BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 UNIT 7 WORLD POPULATION A. MULTIPLE CHOICES: I/ Select the synonym of the following bold and underlined word in each sentence in the unit: 1/ The population of the world has been increasing faster and faster. A. prolonging B. developing C. inflating D. extending 2/ In 10,000 B.C. there were probably only 10 million people. A. likely B. certainly C. surely D. fairly 3/ It took 1750 years for the world population to reach 625 million. A. achieve B. suffice C. deliver D. untwist 4/ In 1850, only one hundred years later, the population reached the figure of 1300 million. A. shape B. body C. picture D. number 5/ In 2000, the world’s population was about 6.6 billion, and by 2010 it is expected to be over 7 billion. A. anticipated B. waited C. gathered D. wished 6/ Does the earth have enough resources to support this many people? A. entertain B. show C. strengthen D. assist 7/ Different scientists give different answers to this question. A. individual B. unusual C. various D. unlike 8/ Some say that there are enough resources to support 8 billion people. A. some B. sufficient C. several D. good 9/ Others say that we must limit population growth because our resources are limited. A. grow B. enlarge C. restrict D. retire 10/ Only ten percent of the earth’s land can be used for farming and another 20 percent for raising animals. A. lifting B. building C. increasing D. breeding II/ Select the antonym of the following bold and underlined word in each sentence in the unit: 1/ The population of the world has been increasing faster and faster. A. diminishing B. going C. running D. ending 2/ In 10,000 B.C. there were probably only 10 million people. A. unlikely B. uncertainly C. unsurely D. unfairly 3/ It took 1750 years for the world population to reach 625 million. A. hold back B. come back C. go back D. run back 4/ In 1850, only one hundred years later, the population reached the figure of 1300 million. A. more alive B. more punctual C. earlier D. older 5/ In 2000, the world’s population was about 6.6 billion, and by 2010 it is expected to be over 7 billion. A. uninterested B. unforeseen C. disliked D. hated 6/ Does the earth have enough resources to support this many people? A. small B. little C. some D. few 7/ Different scientists give different answers to this question. A. pure B. average C. similar D. whole 8/ Some say that there are enough resources to support 8 billion people. A. several B. tiny C. some D. deficient 9/ Others say that we must limit population growth because our resources are limited. A. descent B. drop C. fall D. failure 1 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 10/ Only ten percent of the earth’s land can be used for farming and another 20 percent for raising animals. A. lowering B. leveling C. reducing D. destroying III/ Choose the best answer A, B, C or D for each sentence: 1/ My brother takes a _______ interest in his children. A. live B. alive C. lively D. living 2/ I’m reading a few _______ books this month. A. differ B. difference C. different D. differently 3/ That boxer has been _______ criticized in the press. A. heavy B. heaviness C. heavier D. heavily 4/ Don’t forget to ask me again tomorrow. I'll have to give it some _______. A. think B. thought C. thoughtful D. thoughtless 5/ After that terrible accident she suffered from loss of _______. A. memory B. memorize C. memorable D. memorably 6/ It’s said that diet plays an important part in the _______ of heart disease. A. manage B. manager C. management D. manageable 7/ Most of her students say it is helpful if teachers _______ their pronunciation. A. correct B. correction C. corrective D. correctly 8/ Officially, Mrs. Lan's in charge, but in _______ Mrs. Khoa runs the office. A. practice B. practise C. practical D. practically 9/ They report that many locals are _______ opposed to the development. A. strength B. strong C. strengthen D. strongly 10/ Remember to keep _______ by eating well and exercising regularly. A. health B. healthful C. healthy D. healthily IV/ Choose the correct words to complete the sentences: 1/ I'll pay you double _______ you get the work finished by Friday. A. suppose B. if C. on condition D. unless 2/ He's welcome to come along, _______ that he behaves himself. A. unless B. in case C. if D. provided 3/ You can't get a job _______ you've got experience. A. because B. providing C. unless D. even if 4/ I'll come to the party _______ that you don't wear those ridiculous trousers! A. on condition B. in case C. so long as D. unless 5/ _______ we had been invited, we could not have come