THIẾT KẾ BÀI GIẢNG HÓA HỌC 12 TẬP 2

CAO C U GlAC (Chii bien) Thiet kebdi gidng H6A HOC 12 TAP HAI ffi N H A XUAT BAN HA N0I TS CAO CU G I A C (Chu bien) - ThS HO THANH THUY *• _r e% -« THIET KE BAI GIANG m TflTP HW NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI Chirong DAI ClTOfNG VE KIM LOAI Bai 17 V! TRI CUA KIM LOAI TRONG B A N G T U A N H O A N V A C A U T A O C U A KIM LOAI A MUC TIEU BAI HOC Kiln thii'c HS biit: • Vi tri cua kim loai bang tuan hoan • Cau tao cua nguyen tu kim loai va cau tao tinh the ciia kim loai • Lien ket kim loai HS hieu: Mot so kieu cau true tinh the kim loai (mang tinh the luc phucmg, lap phuang tam dien, lap phuang tam khoi) KT nang • Suy dien: Tu vi trf cua kim loai suy cau tao va tinh chat • So sanh: Lien ket kim loai vai cac loai lien ket khac Tinh cam, thai dp Vai tro kim loai cuoc s6ng, bao ve va khai thac hop li tai nguyen, khoang san cua dat nuac B C H U A N B! C U A GV VA HS • GV: - Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc - Bang phu ve so cau tao va ghi ban kinh cua nguyen tu cua cac nguyen to thuoc chu ki - Tranh ve kieu mang tinh thi cua kim loai » HS: - Xem truac noi dung bai hoc - Tap lam mot so mo hinh ve tinh thi kim loai C TI^N TRINH DAY - HOC Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dong ciia HS Hogt dgng I VI TRI CUA KIM LOAI TRONG BANG TUAN HOAN GV chieu bang tuan hoan co to mau cac kl hieu nguyen to len man hinh (hoac treo bang tuan hoan len bang) cho HS thao luan GV huang dan HS tim vi tri cua kim loai bang: - Kim loai la cac nguyen to dugc to mau vang a bang tuan hoan - Phi kim la cac nguyen to dugc to mau tim a bang tuan hoan Yeu cau HS xac dinh vi tri cua kim HS quan sat thao luan cho ket qua: loai Vi tri kim loai gom: - Nhom IA din VIA (Nhom IA tru H nhom IIIA tru B) va mot phan nhom IVA,VA, VIA -NhomlBdInVIIIB - Hai ho Lantan va Actini GV bd sung: Ngoai each xac dinh a tren thi kim loai nam a: - Khoi nguyen to s (trir H, He) - Mot so a khoi nguyen to p - Toan bo khoi nguyen to d, f GV yeu cau HS riit ket luan ve vi tri ciia kim loai HS thao luan cho ket qua: Hogt dgng cda HS Hogt dgng cua GV - Kim loai chiem da so vi tri bang tuan hoan - Kim loai nam a phia dual ben trai cua bang tuan hoan II CAU TAO CUA KIM LOAI Hogt dgng I Cau tao nguyen tu" GV: Yeu cau HS viet cau hinh HS viet cau hinh ciia cac nhom electron nguyen tu ciia cac nguyen to - Kim loai: kim loai nNa, ^Mg, 13AI, 26Fe va iiNa: Is 2s 2p 3s cac nguyen to phi kim jjP jgS, 17CI i2Mg: Is 2s 2p 3s*' nAl: ls"2s 2p 3s 3p 26Fe: ls''2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s - Phi kim: 15P: Is 2s 2p 3s 3p igS: Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 17CI: ls"2s 2p 3s 3p GV: So sanh so electron a lop ngoai So electron a Idp ngoai ciing cua kim loai Cling cua cac nguyen tii kim loai, phi tii 1-3 electron phi kim thi thuang co kim tren va riit ket luan nhieu electron (tir 4-^7 electron tru H va hiem) Ket