 122 Plague, 16, 74–75, 77, 79 See also cholera, disease, fever, viruses index Pleasure, 42–43, 48, 89 Poetry, 7, 25, 145, 153 See also under specific poets Pornography, 27 Pregnancy, 77–79 See also fertility Princess Islands, 95, 101–3 Privacy, 14, 70–71, 87, 90, 99, 114, 146–47, 160–61, 165, 168–71, 176, 181; private space, 134, 170 See also domestic space Professionals, 174–75, 182; nonprofessionals, 114, 176 Property, 19, 30–31, 39–40, 46, 63, 73, 82, 90, 92, 106, 111–14 Prostheses, 59–60, 64, 67–68, 81 Psychoanalysis, 27 Psychology, 91–92 Psychosis, 116–17 Public, 7, 14, 82, 88, 106, 113, 125, 146–47, 159–66, 171, 181; buildings, 30, 120, 134, 138, 146, 150–52, 158, 160–66, 179; figures, 70; health, 76, 87; opinion, 40, 76, 95, 115, 166; safety, 84 Puritans, 36–38, 45 Putrefication , 105–8, 150 Race, 19–24, 44, 61, 91, 161; racism, 2, 18, 42, 68–70; race riots See also riots Radikal, 155 Rats, 79, 139 Red Crescent, 140–42 See also American Red Cross Refugees, 17, 25, 111–12, 134–35, 178; refugee camps, 25, 134–35 Rescue, 101–2, 177; rescue workers, 174–75 Respectability, 31, 65–66, 78, 85–89, 91, 93, 99–103, 107–16, 118–19, 157 Rights, 2, 8, 10–11, 39, 71, 103–6, 126–27, 132, 137–38, 141, 146–48, 155, 171; to bodily integrity, 31, 53, 56, 81–84, 86, 106, 109, 112–14, 118, 179; of dead bodies, 31, 86–89, 93–94, 99–100, 103, 107–17, 144–45, 149, 158, 179; human rights, 117–18, 134, 156–57, 178; to life, 31, 111, 113–14; to privacy, 90; to property, 31, 82, 111–14; rights rhetoric, 86–87, 106, 109, 134–35, 152; sov- 237 ereign rights, 87–88, 125; women’s rights, 54–55 Riots, 16, 19–24, 44, 146 Roads, 134, 142–44; freeways, 176 Rubble, 92, 98–101, 153 Rumors, 96, 101 Sacrifice, 40–41, 159 Sadism, 54, 150–52 Safety, 76, 84, 101, 107–8, 144, 148, 150–52, 161–62 See also security Said Nursi, 43–44 San Francisco, 29–30, 33, 46, 53–54, 65, 67, 76–79, 81, 83–84, 96–99, 107, 110–14, 135, 138–39, 149–51, 163, 170–71 Savages, 132–33 Schloendorff, Mary, 52–56, 60, 66, 75, 78, 84–85, 144, 173, 178–79 Schloendorff v Society of New York Hospital, 53–56, 74, 80–84 Schmitt, Carl, 15–16, 37 Schools, 76–77, 134, 162 Science, 42–44, 50, 61–68, 74, 80, 87, 93–94, 153 Security, 20, 31, 39, 82–83, 134, 140, 144, 147–48, 155, 171–73, 180, 182; bodily security, 82–83 See also safety Sentiment, 38 Shopping, 162–164 See also commerce Silence, 67, 77, 97, 127–28, 164, 175, 177, 181 Singleton, Charles, 115–19, 173 Slavery, 96, 161 Social contract, 2, 26–27, 89, 110, 119, 127, 141–42, 147 Soldiers, 44, 85–88, 98, 100–2, 107–8, 111, 118, 141, 150 Sovereignty, 2, 12, 15, 17, 21, 26, 32, 37, 39–41, 87–89, 121–30, 133–35, 177; vertical sovereignty, 124, 133 Squares, 32, 121, 134, 138–39, 146–47, 150–52, 158–65, 169, 171, 173, 179 State of Exception, 3, 15–18, 25, 29, 32, 114, 117, 125–28, 136 See also emergency Statistics, 88, 