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UNIT CULTURAL DIVERSITY Ngữ âm: Cách phát âm đuôi ‘ed’: a) Phát âm /ɪd/ đồng từ tận hai phụ âm /t/, /d/ Examples Transciption Meaning Wanted /ˈwɑːntID/ Muốn Needed /'niːdID/ Muốn, cần Lifted /'lɪftID/ Nâng đỡ vật Translated / trænsˈleɪtID/ Dịch Collected / kəˈlektID / Sưu tầm Supported /səˈpɔːrtID/ Ủng hộ, đồng tình Landed /ˈlændID/ Đổ (quân); định cư Punted /'pʌntID/ Đẩy thuyền (bằng sào) b) Phát âm /d/ động từ tận phụ âm hữu /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /ð/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ, /l/, /r/ nguyên âm Examples Transciption Meaning Robbed /rɑːbD/ Cướp Hugged /hʌgD/ Ôm Loved /lʌvD/ Yêu Closed /kloʊzD/ Đóng Rouged /ruːʒD/ Đánh phấn hồng Changed /tʃeɪndʒD/ Thay đổi Breathed /briːðD/ Thở Climbed /klaɪmD/ Leo trèo Mentioned /ˈmenʃnD/ Đề cập đến Banged /bæŋD/ Gõ, đập Travelled /ˈtrævlD/ Đi du lịch Entered /ˈentərD/ Vào, xâm nhập Cried /kraɪD/ Khóc c) Phát âm /t/ động từ tận phụ âm vô /p/, k/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/ Examples Transciption Meaning Stopped /stɑːpT/ Dừng lại Looked /lʊkT/ Nhìn Laughed /læfT/ Cười Sentenced /ˈsentənsT/ Tuyên án Washed /wɑːʃT/ Giặt giũ Watched /wɑːtʃT/ Xem d) Cách đọc tính từ có hậu tố -ED: Examples Transciption Meaning Naked /ˈneɪkɪd/ Khỏa thân They found him half naked and bleeding to death Learned /ˈlɜːrnɪd/ Học thức cao Mr.John is a learned professor at my university Beloved /bɪˈlʌvɪd/ Yêu thương I have read the novel "Beloved Oxford" so many times Aged Blessed /ˈeɪdʒɪd/ /ˈblesɪd/ Rất già May mắn Dogged Crooked /ˈdɔːɡɪd/ /ˈkrʊkɪd/ kiên trì, bền bỉ quanh co, khúc khuỷu Ragged /ˈræɡɪd/ xơ xác, tả tơi Rugged /ˈrʌɡɪd/ xù xì, gồ ghề Cursed /ˈkɜːrsɪd/ tức giận, khó chịu Sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ thiên liêng, trân trọng Wicked /ˈwɪkɪd/ xấu xa, độc ác Wretched /ˈretʃɪd/ khốn khổ, bất hạnh One/two/four-legged / -ˈleɡɪd/ 1/2/4 chân My grandmother is aged He is really a blessed man It's dogged that does it This road is very crooked There is a man sitting over there in a ragged jacket The countryside around here is very rugged She seemed to be cursed because of waiting for me too long Human life must always be sacred That was very wicked of you She doesn't want to lead a wretched existence in the slums Cats are four-legged animals Ngữ pháp cấu trúc: Review of tenses : Verb Tense Revision Chart (Revision of all tenses of English verbs with a brief explanation and an example.) FORM S + V_O/E/ES / am/is/are S + am/is/are + V_ing TENSE Present Simple S + have/has + V_3/ed Present Perfect Simple S + have/has + been + V_ing Present Perfect Continuous S + V_2/ed / was / were Past Simple S + was/were + V_ing Past Continuous Present Continuous USE *Regular activities / routine *Continuous present action *Finished part of continuous action *Completed actions in unfinished time period *Recent events (unspecified time) *Past action with a result in the present *Experiences up to now *Actions begun in the past which continue today *Finished actions at a specific time in the past *Past continuous actions EXAMPLE We play tennis on Sunday The children are playing at the moment They have played two sets They have played several other matches this year Their parents have just arrived Sue has broken her bike so she can’t continue They have played in many tournaments They have been playing badminton since o’clock this afternoon Last Saturday we went fishing At 3.30 pm they were watching their favorite S + had + V_3/ed Past Perfect Simple *Completed actions before a specific time or event in the past *Continuous actions before a specific time or event in the past *Predictions *Spontaneous decisions/offers S + had + been + V_ing Past Perfect Continuous S + will + V_O Future Simple S + will + be + V_ing Future Continuous *Continuous future action S + will + have + V_3/ed Future Perfect *Completed future action S + will have been + V_ing Future Perfect Continuous *Continuous future action estimated at a time in the future film Two other people had played a match before we arrived At 4pm we had been playing for hours They will win the match today I’ll lend you my money! Tomorrow they will be playing in another club By September they will have finished three courses At 5pm we will have been playing for hours BÀI TẬP I Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences Since I young, I have always known that the conical leaf hat or the “nón lá” is a symbol of Vietnamese culture A am B was C have been D had been If you’d written earlier, I’d have known when you to go on holiday A would want B would intend C wanted D will want As soon as he _, tell him to call me back, please A will arrive B arrives C would arrive D is arriving This house is often empty because the owners _ abroad times a year A are going B were going C used to go D go Which sentence is correct? A I’ve been to Japan in 2010 B He’s been to Japan once C I’ve been in Japan once D He was in Japn since 2010 You _ a beautiful cake It tastes delicious A had done B had made C have made D did My aunt _ in the park when I met her A walked B was walking C had walked D had a walking “ _ that letter yet?” – “No, I’m just typing it.” A Have you written B Are you writing C Did you write D Were you writing As she went out, she sight of herself in the mirror A talked B took C saw D caught 10 “When did you last saw or heard from Alan?” – “I _ him since last month.” A didn’t met B haven’t met C don’t meet D wasn’t meeting 11 “How long _ her?” – “Oh, only for a couple of months.” A have you known B you know C are you knowing D have you been knowing 12 I very much hope it’ll rain soon We _ a drop for over a month A didn’t have B haven’t had C hadn’t had D haven’t 13 “Ouch! I _ my finger!” suddenly said Tom