tailieuxdcd@gmail.com PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FOR AIRPORTS, ROADS, AND PARKING LOTS tailieuxdcd@gmail.com PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FOR AIRPORTS, ROADS, AND PARKING LOTS SECOND EDITION M Y Shahin Springer tailieuxdcd@gmail.com A CLP Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-10: 0-387-23464-0 ISBN-13: 978-0387-23464-9 e-ISBN 0-387-23435-9 Printed on acid-free paper ©2005 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC First edition ©1994 by Chapman and Hall; seventh printing 2002 by Kluwer Academic Publishers All rights reserved This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights Printed in the United States of America (EB) 876 54 32 spnnger.com tailieuxdcd@gmail.com To My Parents Abdallah Shahin Nazira Ibrahim tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Contents Preface xiii Features New to This Edition xv Acknowledgments Chapter 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 xvii Introduction Background Project vs Network Level Management The Pavement Management Process Book Organization 1 Pavement Network Definition Network Identification Branch Identification Section Identification Examples of Network Division into Branches and Sections Other Network Definition Considerations for Computerized PMS 8 11 14 Pavement Condition Survey and Rating Procedure 17 Overview Dividing Pavement Into Sample Units Determining Sample Units to Be Surveyed Performing the Condition Survey Calculating the PCI Automated Distress Data Collection Comparison of Manual and Automated Distress Data Collection Results Effect of Sample Unit Size on PCI Accuracy PCI Calculation Using Micro PAVER 17 18 22 26 32 50 54 56 56 vii tailieuxdcd@gmail.com viii /Contents Chapter 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 Chapter 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Chapter 7.1 7.2 7.3 Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 Chapter 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Nondestructive Deflection Testing (NDT) 61 Introduction Pavement Deflection Measurement Devices Factors Affecting Deflection Values Uses of NDT at Different Levels of Pavement Management Design of NDT Field Survey ' Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation Using NDT ACN/PCN Structural Index 61 62 70 79 82 83 83 Roughness Measurement and Analysis 93 Background and Definitions Profile-Roughness Measuring Systems Untrue Profile Measuring Systems 93 95 110 Skid Data Collection and Analysis 117 Introduction and Definitions Factors Affecting Skid Resistance and Hydroplaning Friction Measurement Methods Friction Survey Procedures M&R Alternatives for Solving Skid Problems 117 118 123 135 136 Pavement Condition Prediction Models 141 Uses of Prediction Models Techniques for Developing Prediction Models Prediction Models Used in Micro PAVER 141 142 153 Overview of Maintenance and Rehabilitation Methods 159 Localized M&R Global M&R Major M&R 160 170 175 Network-Level Pavement Management— Inventory and Condition Reporting 185 Summary of Pavement Inventory and Condition at Last Inspection Tabular Presentation of Pavement Condition at Last Inspection User-Defined Reports GIS Presentations Pavement Condition Analysis, Past and Future 185 187 189 190 191 Network-Level Pavement Management - M&R Work Planning 195 M&R Categories One Year M&R Section Assignment Multi-Year Major M&R Planning based on Minimum PCI Multi-Year M&R Section Assignment (Work Planning) Critical PCI Method Multi-Year M&R Section Assignment—Dynamic Programming Procedure 195 196 203 205 220 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Contents / ix Chapter 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Chapter 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Chapter 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Chapter 14 Project-Level Management 229 Background Data Collection Pavement Evaluation Life Cycle Cost Analysis Example Project Analysis 229 242 250 252 Special Application - Impact of Bus Traffic on Pavement Costs 271 Data Collection Procedure Pavement Analysis Techniques Bus Impact on Pavement Life Cycle Costing Conclusions 271 272 277 278 Special Application - Impact of Utility Cuts on Pavement Life and Rehabilitation Cost 289 Prince George's County MD (Shahin and Crovetti 2002) City of Los Angeles C A (Shahin Chan, and Villacorta 1996) City of Burlington VT (Shahin Crovetti Franco 1986) City and County of San Francisco CA (Blue Ribbon Panel 1998) City of Sacramento, CA (CHEC Consultants, Inc 1996) Summary and Conclusions 289 306 312 316 321 323 Special Application - Development of Council District Budget Allocation Methodology for Pavement Rehabilitation 325 14.1 Background 14.2 Objective 14.3 Approach 14.4 Development