because we were very busy. A. If B. Even if C. Unless D. Provided 6/ _______ I forgot, please remind me of my promise. A. As long as B. Suppose C. Even if D. In case 7/ _______ the third war were to happen, human civilization would be destroyed. A. Supposing B. Providing C. If D. Unless 8/ _______ anyone rings for me, please tell them I'll be back in the office at 4 o'clock A. Unless B. If C. Even if D. so long as 9/ I will accept the job _______ the salary is satisfactory. A. supposed B. unless C. in case D. provided 2 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 10/ You won’t get paid for time off _______ you have a doctor’s note. A. if B. even if C. unless D. in case V/ Choose the correct words to complete the sentences: 1/ We can't go to Julia's party _______ we're going away that weekend. A. because B. because of C. although D. in spite of 2/ _______ repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it. A. By B. Despite C. With D. For 3/ She walked home by herself, _______ she knew that it was dangerous. A. because B. although C. and D. but 4/ _______ his injuries, he bears no animosity towards his attackers. A. Because of B. But for C. In spite of D. Without 5/ I'll see you after the show and give you £20 for the tickets, or _______ much they cost. A. whatever B. nevertheless C. besides D. however 6/ I had a train to catch, so I was _______ the clock all through the meeting. A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching 7/ _______ the newspaper article quickly and make a note of the main points. A. Scanning B. Scan C. Scanned D. To scan 8/ If you need any help, please don't hesitate _______. A. asking B. ask C. will ask D. to ask 9/ I wish Dad would stop _______ in on my phone conversations. A. listening B. listen C. listened D. to listen 10/ Why not _______ (down) your ideas on a piece of paper before you start? A. writing B. write C. writes D. to write VI/ Choose the word whose underlined part has a different pronunciation from the others in each group: 1/ A. ma ss B. dra ma C. grammar D. fa ct 2/ A. media B. che ck C. we st D. left 3/ A. weather B. hea lth C. drea m D. hea vy 4/ A. h our B. h ow C. h elp D. h eard 5/ A. week B. need C. see m D. reelect 6/ A. fi lm B. li fe C. ni ght D. cli mb 7/ A. comedy B. family C. happy D. why 8/ A. foo tball B. Liverpoo l C. schoo l D. foo d 9/ A. animals B. songs C. comments D. news 10/ A. asked B. watched C. typed D. played VII/ Choose the word whose main stress is placed differently from the others in each group: 1/ A. channel B. someone C. partner D. discuss 2/ A. national B. Liverpool C. recommend D. internet 3/ A. comedy B. animal C. important D. difference 4/ A. unknown B. healthy C. missing D. heavy 5/ A. comment B. moment C. weather D. mountain 6/ A. headline B. present C. country D. global 7/ A. drama B. passive C. woman D. tonight 8/ A. portrait B. tourist C. quarrel D. enough 9/ A. theater B. surprise C. shortage D. something 10/ A. appropriate B. documentary C. entertainment D. information VIII/ Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B: 3 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 A B 1/ secret 2/ comment A/ serious B/ assist 3/ fact 4/ important C/ hidden D/ destructive 5/ right 6/ effective E/ reality F/ successful 7/ violent 8/ help G/ gift H/ explanation 9/ present 10/ global I/ accurate J/ worldwide IX/ Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B: A B 1/ mass 2/ secret A/ light B/ unpleasant 3/ appropriate 4/ dislike C/ improper D/ open 5/ difference 6/ heavy E/ create F/ sameness 7/ passive 8/ enjoyable G/ quiet H/ active 9/ noisy 10/ destroy I/ admire J/ handful X/ Match the sentences, clauses or phrases in column A with the ones in column B to make meaningful sentences: A B 1/ You called him Pete. A/ otherwise we’ll be too late. 2/ He didn’t reach the required standard. B/ In fact, he is Peter. 3/ We have no coffee. C/ Besides, it’s had dreadful reviews. 4/ We must run, D/ Alternatively, we can give you a refund. 5/ If the goods are faulty, we can replace them. E/ yet I am very fond of him. 6/ He felt tired; F/ In other words, he failed. 7/ The ship crashed into a huge iceberg; G/ consequently it sank. 8/ I don’t have time to see the film. H/ Would you like tea instead? 9/ It’s not a very nice flat. I/ On the other hand, it’s cheap. 