A had cut B have cut C was cutting D cut 14 You _ a university degree for this job You’ll only have to write letters and answer the phone A haven’t got B mustn’t have C needn’t D don’t need 15 The captain of the ocean liner has just asked a sailor if _ seen a white whale near the African coast A had he ever B he had ever C he always had D he has ever 16 “Excuse me, is anybody sitting here?” – “ ” A No, thanks B Yes, I am so glad C Sorry, the seat is taken D You are welcome 17 The fox tries to reach the fruit high up the tree A in fail B in vain C in loss D in hope 18 We have bought extra food our friends stay to dinner A if only B whether C in case D only when 19 If you want to get better, exactly your doctor tells you A like B the same C as D alike 20 Lomonosov was not _ a great scientist but also a very talented poet A fairly B merely C hardly D scarcely 21 When the results of the fraud investigation were announced last week, the staff came up smelling of A roses B money C perfume D gold 22 The attitude of experts the execution of endomyocardial biopsy at ARVD is contradictory A towards B above C beneath D with 23 Lisa walked into the room and struck a/an , hoping she would be noticed A chord B act C deal D pose 24 It is important to have someone you can _ in A trust B hide C confide D declare 25 Millions of people say Coke tastes best from a bottle, and whether this is scientifically provable or not, these millions know what they like: the look of the bottle and the way it fits so into the hand A neatly B orderly C tidily D finitely 26 Once I could see light at the end of the , writing the last part of the book wasn’t so hard A tunnel B subway C passage D journey 27 The growing use of air conditioning and refrigeration risks international efforts to cut emissions to avoid dangerous heatwaves, extreme weather and sea level rise A undermine B undermining C to undermine D undermined 28 In its rich , culture has intrinsic value for development as well as social cohesion and peace A diverse B diversity C diversify D diversification 29 In Viet Nam, the Ao Dai is the dress for women, and it is now standard for weddings, for celebrating Tet and for other formal occasions A splendid B pulchritude C deliverable D traditional 30 One of the biggest temptations for someone new to the travel game is to look at everything from behind rose-tinted , and this typically comes out in their writing A mirrors B glasses C patterns D prospects 31 She really went out on a when she criticised the professor in front of the whole class A limb B leg C lung D lip 32 Studies show that children who are exposed to a more diverse community are more creative and of differences These students learn how to resolve conflict more easily A tolerate B tolerant C tolerance D tolerated 33 In love marriages, people prefer to choose their partners on their own, while in case of marriage or arranged marriages others prefer partners chosen by their family or parents A contractual B romantic C obliged D sacrificed 34 Vietnamese spend a lot of time in preparing The Western people, especially, don’t spend too much time for cooking A grocery B beverage C drink D food 35 For a long time, the images of young ladies with a conical leaf hat known as “Non la” has made a strong impression on _ coming to Viet Nam A who B whom C whoever D whose 36 They got married without their parents’ _ A blessing B vow C swear D prayer 37 The show starts with a welcome of the _ who introduces guests or entertainers at a formal occasion A bridesmaid B bridegroom C master chief D master of ceremony 38 We haven’t all the details yet, but we’ll certainly be going to the USA in July A concluded B terminated C ceased D finalised 39 In her speech the Prime Minister tribute to the valuable contributions to society made by voluntary organisations A gave B paid C sent D brought 40 The weather is going to change soon – I can feel it in my A skin B teeth C legs D bones 41 There is a very strong movement now against sports like hunting or shooting A blood B death C killing D terminal 42 Maria and Jean had a romance – they met and married within two months A cyclone B hurricane C whirlwind D typhoon 43 If you say you’d like of cream on your strawberries then you don’t want very much cream A a dollop B a dash C oodles D lashings 44 I’m afraid we got our crossed – I thought my husband would be picking up the children and he thought I was doing it A fingers B minds C purposes D wires 45 After the football match the crowds _ out of the stadium into the nearest bars and cafes A leaked B poured C trickled D dripped 46 Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born to a family known for fine craftwork of wood and of coal A manicurists B merchants C mechanics D miners 47 His breaking the rules set a dangerous A custom B precedent C practice D tradition 48 In recent years there has been a increase in the cost of living A powerful B ponderous C wide D significant 49 When a Vietnamese wants to work part-time in Australia, he needs to get a work A permit B permission C permissibility D permissiveness 50 The river was to help the local children go to school easily A bridged B demolished C tied D hanged II Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: INDIAN MARRIAGES Marriage is one of the oldest human institutions and this is as true in Indian culture as anywhere else In India marriage, called “Kanyadana" or “donating a virgin”, is thought of as the greatest sacrifice that a father can make and for the groom as an obligation to perpetuate his bloodline Many people believe that a marriage is still binding after death In early times girls were thought to be ready for marriage after puberty and later even children could be married Divorce and remarriage were not always possible By