luan: Nguyen tir ciia hau hit cdc nguyen td kim logi deu cd it electron a GV diing bang phu ve sa cau tao va ghi ban kinh ciia nguyen tii thuoc chu ki (ban kinh nguyen tii dugc bilu dien bang nanomet, nm): lap ngodi cung (1-3 electron) Hogt dgng cua GV llNa i2Mg 13AI u S i ]5P Hogt dgng cda HS 16S 17CI 0.157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099 Yeu cau HS riit nhan xet ve su bien HS quan sat cac so lieu va nhan xet: thien ciia dien tich hat nhan va ban Trong cung chu ki, nguyen tic ciia nguyen kinh nguyen tu to kim logi cd bdn kinh nguyen tic lan han vd dien tich hat nhdn nhd han so vai nguyen tic cita nguyen to phi kim Hogt dgng Cau tao tinh the GV nhic lai mgt s6 kilu tinh thi da I HS nghien cuu SGK va len bang ve lai hgc a lap 10 Sau HS nghien ciiu cau triic tinh the kim loai SGK ve noi dung cau tao tinh the kim a) Mang tinh thi luc phwffng loai Yeu cau HS: - Neu cau triic cac loai tinh the (mo ta hinh ve) - Nhan xet ve dac kbit cua mang - Cac nguyen tii, ion kim loai nam tren tinh the kim loai cac dinh va tam cac mat cua hinh luc giac - Lay vi du mgt so kim loai diing va nguyen tu, ion nam phia - So sanh cac loai tinh the kim loai ciia hinh luc giac - Nguyen tii va ion chiem 74% lai 26% la khong gian - Vidu: Be, Mg, Zn, b) Mang tinh thi lap phirffng tam dien Hogt dgng cua HS Hogt dgng cda GV - Cac nguyen tu, ion kim loai nam tren cac dinh va tam cac mat cua hinh lap phuang - Nguyen tu va ion chiem 74% lai 26% la khong gian - Vidti: Cu, Ag, Au, Al, c) Mang tinh thi lap phutfng tdm khdi - Cac nguyen tu, ion kim loai nam tren cac dinh va tam ciia hinh lap phuang - Nguyen tu va ion chiem 68% lai 32% la khong gian -Fz't/w.-Li,Na,K,V,Mo, GV giai thieu: Trong tinh the kim logi, nguyen tu vd ion kim logi ndm a nhiing nut mang tinh the Cdc electron hod tri lien kit yeu vai hat nhdn nen de tach khdi nguyen tic vd chuyin dgng tu mang tinh thi Hogt dgng Lien ket kim loai GV: Dua tren c4u tao mang tinh the kim loai, phan tich, dien giang kien thiic lien ket kim loai Cl trang thai long va ran, cac nguyen tii kim loai lien ket vai bang mgt Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS kieu lien ket hoa hgc rieng ggi la lien kit kim logi GV yeu cau HS nghien ciiii SGK va neu khai niem lien ket kim loai HS nghien ciiu SGK va nhan xet: - Lien ket kim loai la lien ket dugc hinh giQa cac nguyen tii va ion kim loai mang tinh the su tham gia ciia De kliac sau kien thiic ve lien ket kim cac electron tu loai vai cac lien ket khac GV yeu cau HS thao luan cho ket qua HS so sanh: - Lien ket kim loai vai lien ket cong + Lien ket kim logi v&i lien kit cong hoa tri hod tri Gidng nhau: Deu co su gop chung, diing chung electron Khdc nhau: - Lien ket cong hoa tri chi gop chung mgt so cap electron - Lien ket kim loai gop chung hau het cac electron tu cua nguyen tir kim loai - Lien ket kim loai vai lien ket ion + Lien kit kim logi v&i lien kit ion Giong nhau: Deu co ban