Cấu trúc ngữ pháp tiếng anh

The Simple Present Tense (Hi=n) DUng SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE c"c trYPng hSp sau d-y: 1) Trong nh]ng quy lu2t cVa t^ nhi8n: - The sun rises in the east and sets in the west (M,t trPi mGc Q hYOng eMng v# l,n Q hYOng T-y) - Water boils at 100 C (NYOc sMi Q 100 dL C) 2) Khi nCi v: thCi quen Q hi=n t&i: - I usually get up at five (TMi thYPng thZc d2y lTc giP) - I go to school everyday (H#ng ng#y, tMi d9n trYPng) 3) Trong nh]ng vi=c cC t>nh c"ch thPi khCa bi;u: - The train to HUE starts at 6.30 (Chuy9n xe l\a di Hu9 khQi h#nh lTc 6.30) 4) Ph"t bi;u c$m tYQng: - I like fish I don't like meat (TMi th>ch c", tMi khMng th>ch thBt) 5) DUng ch@ d1n: (Instructions) - Take one tablet twice a day * C"ch chia dLng t[ Q th? n#y l#: eLng t[ nguy8n th; : (l#, th?) chia v#o c"c ngMi nC cC d&ng nhY sau: _ | NgMi + = _ nghAa | -| | -| I + am = TMi l# | you + are = Anh l# | he + is = Anh y l# | she + is = CM y l# | it + is = NC l# | we + are = ChTng tMi l# | you + are = C"c anh l# | they + are = HG l# | _ - Trong c-u: -I am a pupil (TMi l# mLt hGc sinh) T[ am l# dLng t[ d% bB chia rIi eLng t[ nguy8n th; : l#m chia v#o c"c ngMi nC cC d&ng nhY sau: _ | NgMi + = _ nghAa | -| | -| I + = TMi l#m | you + = Anh l#m | he + does = Anh y l#m | she + does = CM y l#m | it + does = NC l#m | we + = ChTng tMi l#m | you + = C"c anh l#m | they + = HG l#m | _ V> dX: -He does his exercises (Anh y l#m b#i t2p) - I my exercises (TMi l#m b#i t2p) eLng t[ nguy8n th; : cC chia v#o c"c ngMi nC cC d&ng nhY sau: _ | NgMi + = _ nghAa | -| | -| I + have = TMi cC | you + have = Anh cC | he + has = Anh y cC | she + has = CM y cC | it + has = NC cC | we + have = ChTng tMi cC | you + have = C"c anh cC | they + have = HG cC | _ - I have a book (TMi cC mLt quy;n s"ch) - He has a book (Anh y cC mLt quy;n s"ch) eLng t[ nguy8n th; To go: ei chia v#o c"c ngMi nC cC d&ng nhY sau: _ | NgMi + = _ nghAa | -| | | I + go = TMi di | you + go = Anh di | he + goes = Anh y di | she + goes = CM y di | it + goes = NC di | we + go = ChTng tMi di | you + go = C"c anh di | they + go = HG di | - She goes to school (CM y di d9n trYPng) - They go to school (HG di d9n trYPng) eLng t[ khi9m khuy9t Can: CC th; chia v#o c"c ngMi nC khMng dJi d&ng: _ | NgMi + = _ nghAa | -| -| | I + can = TMi cC th; | you + can = Anh cC th; | he + can = Anh y cC th; | she + can = CM y cC th; | it + can = NC cC th; | we + can = ChTng tMi cC th; | you + can = C"c anh cC th; | they + can = HG cC th; | _ - I can swim (TMi cC th; bNi) - She can swim (CM y cC th; bNi) eLng t[ khi9m khuy9t May: CC l6 eLng t[ khi9m khuy9t Must: ph$i chia v#o c"c ngMi nC khMng dJi d&ng: | NgMi + | -| -| | I | may | must | you | may | must | he | may | must | she | may | must | it | may | must | we | may | must | you | may | must | they | may | must | _ - I must go (TMi ph$i di) - She may be a teacher (CM y cC l6 l# gi"o vi8n) Ngo&i tr[ c"c dLng t[ d% nCi Q tr8n, cDn l&i c"c dLng t[ kh"c chia v#o c"c ngMi d:u tu-n theo quy t(c: V> dX: eLng t[ nguy8n th; To Speak: nCi chia v#o