10/ Khanh is often rude; J/ as a result, he went to bed at once. XI/ Choose the correct words to complete the sentences: 1/ "Why did you do it?" "_______ Carlos told me to". A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of 2/ She took the money from her mother's purse, _______ herself. A. by B. despite C. with D. for 3/ He decided to go, _______ I begged him not to. A. because B. although C. and D. but 4/ _______ his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday's match. A. Because of B. But for C. In spite of D. Without 5/ _______ hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza. A. Whatever B. Nevertheless C. Besides D. However 6/ He spent the entire afternoon _______ a cricket match. A. watch B. to watch C. was watching D. watching 7/ I _______ through the booklet but couldn't find the address. A. scanned B. scan C. have scanned D. am scanning 8/ If you _______ me, people should go on a training course before they become parents. A. asked B. ask C. would ask D. will ask 9/ You ______ to a word I've said! 4 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 A. didn’t listen B. don’t listen C. haven't listened D. am not listening 10/ In the article, he _______ that the problems in the refugee camps are getting worse. A. wrote B. had written C. writes D. has written XII/ Find the one mistake (A, B, C or D) in these sentences and then correct them: 1/ You can go to the seven o'clock (A) show or (B) a eight – (C) whichever suits you (D) best. 2/ (A) We can't go (B) to Julia's party (C) because of (D) we're going away that weekend. 3/ Could I (A) speak to (B) whomever is (C) in charge of International Sales (D) please? 4/ I was (A) just getting (B) into the bath (C) where the telephone (D) rang. 5/ We knew (A) a lot of about the topic (B) already, but (C) his talk was interesting (D) nevertheless. 6/ I was (A) merely questioning (B) weather we had the money (C) to fund (D) such a project. 7/ (A) We'll see you after the performance (B) also give you £50 (C) for the tickets, or (D) however much they cost. 8/ Do they (A) play (B) any other sports (C) beside basketball (D) and volleyball? 9/ (A) In addition her flat (B) in Hanoi, she has a new house (C) in Vung Tau and a villa (D) in Ho Chi Minh city. 10/ There's not (A) much flour (B) left (C) but you're welcome to what (D) few there is. XIII/ Find the one mistake (A, B, C or D) in these sentences and then correct them: 1/ (A) If (B) the Third World War came, (C) our nation (D) will be ready. 2/ (A) If you (B) didn’t study your lessons, you will have (C) poor marks (D) in the exam. 3/ (A) How nicely it (B) would be for Mother (C) if we (D) could rebuild the house. 4/ Rice (A) will not grow (B) good (C) unless there is (D) enough rain. 5/ (A) To s uppose your father (B) saw you (C) going to (D) the movies with me, what might he think? 6/ He would have been (A) angry (B) if you (C) had not talked him (D) the truth. 7/ (A) Was she (B) to see you, she would be (C) very surprised (D)? 8/ (A) Unless your health (B) improved, you would (C) have to stay (D) on bed. 9/ (A) If she (B) wrote (C) more carefully, she might not have made (D) so many mistakes. 10/ (A) Had I (B) known she (C) is sick, I should have visited her (D)? XIV/ Read the following passage carefully, and then select the best option A, B, C or D to complete it: WORLD POPULATION Projections issued in 2000 showed the world population increasing from 6.1 billion in 2000 to 7.9 billion in 2025 and 9.3 billion in 2050. “High” and “low” projections for 2025 are 8.4 billion and 7.5 billion (1) _______. The average world birth rate is projected to decline from the 1990 level of 26 per 1,000 to 22 per 1,000 at the end of the century (2) _______ to 17.6 per 1,000 in 2025 (corresponding to a fall in TFR from 3.3 in 1990 to 2.4 in 2025). (3) _______ the expanding share of the population at high-mortality ages, the 5 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 average world death rate is expected to decline only slightly; from 9 (per 1,000) in 1990 to 8.4 in 2025. Average world (4) _______ expectancy, however, is projected to rise from 65 years in 1990 to 71.3 years in 2025. Wide variations in population (5) _______ will undoubtedly persist. In the developed world, population growth will continue to be very low and in some nations will even decline. (6) _______ Europe as a whole is projected to have a declining population after 2000. U.S. Census Bureau projections, assuming middle fertility and mortality levels, (7) _______ U.S. population increasing from 250 million in 1990 to 349 million in 2025 and 420 million in 2050. (8) _______, growth would be virtually zero. The UN expects the less-developed countries to have steadily falling (9) _______ of population growth. For the less-developed world as a whole, the 1990 growth rate of 2.0 percent per year is projected to be cut in half by 2025. Africa will