Medieval times Marriage was compulsory for girls, who very often married between the ages of eight and nine Among those able to afford it, polygamy was common and rulers would often have one wife from their own region and other minor wives from other areas Now, divorce and remarriage is possible and non-Muslim Indian men can only have one wife Although are many regional variations, some features of the Indian wedding ceremony are similar throughout the country In general weddings are very complicated events and involve long negotiations about dowry payments prior to the event After this has been decided a day is chosen by asking an astrologer to find a lucky day Preparations begin early because a marriage is not only one of the highlights a person’s life, but a large and complex social gathering to organize The night before, the bride, her friends and female relatives gather together for a party called a “mehendi”, where they paint each other’s hands and feet with Henna and dance and listen to music Her guests often give the bride advice about married life and tease her about her future husband Weddings are traditionally held at the bride’s home or in a temple, but parks, hotels and marriage halls are becoming increasingly popular On the day a wedding altar or “mandapa” is built and covered in flowers All of the wedding ceremony will be held in the altar The clothing a couple wear on their wedding day varies between regions and ethnic groups Women most commonly wear a sari The bride wears a lot of jewelry as this symbolizes the prosperity she will bring to her new family In the South wearing flowers is common The groom wears traditional costume or a suit Turbans are also popular headgear The ceremony begins with a mixture of tumeric, sandlewood paste and oils being applied to the couples face and arms In the past this was done to the whole body, but now it is only symbolic, with only a little being rubbed on Then they are showered in flowers After this they perform the rituals that will make them man and wife First they garland each other and then take seven symbolic steps together representing seven gifts and seven promises Finally they say the vows and then they are legally married The bride’s father or guardian takes her hands and puts them in her husband’s giving her to him Now she is no longer a member of her father’s family, but a member of her husband’s They then touch the feet of their elders for luck After the wedding ceremony, the couple go to the groom’s house The bride should be careful to enter the house right foot first for luck In the evening and late into the night the families and their guests celebrate with dancing, music and food In India weddings are _ A a duty for the man to continue his family B thought to end at death C a duty for the father D seen asa benefit for the father Divorce and remarriage A are only possible for non-Muslims B were sometimes not possible in the past C have always been possible D have only become possible in modern times Indian weddings A are straightforward and brief B are thought to be lucky C are intricate and time consuming D involve only the immediate family The evening prior to the wedding, the wife-to-be is given recommendations about A married life B her future husband C a “mehendi” party D wedding gifts The wedding ceremony is conducted in a special _ A temple B hotels and marriage halls C park or pagoda D wedding altar or “mandapa” The gold and jewels the bride wears represent _ A tradition B popularity C prosperity C poverty These days the materials applied prior to the ceremony are only A invaluable B specific C particular D symbolic After the wedding, the bride has left _ A her father’s family B her husband’s family C his father’s family D his husband’s family It is important that the new bride goes into the new house with _ A her first lucky B her right foot first C her first talk D her left foot first 10 The word “complex” in paragraph means A complicated B simple C formal D significant III Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: Many people think that we can learn a lot about the culture of a foreign country simply by living in that country However, this is not necessarily true Often, the longer we stay in a foreign country, the more we realize how little we actually know about the culture of that country Books and talks about other people’s culture can even be dangerous because they concentrate on cultural differences and exaggerate national character, and sometimes a lot of information they contain is untrue In a study recently carried out in Britain, people were asked to make a list of anything that they thought was typical ofBritainand would interest a foreign visitor there Most mentioned Shakespeare, the Queen, village inns, English folk dancing, English castles, and fish chips wrapped in newspaper Although all of these characters can be found in British culture, they not show the real interests of ordinary British people: (they are, in fact, simply stereotype - that is, general character which people wrongly think are typical) What is surprising is that they were suggested by British people themselves as representing their culture If people have such a wrong impression of their own culture, how much false would their impression of their culture be! If we stay a long time in a foreign country, _ A we will usually realize that we know very little about its culture B we will sometimes forget about culture of our own country C we can often learn a lot about the culture of the foreign country D we can seldom find out anything at all about its culture It is hard to learn about a country’s cultural from books because such books _ A concentrate on the dangers of the foreign culture B exaggerate national character C take no notice of