Pedagogical Color Chart Mechanics Displacement and position vectors Linear (p) and angular (L) momentum vectors Linear (v ) and angular (v) velocity vectors Velocity component vectors Torque vectors ( t ) Linear or rotational motion directions Force vectors (F) Force component vectors Springs Pulleys Acceleration vectors (a) Acceleration component vectors Electricity and Magnetism Electric fields Capacitors Magnetic fields Inductors (coils) Positive charges + Voltmeters V Negative charges – Ammeters A AC Sources Resistors Batteries and other DC power supplies Switches – + Ground symbol Current Light and Optics Light rays Objects Lenses and prisms Images Mirrors Some Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Valuea Atomic mass unit u Avogadro’s number NA 1.660 538 86 (28) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 931.494 043 (80) MeV/c 6.022 141 (10) ϫ 1023 particles/mol Bohr magneton mB ϭ Bohr radius a0 ϭ Boltzmann’s constant kB ϭ R NA 1.380 650 (24) ϫ 10Ϫ23 J/K Compton wavelength lC ϭ h mec 2.426 310 238 (16) ϫ 10Ϫ12 m Coulomb constant ke ϭ Deuteron mass md Electron mass me Electron volt Elementary charge Gas constant Gravitational constant eV e R G Josephson frequency –voltage ratio 2e h Magnetic flux quantum ⌽0 ϭ Neutron mass mn Nuclear magneton mn ϭ Permeability of free space m0 eប 2m e ប2 me e 2ke 4pP0 9.274 009 49 (80) ϫ 10Ϫ24 J/T 5.291 772 108 (18) ϫ 10Ϫ11 m 8.987 551 788 ϫ 109 N иm2/C2 (exact) 3.343 583 35 (57) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 2.013 553 212 70 (35) u 9.109 382 (16) ϫ 10Ϫ31 kg 5.485 799 094 (24) ϫ 10Ϫ4 u 0.510 998 918 (44) MeV/c 1.602 176 53 (14) ϫ 10Ϫ19 J 1.602 176 53 (14) ϫ 10Ϫ19 C 8.314 472 (15) J/mol и K 6.674 (10) ϫ 10Ϫ11 N иm2/kg2 4.835 978 79 (41) ϫ 1014 Hz/V h 2e 2.067 833 72 (18) ϫ 10Ϫ15 T иm2 1.674 927 28 (29) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 1.008 664 915 60 (55) u 939.565 360 (81) MeV/c eប 2m p 5.050 783 43 (43) ϫ 10Ϫ27 J/T 4p ϫ 10Ϫ7 T иm/A (exact) 8.854 187 817 ϫ 10Ϫ12 C2/N иm2 (exact) Permittivity of free space P0 ϭ Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 (11) ϫ 10Ϫ34 J иs h បϭ 2p 1.054 571 68 (18) ϫ 10Ϫ34 J иs Proton mass mp Rydberg constant Speed of light in vacuum RH c 1.672 621 71 (29) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 1.007 276 466 88 (13) u 938.272 029 (80) MeV/c 1.097 373 156 852 (73) ϫ 107 mϪ1 2.997 924 58 ϫ 108 m/s (exact) m 0c Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2002 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements For a more complete list, see P J Mohr and B N Taylor, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2002.” Rev Mod Phys 77:1, 2005 a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits Solar System Data Body Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Plutoa Moon Sun Mass (kg) Mean Radius (m) Period (s) Distance from the Sun (m) 3.18 ϫ 1023 4.88 ϫ 1024 5.98 ϫ 1024 6.42 ϫ 1023 1.90 ϫ 1027 5.68 ϫ 1026 8.68 ϫ 1025 1.03 ϫ 1026 Ϸ1.4 ϫ 1022 7.36 ϫ 1022 1.991 ϫ 1030 2.43 ϫ 106 6.06 ϫ 106 6.37 ϫ 106 3.37 ϫ 106 6.99 ϫ 107 5.85 ϫ 107 2.33 ϫ 107 2.21 ϫ 107 Ϸ1.5 ϫ 106 1.74 ϫ 106 6.96 ϫ 108 7.60 ϫ 106 1.94 ϫ 107 3.156 ϫ 107 5.94 ϫ 107 3.74 ϫ 108 9.35 ϫ 108 2.64 ϫ 109 5.22 ϫ 109 7.82 ϫ 109 — — 5.79 ϫ 1010 1.08 ϫ 1011 1.496 ϫ 1011 2.28 ϫ 1011 7.78 ϫ 1011 1.43 ϫ 1012 2.87 ϫ 1012 4.50 ϫ 1012 5.91 ϫ 1012 — — a In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight planets Pluto is now defined as a “dwarf planet” (like the asteroid Ceres) Physical Data Often Used 3.84 ϫ 108 m 1.496 ϫ 1011 m 6.37 ϫ 106 m 1.20 kg/m3 1.00 ϫ 103 kg/m3 9.80 m/s2 5.98 ϫ 1024 kg 7.36 ϫ 1022 kg 1.99 ϫ 1030 kg 1.013 ϫ 105 Pa Average Earth–Moon distance Average Earth–Sun distance Average radius of the Earth Density of air (20°C and atm) Density of water (20°C and atm) Free-fall acceleration Mass of the Earth Mass of the Moon Mass of the Sun Standard atmospheric pressure Note: These values are the ones used in the text Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten Power 10Ϫ24 10Ϫ21 10Ϫ18 10Ϫ15 10Ϫ12 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ6 10Ϫ3 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ1 Prefix yocto zepto atto femto pico nano micro milli centi deci Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation y z a f p n m m c d 101 deka hecto kilo mega giga tera peta exa zetta yotta da h k M G T P E Z Y 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 This page intentionally left blank PHYSICS for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics PHYSICS for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics Seventh Edition Raymond A Serway Emeritus, James Madison University John W Jewett, Jr California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Seventh Edition Raymond A Serway and John W Jewett, Jr Physics Acquisition Editor: Chris Hall Publisher: David Harris Vice President, Editor-in-Chief, Sciences: Michelle Julet Development Editor: Ed Dodd Assistant Editor: Brandi Kirksey Editorial Assistant: Shawn Vasquez Technology Project Manager: Sam Subity Marketing Manager: Mark Santee 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