remain the region with the highest growth rate. In 1990 this rate was 3.1 percent; in 2025 it is projected to be about 2.0 percent. Africa's population would almost (10) _______, from 629 million in 1990 to 1.36 billion in 2025, and then continue growing at a rate that would almost double the population size in another 35 years. + New words: - persist (v.): kiên gan, bền bỉ; khăng khăng, cố chấp. - fertility (n.): sự tốt, sự màu mỡ; có khả năng sinh sản. 1/ A. hopefully B. shortly C. respectively D. totally 2/ A. and B. or C. so D. but 3/ A. In spite of B. Because of C. For example D. So as that 4/ A. life B. living C. live D. alive 5/ A. height B. development C. increase D. growth 6/ A. Northern B. Southern C. Western D. Eastern 7/ A. say B. show C. demand D. state 8/ A. Besides B. Nevertheless C. However D. Thereafter 9/ A. rates B. levels C. numbers D. ranks 10/ A. develop B. jump C. double D. triple XV/ Read the passage below carefully, and then select the correct option A, B, C or D: The World Wide Web was developed by British physicist and computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee as a project within the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. Berners-Lee combined several existing ideas into a single system to make it easier for physicists to use data on the Internet. Most important, he added multimedia—the ability to include graphics—to the hyperlink concept found in a previous Internet service known as gopher. Berners-Lee had begun working with hypertext in the early 1980s. An early prototype implementation of the Web became operational at CERN in 1989, and the idea quickly spread to universities in the rest of the world. Groups at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign researched and extended Web technology. They developed the first browser that was used at many sites, named Mosaic, in 1993. To allow the Web to be accessed from a wide variety of computer systems, researchers built multiple versions of Mosaic. Each version was designed to be used with a specific operating system, the software that controls the computer. Within a year, computer programmer Marc Andreessen had formed a commercial company, Netscape Communications Corporation, to build and sell Web technologies. New vocabulary: gopher (n.): chuột túi, sóc túi má 6 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 prototype (n.): người (vật) đầu tiên, nguyên mẫu implementation (n.): sự thi hành, sự thực hiện đầy đủ; sự bổ sung operational (adj.): thuộc hoạt động, thao tác; có thể có hiệu lực 1/ The World Wide Web was developed by . A. an American B. a British C. a Canadian D. a French 2/ The scientist who developed the World Wide Web was majoring in A. math and physics B. math and computer C. computer and physics D. math, physics and computer 3/ Which sentence below is not correct? A. Timothy Berners-Lee spoke English very well. B. Timothy Berners-Lee was born in Geneva, Switzerland. C. Timothy Berners-Lee was the first person to develop WWW. D. Some existing ideas were combined into a single system by him. 4/ Which word means “a connection that allows you to move easily between two computer documents or two pages on the Internet”? A. graphic B. datum C. project D. hyperlink 5/ Which sentence is not correct? A. “hypertext” means “a way of joining a word or image to another page, document, etc. on the Internet or in another computer program so that you can move from one to the other easily” B. Berners-Lee had begun working with hypertext in the early 1980s. C. An early prototype implementation of the Web became operational at CERN in 1989. D. The idea slowly spread to universities in the rest of the world. 6/ Who researched and extended Web technology? A. Groups at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign B. The European Organization for Nuclear Research C. Timothy Berners-Lee D. Marc Andreessen 7/ Which sentence is not correct? A. Mosaic was one of the scientists who developed WWW. B. The first browser that was used at many sites was developed in 1993. C. Researchers built numerous versions of Mosaic to allow the Web to be accessed from a wide variety of computer systems D. Each version was designed to be used with a particular working system. 8/ “multiple” in the reading means A. plural B. single C. only D. numerous 9/ Which word in the reading means “the instructions which control what a computer does; computer programs”? A. version B. software C. technology D. concept 10/ What did “Netscape Communications Corporation” do? A. to develop WWW B. to use data on the Internet C. to control the computer D. to build and sell Web technologies B. USE OF ENGLISH: I/ Fill each gap with suitable words from the list below: watched, radio, listened, movie, answerphone, per, media, living, filming, mountains 1/ We _______ in silence as the names of the dead were read out. 2/ There are more cafés _______ square mile here than anywhere else in the country. 