culture different D contain little information about culture When asked about their own culture, many British people _ A gave incorrect answers B were surprised by the question asked C argued they know little about British culture D said they themselves were not typical of British people It can be inferred from the last paragraph that it’s easy to _ A give exact information about your own country B describe stereotypes of your country C know a lot about your own country’s culture D know the culture of other countries Which of the following is true? A It’s easy to assimilate the culture of a foreign country B Visitors to a country are soon assimilated into it culture C British people understand their own culture more than other culture D The culture of a foreign culture can not be learned by reading books IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: Culture is a strong part of people’s lives It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears If you are from New Mexico or Montana, if your parents are Cambodian, French Canadian, or Native American, if you are German Catholic or AfricanAmerican, if you are Jewish or Mormon, if you are a boy or a girl, if you are a mixture of cultures your culture has affected you So when you are working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to have some perspective and understanding of their cultures But as we explore culture, it’s also important to remember how much we have in common A person who grew up in Tibet, will probably see the world very differently than someone who grew up in Manhattan - but both people know what it is like to wake up in the morning and look forward to the adventures that of the day We are all human beings We all love deeply, want to learn, have hopes and dreams, and have experienced pain and fear At the same time, we can’t pretend that our cultures and differences don’t matter We can’t gloss over differences and pretend they don’t exist, wishing that we could be alike And we can’t pretend that people that discrimination doesn’t exist People have very different views of what a multicultural society or community should be like or could be like In the past few decades there has been a lot of discussion about what it means to live and work together in a society that is diverse as ours People struggle with different visions of a fair, equitable, moral, and harmonious society Culture has effect on the followings EXCEPT _ A anxieties B desires C opinions D gestures If we learn about the differences among many cultures, _ A we are always afraid and react to everything with fear B we will look on the bright side of life and think that the future can be positive C we want to love someone who experience foreign cultures with unprecedented ease D we should know that the similarities between us and others who have different cultures Why we all expect something interesting when a new day come although having different cultures? A We know who we are B We need love, money and health C We are all human beings D We share many things in common According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true? A Culture has become an important part of our daily lives B When we get acquaintance with someone, we shouldn’t know about their cultures C Discrimination is still a problem in modern society D People have very different attitudes towards cultural diversity The word “equitable” in the passage is opposite in meaning to _ A one-sided B even-handed C touch-oriented D impartial V Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - CULTURAL ISSUES PERSONAL APPEARANCE Clothing habits are a matter of personal preference in the United States Although fashion trends affect general clothing patterns, a person usually feels free to wear whatever he or she pleases Americans emphasize cleanliness, but they may purposely wear tattered clothing or casual attire in public Clothing is often used to make a social or personal statement Nonetheless, formal clothing is popular and is worn for certain social occasions Appearance, in general, is important to the individual American GREETINGS Both men and women usually smile and shake hands when greeting The American handshake is often firm Good friends and family members may embrace when they meet, especially after a long absence In causal situations, a wave may be used instead of a handshake Friends also often wave to each other at a distance, and Americans may greet strangers on the street saying Hello or Good morning, although they may pass by without any greeting Among the youth, verbal greetings or various handslapping gestures (such as the “high five”) are common Except in formal situations, people address one another by their given names once acquainted Combining a title (Mrs., Dr., Miss, for example) with a family name shows respect When greeting someone for the first time, Americans commonly say Nice to meet you or How you do? A simple Hello or Hi is also common There are regional variations, such as Aloha in Hawaii or Howdy in parts of the West Friends often greet each other with How are you? and respond Fine, thanks Americans not really expect any further answer to the question GESTURES Americans not stand close when conversing, maintaining about two feet between individuals However, they may spontaneously touch one another on the arm or shoulder during conversation It is common for members of the opposite sex to hold hands or show affection in public To point, a person extends the index finger Beckoning is done by waving all fingers (or the index finger) with the palm facing up Direct eye contact is not necessary for the duration of conversation, but moments of eye contact are essential to ensure one’s sincerity When sitting, Americans are casual, and my prop their feet up on chairs or place