of Budget Allocation Models 14.5 Budget Allocation Models Analysis 14.6 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 15 15.1 15.2 Appendix A Appendix B 325 325 325 329 331 335 Pavement Management Implementation Steps and Expected Benefits 339 Pavement Management Implementation Steps Benefits of Implementing a Pavement Management System 339 343 Field Survey Sheets 345 Ride Quality 352 Asphalt Concrete Roads: Distress Definitions and Deduct Value Curves 353 Alligator Cracking (01) Bleeding (02) Block Cracking (03) Bumps and Sags (04) Corrugation (05) Depression (06) Edge Cracking (07) 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com x/Contents Joint Reflection Cracking (08) (From Longitudinal and Transverse PCC Slabs) "!" Lane/Shoulder Drop OIV«>l» Longitudinal and Transx crsc Cracking (10) (Non-PCC Slab Joint Reflective) Patching and Utility Cut Patching (11) Polished Aggregate (12) Potholes (13) Railroad Crossing (14) Rutting (15) Shoving(16) Slippage Cracking (17) Swell (18) Weathering and Raveling (19) Appendix C Portland Cement Concrete Roads: Distress Definitions and Deduct Value Curves Blowup/Buckling (21) Corner Break (22) Divided Slab (23) Durability ("D") Cracking (24) Faulting(25) Joint Seal Damage (26) Lane/Shoulder Drop-Off(27) Linear Cracking (28) (Longitudinal, Transverse, and Diagonal Cracks) Patching, Large (More Than sq ft [0.45 m2]) and Utility Cuts (29) Patching, Small (Less than sq ft [0.45 m2])(30) Polished Aggregate (31) Popouts (32) Pumping (33) Punchout(34) Railroad Crossing (35) Scaling, Map Cracking, and Crazing (36) Shrinkage Cracks (37) Spalling, Corner (38) Spalling, Joint (39) Appendix D Asphalt Concrete Airfields: Distress Definitions and Deduct Value Curves Alligator or Fatigue Cracking (41) Bleeding(42) Block Cracking (43) Corrugation (44) Depression (45) Jet Blast Erosion (46) Joint Reflection Cracking from PCC (47) (Longitudinal and Transverse) Longitudinal and Transverse Cracking (48) (Non-PCC Joint Reflective) Oil Spillage (49) Patching and Utility Cut Patch (50) 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 405 406 408 410 412 414 416 418 420 422 424 426 427 428 430 432 434 436 438 440 453 454 456 458 460 462 464 466 468 472 474 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Contents/xi Polished Aggregate (51) Raveling and Weathering (52) Raveling and Weathering (52) Continued Raveling and Weathering (52) Continued Rutting (53) Shoving of Asphalt Pavement by PCC Slabs (54) Slippage Cracking (55) Swell (56) Appendix E Appendix F 476 478 480 482 484 486 488 490 Portland Cement Concrete Airfields: Distress Definitions and Deduct Value Curves 503 Blowup (61) Corner Break (62) Cracks: Longitudinal, Transverse, and Diagonal (63) Durability ("D") Cracking (64) Joint Seal Damage (65) Patching, Small [Less than ft2 (1.5 m2)] (66) Patching, Large [Over ft2 (0.45 m2)] and Utility Cuts (67) Popouts (68) Pumping (69) Scaling, Map Cracking, and Crazing (70) Settlement or Faulting (71) Shattered Slab Intersecting Cracks (72) Shrinkage Cracks (73) Spalling (Transverse and Longitudinal Joints) (74) Spalling, Corner (75) 504 506 508 512 514 516 518 520 522 524 526 528 530 532 534 Unsurfaced Roads: Distress Definitions and Deduct Value Curves 545 Improper Cross Section Inadequate Roadside Drainage Corrugations Dust Potholes Ruts Loose Aggregate 546 548 550 552 554 556 558 Appendix G Computing Work Quantity from Distress Quantity 565 Index 569 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 558 / Pavement Management for Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots Loose Aggregate Description The wear and tear of traffic on unsurfaced roads will eventually loosen the larger aggregate particles from the soil binder This leads to loose aggregate particles on the road surface or shoulder Traffic moves loose aggregate particles away from the normal road wheel path and forms a berm in the center or along the shoulder (the less-traveled areas) Severity Levels (Figure F-7) L—Loose aggregate on the road surface, or a berm of aggregate (4 in deep) on the shoulder or less-traveled area How to Measure Loose aggregate is measured in linear feet parallel to the centerline in a sample unit Each berm is measured separately For example, if a sample unit that is 100 ft long has three berms of medium-severity loose aggregate—one on each side and one down the middle—then the measurement would be 300 ft at medium severity tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Unsurfaced Roads: Distress Definitions And Deduct Value Curves LOOSE AGGREGATE Aggregate Roadway | Less Than Inches Shoulder Low Severity Ditch Ditch Aggregate ^ * i Roadway & * & J&&: 2-4 Inches Shoulder Medium Severity Ditch Ditch Aggregate i V ^ - Roadway * S ^ V4r«4»rf i ^ S Greater Than A ^ t - f S Inches Shoulder High Severity Ditch Ditch Figure F"-7 Loose Gravel tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 560 / Pavement Management for Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots 60 r ~ n n n n ~in "~" nn n n H " IMPROPER CROSS SECTION\ " 50 40 H JLJ ?30 ^ >/ * ^^ D o CD Q 20 ** M y Ay LUrn 10 10 15 Density (%) Figure F-8 Improper Cross Section bur "T r n " M i l i i r rr rrrrrrrrr INADEQUATE ROADSIDF DRAINAGE Rnt our [...]