7 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 3/ _______ was halted after the lead actor became ill. 4/ I rang several times last week, but I kept getting his _______. 5/ Greta Garbo was one of the great _______ stars of the 1930s. 6/ Bonner _______ helplessly as the ball sneaked in at the near post. 7/ The increase in interest rates will raise the cost of _______. 8/ The Matterhorn is one of the biggest _______ in Europe. 9/ The mass _______ has become one of the main instruments of political change. 10/ I heard a good program on the _______ last night. II/ Supply the correct form of the word in brackets: 1/ He's being very secretive about his new girlfriend. 2/ We need to take a lot of factors into account in our decision-making. 3/ The report documents the staggering amount of domestic violence against women. 4/ I haven't seen them since that memorable evening when the boat capsized. 5/ Since retiring from the company, she has done voluntary work for a charity. 6/ I've got to have a wash and make myself presentable for our guests. 7/ In his quest for physical perfection, he spends hours in the gym. 8/ The lighting for the production made a very effective use of shadow. 9/ She had the ability to explain things clearly and concisely. 10/ The hotel was homely and comfortable. III/ Fill each gap with suitable words from the list below: later, expected, resources, amount, however, internationally, decrease, population, increasingly, reached 1/ Britain's mineral _______ include oil, coal and gas deposits. 2/ They finally _______ the coast after five weeks sailing. 3/ _______ hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza. 4/ Sooner or _______ she's going to realize what a mistake she's made. 5/ Ten per cent of the _______ lived in poverty. 6/ There has been a steady _______ in the number of visitors. 7/ Her _______ acclaimed novel has won several literary prizes. 8/ All parents of small children get tired. It's to be _______. 9/ You wouldn't believe the _______ of trouble I've had with this car. 10/ _______, there is pressure on the council to reverse its decision. IV/ Supply the correct form of the word in brackets: 1/ In 1992 the (populate) _______ of Cairo was approximately 6 500 000. 2/ Her (world) _______ success can hardly be denied. 3/ Children with (support) _______ parents often do better at school than those without. 4/ We will have to adopt a more (science) _______ approach in the future. 5/ The pay (differ) _______ between workers and management is too great. 6/ Passes are available for one month's (limit) _______ travel within Europe. 7/ What (percent) _______ of women return to work after having a baby? 8/ All her life she had a (child) _______ trust in other people. 9/ You feel so (help) _______ because there's nothing you can do to make the child better. 10/ Thank you for phoning when I was ill - it was very (think) _______ of you. V/ Supply either BECAUSE or BECAUSE OF as appropriate: 1/ “Why did you do it?” “_______ Chung told me to”. 2/ I did it _______ my brother told me to. 3/ The train was delayed _______ bad weather. 4/ They are here _______ us. 5/ Just _______ I don’t complain, people think I’m satisfied. 6/ We can't go to Linh's party _______ we're going away this weekend. 8 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 7/ Have they been away, _______ we haven't seen them these days? 8/ His sister walked slowly _______ her bad leg. 9/ _______ her father's being there, we said nothing about it. 10/ It was difficult to deliver the parcel _______ there was no address on it. VI/ Complete the following sentences with “for” or “since”, and the correct form of the verb in brackets: 1/ There (be) _______ a phone message _______ your uncle. 2/ My sister (be) _______ off work _______ Friday. 3/ They (buy) _______ something _______ their new baby. 4/ Our family (live) _______ in this town _______ 2000. 5/ There (be) _______ a valuable prize _______ the fastest runners in each category. 6/ Linh (worry) _______ ever _______ the letter (arrive) _______. 7/ His manager (be) _______ out of the office _______ a few days next week. 8/ My brother (work) _______ in a hospital _______ leaving school. 