the ankle of one leg on the knee of the other Crossing legs at the knee is just as common as sitting with legs spread apart Poor posture is not appropriate, but is not uncommon It is mentioned in the passage that Americans _ A may wear casual clothes when going out B tend to choose informal clothes for social occasions C take no notice of what they wear in public D feel uncomfortable to decide what they wear everyday In America, if you see your friends or your family members after a long time, what you do? A You just can smile at them B You should shake hands with them C You may give them a hug D You might wave to them When Americans have a conversation with each other, _ A they often hold hands B they not stand close C they needn’t catch their partner’s eye D they smile as much as they can When greeting someone for the first time, Americans don’t say “ _” A Hello! B Nice to meet you! C Long time no see D How you do? When Americans sit, crossing legs at the knee is A thoroughly polite B a manner of a rude person C poor gesture D not common VI Fill in each numbered blank of the following passage with a suitable word By the midnineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States The ice trade grew with the growth of cities Ice was used in places like hotels and hospitals, and by some forwardlooking city businessmen in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter After the Civil War (1861-1865 ), it also came into household use Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and onethird of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, early form of the modern refrigerator, had been invented Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose In the early nineteenth century, people only had some simple and basic knowledge of the physics of heat The common idea that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling Early efforts to save ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance needed for an efficient icebox But as early as 1803, a Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been in the correct direction He owned a farm and used an icebox of his own design for the transportation of his butter to a market in the village of Georgetown And there he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting goods of his competitors to pay a higher price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, onepound bricks One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool As a result, Moore managed to earn a large sum of money The Origin of Refrigerators *By the mid19th century the 1. _ that ice had on American citizens’ life was limited mainly to the diet *When cities grew, the ice 2. increased History of the icebox *Forwardlooking businessmen used ice to keep meat, fish and butter 3. _ *After the Civil War, due to the 4. _ of the modern refrigerator, household use of ice became possible Incorrect 5. about the icebox *The icebox 6. best when the ice was prevented from melting *Ice should be 7. up in blankets to help its jobs *As early as 1803, Thomas Moore knew how to use an icebox 8. Thomas Moore’s story *An icebox was designed by Thomas Moore to 9. his butter to the market *Thomas Moore was very 10. in his business *KEY: effect/influence/impact trade/business/deal fresh invention/appearance ideas/views/opinions worked/functioned wrapped/packed/parceled correctly/properly/efficiently transport/deliver 10 successful VII Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank Is Multiculturalism Positive Or Negative? Different people have different views to things, like or dislike, agree or disagree Multiculturalism is a controversial issue in America Some people think that multiculturalism is (1) _, whereas some others think that multiculturalism is positive In my opinion, I agree (2) _ the second view, that multiculturalism is positive Multiculturalism is diversity of two or more culture in some region or country America is an immigrant country; most people in America are immigrants They come (3) _ different countries and different ethnic groups; they have different languages, educational backgrounds, customs, values and religions When they arrive America, they must communicate with other people in English They learn English and the culture from American people or earlier immigrants who are around them In their public activity, they must (4) _ American cultural traditions, but in their private lives, they inevitably use their own customs, values, religions, traditional festivals and experiences to influence their behaviors They are still (5) their own cultures Since the 1960s, The America government (6) , encouraged and supported cultural diversity Fair policies allowed all citizens to have the right to preserve their cultural inheritance Public school has (7) _ education programs for new immigrant children Under the laws, racism, discrimination and prejudice are significantly decreased The relationships of people in the country are friendly and harmonious, and people’s lives have become rich and colorful We are understanding and learning from each other more easily than before We can eat different cultural style foods We can watch different country’s performances We can enjoy the celebration events of different country’s festivals Kids (8) up in this multicultural background are easy to accept different views, values and behaviors of foreign countries Especially, following the development of the Internet and wireless communication technology, the distance from country to country and people to people has becomes closer, and the economies between regions and countries are connected more (9) _ The whole world became a global village Multiculturalism is becoming more important than at any other time in history In conclusion, multiculturalism