chat la lire hut tinh dien giira ion duang vai phan tir mang dien tich am Khdc nhau: - Lien ket ion la luc hut tmh dien giiia ion am vai ion duong - Lien ket kim loai la luc hut tmh dien giira electron vai ion kim loai Hogt dgng cua HS Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng CUNG CO B A I V A B A I T A P V E N H A GV chieu cac bai tap sau len man HS quan sat theo luan cho ket qua hinh cho HS thao luan ciing c6 noi dung bai hgc: Bai Lien ket kim loai la lien ket Dap an A dugc hinh do: A Su gop chung electron hoa tri ciia cac nguyen tir kim loai B Cac electron tu kim loai phan xa tot nhiing tia sang tai C Do su gop chung mgt so cap electron hoa tri D Sir gop chung toan bg electron cua cac nguyen tir kim loai Bai Cho cac nguyen to co so hieu Dap an C nguyen tir la 12, 17, 1, 26, 24, 9, 7, 15 So nguyen tir la kim loai la A 12, 17, 1.26,24 B 17, 1,9,7, 15 C.12, 26, 24, D 12,26,24, 7, 15 Bai tap ve nha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, (SGK) D HU-aNG DAN GIAI BAI TAP TRONG SGK Chgn dap an B Chgn dap an D Chgn dap an B Chgn dap an C nNaOH = 0,03.1 =0,03 (mol) n^^so, = 0,15.0,5 = 0,075(mol) Phuang trinh hoa hgc: M + H2SO4 + H2SO4 -^ MSO4 + H2 (1) 2NaOH -^ Na2S04 + 2H2O (2) 0,015(mol) ACI2 Fe + ACI2 -^ FeCb + A Taco: A-56 — X = 0,8 => x 0,8 A-56 Theo bai ra, ndng FeCl2 dung dich la 0,25M nen so mol FeC^ la 0,25.0,4 = 0,1 (mol) -^ - ^ ^ = 0,1 => A = 64 (Cu) A-56 ^cn=T^cua, = - ^ = 0,2(mol) 0,2 Nong cua muoi B (CUCI2) dung dich C la = 0,5(M) 0,4 10 Bai 18 T I N H C H A T CUA KIM LOAI DAY DIEN HOA CUA KIM LOAI A MUCTIEUBAI HOC Kiln thiFC HS biet: • Tinh ch4t vat li chung va tinh chit hoa hgc chung ciia kim loai • Day dien hoa ciia kim loai HS hiiu: Nguyen nhan gay tinh chit vat li chung va tinh chit hoa hgc chung cua kim loai KTnang • Ren luyen kT nang suy dien: Tir vi tri cua kim loai bang tuan hoan, suy ciu tao va tir ciu tao suy tinh chat ciia kim loai • Ren luyen kT nang giai cac bai tap ve kim loai Tinh cam, thai Hiiu dugc tam quan trgng cua kim loai cugc song tir co biet cac sir dung kim loai mgt each hgp li va tiet kiem B C H U A N Bj CUA GV VA HS • GV: - Hoa chit: Dinh sit, day sit, day dong, day nhom, hat kem, binh dimg clo, dung dich HCl, dung dich H2SO4 loang, dung dich HNO3 loang - Dung cu: Dung cu thi nghiem chung minh cac kim loai c6 dan nhiet khac (neu c6) - Ong nghiem, c6c thuy tinh, den c6n, gia thi nghiem • HS: Xem truac noi dung bai hgc 11 C T|£N TRiNH DAY- HOC Hocit dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS Hogt dgng I TINH CHAT VAT LI Tinh chat vat li chung GV giai thieu: dieu kien thuang, cac HS lang nghe kim loai deu a trang thai ran (trir Hg), CO tinh deo, dan dien, dan nhiet va co anh kim Vay the nao la tinh deo, tinh dan dien tinh dan nhiet, anh kim? va tai kim loai CO cac tinh chat tren chung ta se nghien ciru timg tinh chat cu the Giai thich a) Tinh deo GV yeu cau HS nghien ciru SGK va HS thao luan nhan xet va cho ket qua cho biet: - Tinh deo cua vdt lieu la tinh bi bien dang chiu ap luc ben ngoai hoac - The nao la tinh deo? nhiet tac dung va van giir dugc trang thai bien dang thoi tac dung - Gidi thich: Kim loai co tinh deo la vi - Giai thich? cac ion duang mang tinh the kim loai CO the trugt len de dang ma khong tach khoi nha nhiing electron tu chuyen dgng dinh ket chung vai ©.e;© ©:©!