c"c ngMi nC cC d&ng nhY sau: | NgMi + = _ nghAa | -| -| -| I + speak = TMi nCi | you + speak = Anh nCi | he + speaks = Anh y nCi | she + speaks = CM y nCi | it + speaks = NC nCi | we + speak = ChTng tMi nCi | you + speak = C"c anh nCi | they + speak = HG nCi | - She speaks English (CM y nCi ti9ng Anh) - We speak English (ChTng tMi nCi ti9ng Anh) _ Th#nh L2p C-u PhV eBnh - -1) eHi vOi: Can, May, Must v# th?: Sau chia, th8m v#o ph>a sau: - I am not a teacher (TMi khMng ph$i l# gi"o vi8n) - She is not a pupil - We can not swim - He may not enter the room - You must not go to the door (B&n khMng dYSc di d9n c\a) 2) C"c dLng t[ cDn l&i th?: - Chia dLng t[ to cho chV t[ - Th8m not - Th8m dLng t[ ch>nh D&ng V> dX: - I not speak English (TMi khMng nCi ti9ng Anh) - You not your exercises (B&n khMng l#m b#i t2p) - He does not speak English (Speak khMng th8m S n]a) - He does not go to school (Go, chZ khMng ph$i l# goes) - They not say that (HG khMng nCi nhY th9) - She does not eat that cake (CM y khMng 'n c"i b"nh dC) Note: - e; th#nh l2p th; PhV eBnh n#y, ngYPi ta d% dUng + d; hK trS V? th9 cDn dYSc gGi l# hay - , v.v l# d&ng INFINITIVE - , , v.v l# d&ng Bare INFINITIVE + Ri8ng dHi vOi cC th; dUng c"ch PhV dBnh: - KhMng dUng trS t[: -He has not a book - DUng trS t[: -He does not have a book - I am Vi9t t(t l#: I'm - You are: You're - He is: He's - She is: She's - It is: It's - We are: We're - They are: They're - I have: I've - You have: You've - He has: He's - She has: She's - It has: It's - We have: We've - They have: They've - Have not: Haven't - Has not: Hasn't - Is not: Isn't - Do not: Don't - Does not: Doesn't - Can not: Can't - Must not: Mustn't - May not: Mayn't _ Th#nh L2p C-u HEi - -1) eHi vOi: Can, May v# th?: Sau chia, d$o dLng t[ l8n d/u c-u: - Is she a pupil? (CM y cC l# hGc sinh khMng?) - Is she not a pupil? (CM y khMng l# hGc sinh #?) - Isn't she a pupil? (CM y khMng l# hGc sinh #?) - Can they swim? (HG cC th; bNi khMng?) - May he enter the room? (Anh y cC v#o phDng khMng?) - Am I not a teacher? (TMi khMng ph$i l# gi"o vi8n #?) - Isn't she a pupil? (CM y khMng l# hGc sinh #?) - Can't we swim? (ChTng tMi khMng th; bNi #?) - Mayn't he enter the room? - May he not enter the room? (Anh y khMng di v#o phDng #?) 2) C"c dLng t[ cDn l&i th?: - Chia dLng t[ cho chV t[ - Th8m dLng t[ ch>nh d&ng - e$o trS dLng t[ l8n d/u c-u V> dX: - Do I speak English? (TMi cC nCi ti9ng Anh khMng?) - Do you your exercises? (B&n cC l#m b#i t2p khMng?) - Does he speak English? (Speak khMng th8m S n]a) - Does she go to school? (Go, chZ khMng ph$i l# goes) - Do they say that? (HG cC nCi nhY th9 khMng?) - Does she eat that cake? (CM y cC 'n c"i b"nh dC khMng?) - Don't I speak English? (TMi khMng nCi ti9ng Anh #?) - Don't you your exercises? (B&n khMng l#m b#i #?) - Doesn't he speak English? (Speak khMng th8m S n]a) - Doesn't she go to school? (Go, chZ khMng ph$i l# goes) - Don't they say that? (HG khMng nCi th9 #?) - Doesn't she eat that cake?