is a good thing for society and people, (10) _ it is positive We need to enhance and develop multiculturalism in our lives A innovative B negative C affirmative D conclusive A with B toward C upon D behind A at B for C to D from A reject B accept C refuse D adapt A eliminating B throwing C retaining D disqualifying A has admitted B has been admitted C had admitted D was admitted A multilingual B trilingual C bilingual D monolingual A are grown B grow C grown D growing A closed B closely C close D closer 10 A so B yet C though D still VIII Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank Humanity has inhabited every corner of the world, except Antarctica, (1) _ centuries As groups of people worked and lived together, they developed (2) cultures Together the cultures of the world create a rich and (3) tapestry The resulting cultural diversity expands choices, nurtures a variety of skills, human values and worldviews and provides wisdom from the past to inform the future Cultural diversity is a mainspring for sustainable development for individuals, communities and countries Thus, building an effective global approach to sustainable development and ESD needs (4) respecting, protecting and maintaining the cultural diversity of the world now and in the future Cultural diversity (5) strong influence on ESD in that: • All ESD must be locally relevant and culturally appropriate; • Culture influences what this generation chooses to teach the next generation (6) what knowledge is valued, skills, ethics, languages and worldviews; • ESD requires intercultural understanding if people are to live together peacefully, tolerating and accepting differences amongst cultural and ethnic groups ESD aims at promoting teaching which respects indigenous and traditional knowledge and encourages the use of indigenous languages in education Indigenous worldviews and perspectives on (7) should be integrated into education programmes at all levels whenever relevant Local knowledge and languages are repositories of diversity and key resources in understanding the environment and in using it to the best (8) _ They foster and promote local cultural specificities, customs and values The preservation of cultures is linked to economic development (9) _, tourism and cultural industries can (10) _ the risk of commodifying culture for outsiders Cultures must be respected as the living and dynamic contexts within which human beings find their values and identity A since B as C in D for A distinctiveness B distinctive C distinction D distinct A variety B variable C varied D vary A address B to address C addressing D addressed A exerts B struggles C fights D empowers A to include B includes C include D including A sustainability B sustainable C sustained D sustaining A disadvantage B advantage C disinterest D interest A Despite B Suppose C Although D However 10 A suffer B bear C run D make IX Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank WHAT IS CULTURAL DIVERSITY? Diversity is (1) more than a difference from the majority In any culture there is a majority and many minorities Culture is a set of norms that (2) standards for a society of what is acceptable behavior In every culture there are basic standards for social interaction such as personal space distance, eye contact, amount of body language displayed in public, negotiating style, etc In America, we stand about eighteen inches apart when engaged (3) normal conversation; prefer very direct eye contact; are pretty demonstrative with body language and (4) _ very directly always asking (5) _ party for their “bottom line” In other cultures they may stand closer or farther than we are comfortable, may view direct eye contact as rude, be more or less open to displaying body language and negotiate more indirectly In America, many of us have a peculiar habit of assuming that those who differ (6) _ our norms are wrong We tend to view the world from a rather myopic view leading to those outside this country calling us “Ugly Americans” Cultural diversity (7) _ our country richer by making it a more interesting place (8) _ to live Just think how boring a meal would be without Chinese, Mexican, Japanese, Italian, German, French or Indian food! Cultural diversity also makes our country stronger and better able to compete in the new global economy People from diverse cultures bring language skills, new ways of thinking, creative solutions to difficult problems and negotiating skills In the past, ethnographers in the United States used to refer to our country as a melting (9) _ where new immigrants would eventually be fully integrated into the American culture This has obviously not happened so modern researchers have not begun to talk about America as a garden salad where different cultural diversity mixes with the European American culture to form a meal where all of the various ingredients are still readily (10) _ Cultural diversity makes the United States a much more interesting place in which to live for all of its inhabitants If we all thought alike imagine how boring the world would be! Thank God for diversity! A nothing B something C anything D onething A lack B look C set D take A on B in C at D to A negotiation B negotiate C negotiable D negotiating A another B others C the others D the other A with B among C from D between A makes B gets C becomes D stays A which B for which C on which D in which A spot B pot C spoon D pan 10 A identification B identify C identifiable D identified X Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank In Korea, in former days the marriage between a man and woman represented the joining of two families, rather (1) _ the joining of two individuals The event (2) _ Taerye (Great Ritual), and people from all over the village or neighborhood