© ©:©•© • •* • ©:©.© GV bo sung: Kim loai co tinh deo Ion nhat la Ag sau la Al, Cu 12 T h©:©©| —M©.©.©^ F©:©*©r l» • ^ !©*©.©[ a) : Electron tu dc) ®:Ion (duang ki m loai b) Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS b) Tinh dan diin GV yeu cau HS nghien cim SGK va cho biet: - The nao la tinh dan dien? Giai thich? - Tinh ddn diin la tinh chat cua vat lieu gan vao dau vat lieu mgt hieu dien the thi tao dong chuyen dai co huang ciia electron tir cue am sang cue duang - Gidi thich: Do kim loai c6 cac electron ty chuyen dgng hon loan mang tinh the, c6 hieu dien the lap tire cac electron tu chuyen dgng dong co huang tao dong dien GV bo sung: Kim loai dan dien tot nhat la Ag, sau den Cu, Au, Al, Fe, c) Tinh ddn nhiet GV yeu cau HS nghien cim SGK va cho biet: - The nao la tinh dan dien? Giai thich? - Tinh ddn nhiet la tinh chat ciia vat lieu CO the truyen nang lugng (nhiet) tir vi tri den vi tri khac - Gidi thich: Do kim loai co mat cac electron tu mang tinh the Cac electron viing nhiet cao co dgng nang Ion, chuyen dgng hon loan va nhanh chong sang vimg co nhiet thap hon, truyen nang lugng cho cac ion duong a vimg nen nhiet lan truyen GV bo sung: Thuong cac kim loai dan dugc tir vimg den vimg khac khoi kim loai dien tot ciing dan nhiet tot 13 Hogt dgng cda GV Hogt dgng cua HS d) Anh kim GV yeu ciu HS nghien ciiu SGK va HS thao luan cho ket qua: cho biet: - The nao la anh kim? -Anh kim la anh sang thu dugc kim loai hap thu anh sang trang va phan xa anh sang c6 buac song dac trung cho timg kim loai - Giai thich - Gidi thich: Do cac dam may electron tu tinh the kim loai hap thu phan xa hau het nhiing tia sang nhin thay dugc, do kim loai co ve sang lap lanh ggi la anh kirn GV giai thieu: Ngoai cac tinh chit tren kim loai co mgt so tinh chit vat li khac nhu: Tinh cimg, khoi lugng rieng, nhiet nong chay, nhiet soi Vidu: Kim loai cimg nhat la Cr Kim loai nang nhat la Os Kim loai co t°^ thip nhit la Hg(-39°C) Kim loai c6 t°^ cao nhit la W(3410°C) HS nhan xet: Tinh chdt vdt li chung ciia GV huang dan HS ket luan vin dl kim logi gdy nen bdi su cd mat cua cdc Nguyen nhan gay tinh chat vat li electron tu cd mat tinh thi kim chung cua kim loai? 14 logi Hogt dgng cua HS Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng II TINH CHAT HOA HOC GV huong dan HS nit tinh chit hoa HS thao luan nhan xet cho ket qua sau: hgc ca ban cua kim loai: - Kim loai thuong co it electron(l-3e) a lap ngoai ciing - Dac diem cau tao cua nguyen tir kim - Xu huong cho electron de dat dugc loai (so electron hoa