9/ _______ the meeting he (only speak) _______ to her once. 10/ He (not play) _______ chess _______ several years. VII/ Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. Then rewrite the sentences, using IF in place of UNLESS and UNLESS in place of IF. Make other necessary changes: 1/ We don’t go out unless it (stop) _______ raining. 2/ We (call) _______ the police unless you give me back the bike. 3/ You would not be able to do this exercise if your English (be) _______ not good. 4/ If we (not have) _______ enough rain, we could not grow rice. 5/ The men could not have caught those fish, unless they (have) _______ good nets. 6/ He (not learn) _______ much if he did not work harder. 7/ If he reads that book carefully, he (understand) _______ it. 8/ You might not have a terrible toothache if you (go) _______ to the dentist regularly. 9/ He (not write) _______ unless he heard some news. 10/ We shall help him if he really (need) _______ help. VIII/ Rewrite the sentences using the word given in brackets: 1/ We don’t trust Lan because she behaves badly. (because of) → I don’t trust ______________________________________________. 2/ Phong passed the exams with good results because of his hard work. (because) → Phong passed _____________________________________________. 3/ Mr. Nam was successful in his life although he came from a poor family. (in spite of) → Mr. Nam was successful ____________________________________. 4/ Mrs. Hoa is still interested in playing tennis in spite of her old age. (although) → Mrs. Hoa is still ___________________________________________. 5/ Though it was raining hard outside, they insisted on leaving. (despite) → They insisted _____________________________________________. 6/ She can’t smile because her husband died three weeks ago. (because of) → She can’t ________________________________________________. 7/ Mr. Son resigned earlier than his age because of his sickness. (because) → Mr. Son resigned __________________________________________. 8/ Don’t shout at her although she is not studious. (in spite of) → Don’t shout ______________________________________________. 9/ This is such an interesting storybook that we have read it three times. (so) → This storybook ___________________________________________. 9 BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 10/ Khoa is not old enough to join the army. (too) → Khoa is _________________________________________________. IX/ Complete the story below using the given words: THE BEST DOG IN THE WORLD by Amy Catlin My dog/ name/ BearBear. She/ best dog/ world. reason/ I say/ best dog/ world/ because/ can do things/ no other dog can do. She/ fishing/ everyday. She/ life saver too/ and she/ know/ how/ hunt. My dog/ great temperament/ humans, especially/ family. Bear/ get along/ me great. Maybe it/ because I/ her master. I think/ she have/ great personality. Bear/ great dog. And she/ love/ play time. Play time/ time when/ I do things/ Bear. We/ swimming and/ we chase/ cow and sometimes/ we jump, run, and frolic/ woods. She just love/ play time. I train/ Bear hot/ jump, speak and drop/ ball. And I/ say “Bear, you like George Washington?” She/ bark once. That mean/ yes. Twice mean/ no and three times mean/ “heck no”. I/ teach/ Bear how/ go/ Bear’s bed. That mean/ go/ your bed. Bear/ special dog and I/ treasure that/ rest/ my life. X/ Read these sentences carefully and then rearrange them into the correct order to make a meaningful passage: (Number 1 has first done for you) 1/ As a country develops from primarily an agricultural to an industrial economy, large-scale migration of rural residents to towns and cities takes place. 2/ Rapid growth of overall population has deferred this event in most less- developed countries, but it is projected to occur in the early decades of the 21 st century. 3/ Some 29 percent of the world population was living in urban areas in 1950; this figure was 43 percent in 1990, and is projected to rise to 50 percent by the year 2005. 4/ Dealing with these conditions, especially in very large cities, presents massive difficulties for the governments of less-developed countries. 5/ Most migrants to the cities can be assumed to have bettered themselves in comparison to their former standard of living, despite the serious problems of overcrowding, substandard housing, and inadequate municipal services that characterize life for many arrivals to urban centers. 6/ During this process, the growth rate of urban areas is typically double the pace of overall population increase. 7/ Urbanization eventually leads to a severe decline in the number of people living in the countryside, with negative population growth rates in rural areas. 10