participated The ceremonies and events surrounding the actual marriage were long and (3) _ Professional matchmakers paired up likely candidates for marriage, with the new couple often meeting for the first time at their wedding! The families considered many factors in the decision, consulting with fortune tellers for (4) _ about the couple’s future life together During the Chosun period, people married (5) _ their early teens, with the girl often being several years older than the boy The groom usually traveled to the house of the bride for the ceremony, then stayed there for three days (6) _ taking his new bride to his family’s home The actual ceremony involved many small rituals, with many bows and symbolic gestures The (7) _ were expected to control their motions and remain somber (8) Koreans have kept several aspects of the traditional ceremony, most modern ceremonies resemble Western marriage ceremonies more than (9) Korean ones However, many folk villages and museums across the country regularly perform ceremonies to (10) _ the traditions alive A as B more C than D more thaN A is often called B often called C was often called D has often called A elaborate B elaboratory C elaboration D elaborateness A predictions B attentions C situations D evaluations A for B in C on D from A soon B ago C before D then A examiners B competitors C contests D participants A As B Although C As though D If only A traditional B old C ancient D antique 10 A catch B hold C grip D keep XI Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense: Africa (1) _ (regard) as the oldest continent in the world The beginning of modern man as well as the root of western civilization can be traced back to this continent Africa (2) _ (play) a significant role in the development of certain sciences Such connections can be seen in the Egyptian civilization around 3000 BC It has been established that the Kushite civilization (3) (have) a system of writing which (4) _ (date) back to the fifth century BC Africa has been regarded as the “dark continent” by the European explorers who came circa fifteen century- this comprised of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, French and Spanish explorers However, it is noteworthy to say that Africa was not dark before the advent of the Europeans Africa (5) (be) literate well before the colonial ingress Such literacy is seen among the Axum of Ethiopia, as their classical language was expressed in written form by fourth century AD Literary works were recorded in learning centers of Timbuktu (Mali), and Djenne during the fifteenth century and in the Swahili city states of the East African coast *KEY: is regarded played had dated had been XII Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it 1 I haven’t seen Alice for ages → It’s ages _ She started to teach 13 years ago → She has We last visited Rome three years ago → We have _ It’s months since she last phoned me → The _ Peter has never heard classical music before → It’s This is the silliest joke I have ever heard → I have _ I arrived in London last week and I’m still here → I have _ When did you meet Antonio? → How ? I last saw Alison over a year ago → I 10 I began learning English at the end of 2010 → I *KEY: It’s ages since I last saw Alice She has taught for 13 years We haven’t / have not visited Rome for three years The last time she phoned me was three months ago It’s the first time Peter has heard classical music I have never heard such a silly joke before I have been in London for a week How long have you known Antonio? I haven’t / have not seen Alison for more than a year 10 I have been learning English since the end of 2010 XIII Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence I haven’t seen Gerry for / since a long time How is he? It’s ages ago / since I last went to a football match I’ve written to Deborah last week / recently What have you been doing today / yesterday? Have you eaten Italian food before / already? I’ve been living here in / since the end of last year Actually I had dinner with Sue last night / lately I’ve been trying to get in touch with David for ages / for the last time Terry hasn’t been to Edinburgh since / when we went there together 10 I can’t remember how long / when I’ve had this watch *KEY: for since recently today before since last night for ages since 10 how long XIV Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given Don’t change the words given First one of the party steered the boat, then the other steered it TURNS → The members of the party _ She was annoyed that they wouldn’t stop disturbing her RESENTED → She _ They had to dismantle their vehicles to get them across the gorge PIECES → They had to Her sudden appearance surprised all of us SURPRISE → All of us _ Bob agreed to undertake the leadership of the expedition ON → Bob agreed _ She’s never been out of the town Nor has she been out of the country LET ALONE → She’s never _ You seem to be very grumpy this morning OUT OF BED → You seem After a pause for questions and refreshments, he continued his story UP → He That reminds me of the time I climbed to the top of Mount Fuji BACK → That _ 10 He couldn’t stop looking at the crocodile’s jaws EYES → He *KEY: The members of the party took turns at steering the boat She resented being disturbed by them They had to take their vehicles to pieces to get them across the gorge All of us were taken by surprise by her sudden appearance Bob agreed to take on the leadership of the expedition She’s never been out of the town let alone out of the country You seem to get out of bed on the wrong side this morning He took up with his story after a pause for questions and refreshments That brings me back to the time I climbed to the tio of Mount Fuji 10 He couldn’t take his eyes off the crocodile’s