tri) cau hinh ben - Du doan xu huang ciia kim loai de c6 - Tinh chit chung cua kim loai la tinh dugc cau hinh ben cua hiem khir: - Suy tinh chat chung cua kim loai > M"* + ne M Hogt I long Tac dung vol phi kim a) Tdc dung v&i clo GV lam thi nghiem: Dot day sat nong HS quan sat thi nghiem va riit nhan sau dua vao binh dung day xet clo, yeu cau HS quan sat: - Neu hien tugng - Hien tugng: Day Fe chay manh clo tao khoi mau nau - Giai thich - Gidi thich: Vi Fe da khir clo tao nhiing hat chit ran sat (III) clorua mau nau - Viet phuong trinh hoa hgc minh hoa - Phuong trinh hoa hgc 2Fe° + 3CI2 - ^ ^ FeCL, - Su thay doi so oxi hoa cua Fe va CI2 - Trong phan ung nay: , -1 Fe da khir tir Clj xuong Cl 0 + Clj da oxi hoaFe len Fe 15 Hogt dgng cda GV Hogt dgng cua HS GV nhan xet bo sung: - Hau het cac kim loai deu tac dung true tiep vai clo - Vai cac halogen khac thi vao mire oxi hoa ciia halogen va tinh khir cua kim loai ma cho san pham khac Vidu: Fe + L — ! ^ F e l b) Tdc dung v&i oxi GV giai thieu: HS thao luan cho ket qua cac phuang Hau het cac kim loai deu tac dung true trinh phan ling: tiep vai oxi (trir Ag, Au, Pt ) Al + O2 ^ ^ AI2O3 Trong cac phan img kim loai thuong -2 khir oxi tir: >0 Fe + O2 — ^ Fe203 — ^ Fe304 Tuy vao dieu kien phan irng ma san pham san pham thu dugc la khac jO —-—> FeO GV yeu cau HS viet cac phuong trinh (Fe + O2 -> nhieu san pham) phan img minh hoa c) Tdc dung v&i luu huynh GV yeu cau HS nhan xet kha nang oxi HS thao luan: hoa ciia nguyen to S - S la phi kim trung binh thuang phan img a nhiet cao, kha nang oxi hoa trung binh " - S^^->S s GV nhan xet bo sung: - Nhieu kim loai tac dung dugc vai S a nhiet cao, rieng Hg tac dung dugc a nhiet thuong 16 - Phuong trinh phan img A] + c /Vi '^ Hg + S '° •> M c' ? /^i2^3 '°"'^''"'^ ) HgS Hogt dgng cda GV Hogt dgng cua HS ~ Kim loai bi oxi hoa len so oxi hoa trung binh nhu: Fe -^-^ FeS Fe + S -> FeS (khong tao Fe2S3 va FeS2) Yeu cau HS viet cac phan img minh hoa Hogt dgng Tac dung vol dung dfch axit a) V&i dung dfch HCl, H2SO4 hang GV neu van de: Cac dung dich axit HS thao luan de giai quyet van de: HCl, H2SO4 loang co tinh oxi hoa Nhung tai chi tac dung dugc vai cac kim loai dung truac H day hoat dgng? San pham phan irng thu dugc la gi? GV huong dan HS Giai quylt vin dl, Cac phan tir axit HCl, H2SO4 loang c6 Viet cac phucmg trinh hoa hgc minh tinh oxi hoa nguyen tir H phan tir axit the hien nen chi tac dung vai cac hoa kim loai co tinh khir manh hon hidro San pham phan ung la muoi va H2 Phuong trinh phan img: Fe +HC1 -^ FeCl2 + H t Mg + H2SO4 -^ MgS04 + H s t GV bo sung: Cac kim loai da hoa tri thuang bi oxi hoa len so oxi hoa trung binh nhu: Fe, Cr., +2 Fe Fe b) V&i dung dich UNO3, H2SO4 dgc GV dat vin dl: Tai HNO3, H2SO4 dac lai tac dung dugc vai hiu hit cac kim loai (trir Au, Pt) Trong axit 17 Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS HCl, H2SO4 loang khong co dugc tinh chat nbu vay? GV huong dan