90, 93–99 238 index Status (political), 91–92, 94, 97–107, 110–12; marital status, 91; unknown status, 98 Subjectivity, 1–16, 23–27, 34, 38, 55, 57, 60, 66–68, 70–73, 83–84, 89–90, 103, 109, 128, 172, 179–81 Submarines, 19–24 Suffrage, 55 Suicide, 91 Supernatural earthquakes, 36–37 Survivors, 97, 144, 156; presumption of survivorship, 91–93, 95 Sympathy, 7, 19–20 Telegraphs, 95 Tents, 19, 140–42, 176 Terrorism, 16, 114–15, 122, 125 Testimony, 53–54, 116, 162 Theology, 8, 15, 34, 129 Tokyo, 29–30, 33, 44, 46–47, 65, 67, 77, 96–99, 108, 111–14, 149–51 Tokyo Municipal Office, 163 Tombs, 105, 145–50, 153–54, 158 See also cemeteries, funerals Torts, 81–83, 115, 172 Torture, 113, 154 Totalitarianism, Tourists, 101, 102, 162–168 Tragedy, 44, 50, 114, 150–52, 157–58 Transplants See organ transplants Trauma, 27, 65, 79–80 Travelers, 161 See also tourists Trespass, 86 Truth, 3, 5–14, 17–18, 22–25, 32–35, 95, 134, 144, 160, 178 Tsunamis, 44, 51 Tumors, 52–53, 85 Turkey, 44, 63, 68–70, 115–18, 178 Tyranny, 114, 177 Underground, 124–25, 139 United States, 40, 46, 52, 55, 57, 82, 88, 91, 106, 115–16, 118, 178 Vaccination, 75–78 Vagrancy, 78 See also homelessness Val-de-Grace Museum, 64 Vampires, 64 Victims, 38, 56, 70–71, 73, 78–79, 96, 102, 106, 108, 110–12, 114, 140, 148, 152–55, 176 Viruses, 73–74 See also cholera, disease, fever, plague Voltaire (Franỗois-Marie Arouet), 3739 Volunteers, 7, 40–41, 69, 101–2, 110, 116, 174 Vulgarity, 126–28 Vulnerability, 17, 47, 59, 77, 123; vulnerable spaces, 49, 121, 175 Walls, 12227, 13349, 15968, 171, 17576 See also faỗades War Graves Commission, 106, 109 Warfare, 41, 125 Webster, Noah, 74–75, 80 Weddings, 170–71 See also marriage Widows, 85–86, 107 Wilderness, 20, 125, 128 Wilson, James Russell, 76–77, 96–98, 107, 111–12, 139, 170–72 Wives, 93 Wordsworth, William, 89–90, 145 World War One, 21, 64, 97, 106 World War Two, 44 Zizek, Slavoj, 89, 104 Zeytinburnu, 153–54 THE CULTURAL LIVES OF LAW Austin Sarat, Editor The Cultural Lives of Law series brings insights and approaches from cultural studies to law and tries to secure for law a place in cultural analysis Books in the series focus on the production, interpretation, consumption, and circulation of legal meanings They take up the challenges posed as boundaries collapse between as well as within cultures, and as the circulation of legal meanings becomes more fluid They also attend to the ways law’s power in cultural production is renewed and resisted The Affective Life of Law: Legal Modernism and the Literary Imagination Ravit Reichman 2009 Fault Lines: Tort Law as Cultural Practice Edited by David M Engel and Michael McCann 2008 Lex Populi: The Jurisprudence of Popular Culture William P MacNeil 2007 The Cultural Lives of Capital Punishment: Comparative Perspectives Edited by Austin Sarat and Christian Boulanger 2005