... its pavements as two networks, one for airfields and one for roads and parking lots A military base may identify its roads as two networks, one for family housing and one for non-family housing A large city may identify its pavements as many networks, one for each city council district Alternatively, it may identify all the pavements as one network and then create a separate computerized database for. .. Traffic on Pavement Rehabilitation Cost Impact of Utility Cut Patching on Pavement Life and Rehabilitation Cost CHAPTER 14 1 Development of Council District Budget Allocation Methodology for Pavement Rehabilitation | CHAPTER 15 Pavement Management Implementation Steps and Benefits Figure 1-2 Book Organization tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 6 / Pavement Management for Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots References... www.apwa.net/about/SIG/MicroPAVER ASTM D5340, Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys ASTM D6433, Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys ASTM E 1926, Standard Practice for Computing International Roughness Index of Roads from Longitudinal Profile Measurements Shahin, M Y, Darter, M I., and Kohn, S D (1976-1977) Development of a Pavement Maintenance Management... USAF, for sponsoring and monitoring the development of the airfield PCI; and Mike Flaherty, U.S Army, who was a valuable member in the development of the PCI for roads and parking lots and a great supporter for the pavement management research program Special thanks are due to Greg Wilken, Shauna Shepston, Scott Strnad, and Amir Moid for their assistance in preparing this edition Their long hours and. .. nonuniform sections which in turn results in inefficient design and budget decisions The same guidelines for road and street section sizes apply to parking lots In the case of very small parking lots (designed for few vehicles), the small parking lots can be grouped into one section It is also recommended that sections be numbered in a consistent way For example, west to east, north to south, and clockwise... type, severity level, and distress density has on pavement condition The deduct values were developed based on in-depth knowledge of pavement behavior, input from many experienced pavement engineers, field testing and 17 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 18/ Pavement Management for Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots evaluation of the procedure, and accurate descriptions of distress types and severity levels Figure... 1.3.3.2 Roadways and Parking Lots Similar to airfield pavements, a PCI for roads and parking lots is calculatedfromthe gathered distress data (Shahin etal 1981), ASTM 6433 The longitudinal profile is used to calculate the International Roughness Index (IRI), ASTM El926 The pavement section IRI is the average IRI of the right and left wheel path The transverse profile is used to calculate the pavement rutting... tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 8 /Pavement Managementfor Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots A commercial industry with many geographical locations, such as a department store or a hotel chain, may identify the pavements at each geographical location as one network 2.2 Branch Identification A branch is a readily identifiable part of the pavement network and has a distinct use For example, an individual street or a parking lot... severity Figure 3-1 Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Rating Scale Experience _* ^L Define Distress Fypes and Severity| Levels r^h Develop Initial Deduct Values M Field Test F Theory JJfiL Acceptable Acceptable Final Distress Definitions and Deducts Figure 3-2 Process for Developing the PCI Deduct Values tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 20 / Pavement Management for Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots Pavement Section... important for the analysis of different budget consequences tailieuxdcd@gmail.com 4 / Pavement Managementfor Airports, Roads, and Parking Lots 1.3.5 Condition Analysis (Chapter 9) Condition analysis allows managers to compare past, current, and future conditions, assuming no major M&R is performed This provides managers with the ability to assess the consequence of past budget decisions and the value