HS giai quyet van de HS thao luan dl giai quylt vin dl duoi su huong dan cua GV: + +6-2 +1 +5 -2 - So oxi hoa ciia cac nguyen to - S6 oxi hoa: H2SO4, H N Q phan tir axit HNO3, H2SO4 + +5 - Kha nang oxi hoa ciia cac nguyen to - S a n pham ciia phan img +6 - Kha nang oxi hoa chi c6 H,N, S nhung de oxi hoa dugc cac kim loai yeu +5 +6 nhu: Cu, Ag thi chi co the la N, S - San pham cua su oxi hoa S la: SO2, S, H2S Nia: NO2, NO, N2O, N2, NH3, (NH4NO3) Viet cac phuang trinh phan ung minh Phuong trinh hoa hgc: hoa 3Cu + 8HNO3 -> 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N0 T + 4H2O GV nhan xet va bo sung: 2Ag + 2H2SO4 ^ ^ - Tuy vao dieu kien phan ling ma cho cac san pham khir khac Fe + 6HN03dac ^ ^ - Thucmg cac kim loai bi oxi hoa len so oxi hoa cao Vi du: Fe - HNO3 va H2SO4 dac, ngugi lam thu dgng hoa Al, Fe, Cr 18 Ag2S04 + SO21 + 2H2O Fe(N03)3 + N t +3H2O Hogt dgng cua HS Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng Tac dung voi nu-dc GV yeu cau HS viet cac kieu phan img HS viet phuang trinh hoa hgc ciia kim loai ma HS da tirng bilt? 2Na + 2H2O -^ 2NaOH + H21 GV thong bao: Vay nhung kim loai nao Fe + H2O - ^ ^ FeO + H21 thi CO phan img theo kilu cua Na, theo kieu cua Fe Co thi xet nhu sau: - Cac kim loai nhom IA, IIA (trir Be, HS ghi bai Mg) CO tinh khir manh tac dung vai nuac a nhiet thuang tao baza tan va hidro - Cac kim loai co tinh khir yeu hon tac dung vai nuac a nhiet cao tao oxit kim loai va hidro - Cac kim loai co tinh khir rat ylu nhu Ag, Au, Pt thi khong cac dung dugc vai nuac Hogt dgng Tac dung vol dung dich muoi GV lam thi nghiem: Ngam sat HS quan sat va nhan xet da (cao sach gi) vao dung dich CUSO4 loang sau mgt thai gian, cho HS quan sat va yeu cau - Quan sat hien tugng - Hien tuang: dung dich CUSO4 nhat mau dong thofi tren sat co Cu kim loai mau bam vao sat - Giai thich - Gidi thich: Fe co tinh khir manh ban Cu Khu Cu^^ Cu 19 Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS Nong CUSO4 giam lam mau xanh nhat dan, dong thai Cu kim loai mau tao bam len sat - Viet phuong trinh hoa hgc minh hoa - Phuong trinh hoa hgc Fe + CUSO4 -> FeS04 + Cu GV lam tiep thi nghiem: Cho mau HS quan sat va nhan xet Na vao dung dich CUSO4 loang Cho HS quan sat va yeu cau: - Quan sat hien tugng - Hien tugng: Thay mau Na tan dan ddng thai co bay va dung dich nhat mau, c6 ket tua mau xanh nhat xuat hien - Giai thich bang phuong trinh hoa - Gidi thich: Ban diu miu Na tac dung hgc vai nuac lam mau Na tan va c6 2Na + 2H2O -^ 2NaOH + H2 T Sau NaOH trao doi vai CUSO4 tao kit tua Cu(0H)2 CuS04+2NaOH^Cu(OH)2 + Na2S04 Kit ludn: Tuy vao ban chat kim loai cho GV yeu ciu HS so sanh thi nghiem vao la gi? ma san pham tao la khac de rut ket luan GV khic sau kiln thirc: Dieu kien kim HS ghi bai loai tac dung vai dung dich muoi tao kim loai mai - Kim loai c6 tinh khir manh hon kim loai muoi - Kim loai khong tac dung vai nuac a nhiet thuong - Muoi ciia kim loai tao phai tan 20