jaws XV Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given Don’t change the words given The students all wrote down the words from the blackboard NOTE → The students all _ the words from the blackboard Brian was really interested in North American history in his school days INTEREST → Brian North American history in his school days When it comes to population, Beijing’s is much bigger than Auckland’s POPULATED → Beijing is _ than Auckland The manager should think about experience when hiring new staff CONSIDERATION → The manager should _ when hiring new staff The anti-smoking advertisement does not stop people from smoking INEFFECTIVE → The anti-smoking advertisement is people from smoking She has learnt a substantial amount from her university course GAINED → She has knowledge from her university It is a good idea to learn Chinese to improve your future job prospects TAKING → _ is a good way to enhance your work opportunities When I realised what had happend, I became quite afraid OVERCOME → I when I worked out what had occurred He saw the litter on the ground and picked it up an put it in the bin immediately HESITATION → He grabbed the rubbish off the ground and threw it 10 Do you think you could give me a hand to move the sofa? MIND → Would you to move the sofa? *KEY: made a note of had an interest in much more populated take experience into consideration ineffective at stopping gained a substantial amount of Taking up Chinese was overcome with fear in the bin without hesitation 10 mind giving me a hand XVI Write about the following topic: The importance of culture Write at least 200 words XVII Write about the following topic: Romantic marriage is better than contractual marriage Write at least 200 words XVIII Write a paragraph topic: Write a short paragraph to express your attitude toward love and marriage in our modern society Write the letter to your friends to tell her or him about your new academic year Write at least 120 words  THE END  [...]... the United States a much more interesting place in which to live for all of its inhabitants If we all thought alike imagine how boring the world would be! Thank God for diversity! 1 A nothing B something C anything D onething 2 A lack B look C set D take 3 A on B in C at D to 4 A negotiation B negotiate C negotiable D negotiating 5 A another B others C the others D the other 6 A with B among C from D... that those who differ (6) _ our norms are wrong We tend to view the world from a rather myopic view leading to those outside this country calling us “Ugly Americans” Cultural diversity (7) _ our country richer by making it a more interesting place (8) _ to live Just think how boring a meal would be without Chinese, Mexican, Japanese, Italian, German, French or Indian food! Cultural diversity... economy People from diverse cultures bring language skills, new ways of thinking, creative solutions to difficult problems and negotiating skills In the past, ethnographers in the United States used to refer to our country as a melting (9) _ where new immigrants would eventually be fully integrated into the American culture This has obviously not happened so modern researchers have not begun to talk...• Culture influences what this generation chooses to teach the next generation (6) what knowledge is valued, skills, ethics, languages and worldviews; • ESD requires intercultural understanding if people are to live together peacefully, tolerating and accepting differences... man as well as the root of western civilization can be traced back to this continent Africa (2) _ (play) a significant role in the development of certain sciences Such connections can be seen in the Egyptian civilization around 3000 BC It has been established that the Kushite civilization (3) (have) a system of writing which (4) _ (date) back to the fifth century BC Africa has been regarded... continent” by the European explorers who came circa fifteen century- this comprised of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, French and Spanish explorers However, it is noteworthy to say that Africa was not dark before the advent of the Europeans Africa (5) (be) literate well before the colonial ingress Such literacy is seen among the Axum of Ethiopia, as their classical language was expressed in written form... paired up likely candidates for marriage, with the new couple often meeting for the first time at their wedding! The families considered many factors in the decision, consulting with fortune tellers for (4) _ about the couple’s future life together During the Chosun period, people married (5) _ their early teens, with the girl often being several years older than the boy The groom usually traveled... public, negotiating style, etc In America, we stand about eighteen inches apart when engaged (3) normal conversation; prefer very direct eye contact; are pretty demonstrative with body language and (4) _ very directly always asking (5) _ party for their “bottom line” In other cultures they may stand closer or farther than we are comfortable, may view direct eye contact as rude, be more or less... cultures is linked to economic development (9) _, tourism and cultural industries can (10) _ the risk of commodifying culture for outsiders Cultures must be respected as the living and dynamic contexts within which human beings find their values and identity 1 A since B as C in D for 2 A distinctiveness B distinctive C distinction D distinct 3 A variety B variable C varied D vary 4 A address B to address... Rome three years ago → We have _ 4 It’s 3 months since she last phoned me → The _ 5 Peter has never heard classical music before → It’s 6 This is the silliest joke I have ever heard → I have _ 7 I arrived in London last week and I’m still here → I have _ 8 When did you meet Antonio? → How