(CM y khMng 'n c"i b"nh dC #?) Note: + Ri8ng dHi vOi cC th; dUng c"ch HEi: - KhMng dUng trS t[: -Has he a book? - DUng trS t[: -Does he have a book? + C-u hEi d&ng n#y gGi l# v? ch@ cC th; tr$ lPi ho,c + Khi tr$ lPi th? khMng dUng : - Am I not a teacher? Yes, you are (dTng) No, you are not (dTng) Yes, you are not (sai) No, you are (sai) The Present Continuous (Hi=n eang) TO BE + VERB + ING The PRESENT CONTINUOUS DUng c"c trYPng hSp sau d-y: 1) Dinh c"ch t&m thPi (Temporary Act): - Where are you living? (B&n dang sHng Q d-u?) - I'm living everywhere! (TMi dang sHng lang thang) 3) MLt h#nh dLng lTc n#o cWng x$y li8n tXc: (ThYPng g,p always, usually c-u) - I am always thinking of you (Em luMn nghA v: anh) * C"ch chia: a) Trong c-u x"c dBnh: (DUng to be l#m trS dLng t[) - Chia v#o c"c ngMi Q PRESENT - Th8m sau dLng t[ ch>nh V> dX: - I am reading a book (TMi dang dGc quy;n s"ch) - He is reading a book (Anh y dang dGc mLt quy;n s"ch) b) Trong c-u phV dBnh: - Ch@ vi=c th8m sau trS t[ : V> dX: -I am not reading a book (TMi khMng dang dGc mLt quy;n s"ch) - He is not reading a book (are not = aren't ; is not = isn't) c) Trong c-u hEi: - e$o trS t[ to be l8n d/u c-u: - Am I not reading a book? (TMi khMng dang dGc s"ch #?) Yes, I am (CC, tMi cC dang dGc s"ch.) No, I am not (KhMng, tMi khMng dang dGc s"ch.) - Is he not reading a book? Yes, He is (CC, anh y cC dang dGc s"ch.) No, He is not (KhMng, anh y khMng dang dGc s"ch.) - Are they not reading a book? Yes, They are (CC, hG cC dang dGc s"ch.) No, They are not (KhMng, hG khMng dang dGc s"ch.) * Ghi ChT: Nh]ng dLng t[ sau d-y khMng chia Q CONTINUOUS: To be, mind, know, understand, believe, remember, doubt, mean, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, want, care, have, own, belong, see, hear, taste, sound, smell, touch, seem, appear, cost, need, contain, depend, consist, wish - I am being at home (Sai) (TMi dang Q nh#.) - I am at home (eTng) (TMi Q nh#.) - I am knowing him (Sai) (TMi dang bi9t h(n.) - I know him (eTng) (TMi bi9t h(n.) The Present Perfect (Hi=n e%) TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PERFECT DUng c"c trYPng hSp sau d-y: 1) Di dX: - I washed my clothes yesterday (HMm qua tMi d% gi,t qu/n "o cVa m?nh.) - She studied her lesson yesterday (HMm qua cM y d% hGc b#i.) Tuy nhi8n cC kho$ng 273 dLng t[ khMng tu-n theo qui t(c th8m ed Khi Q qu" khZ, chTng s6 cC d&ng d,c bi=t v# ngYPi ta gGi chTng l# dLng t[ b.t qui t(c (irregular Verbs) V> dX: - I took a cake yesterday (HMm qua, tMi d% l.y mLt c"i b"nh) - I ate a cake yesterday (HMm qua, tMi d% 'n mLt c"i b"nh) Khi chYa chia, dLng t[ nghAa l# 'n NhYng chia Q qu" khZ nC khMng tu-n theo qui t(c th8m ed NC chuy;n t[ eat th#nh ate n8n nC thuLc lo&i dLng t[ b.t qui t(c V? v2y ngYPi hGc Anh v'n ph$i cH g(ng hGc thuLc lDng b$ng dLng t[ b.t qui t(c CDn l&i l# c"c dLng t[ qui t(c th? ch@ vi=c th8m ed v#o cuHi l# xong Sau d-y l# c"ch th8m ed v#o dLng t[ qui t(c (regular Verbs): a) eLng t[ t2n cUng b)ng nguy8n -m + phX -m th? nh-n dMi: - Stop + ed = stopped (cC ch] p) eGc l# (s? thCp t) - tap + ed = tapped eGc l# (th"p t) - begin + ed = beginned b) eLng t[ t2n cUng b)ng nguy8n -m + phX -m th? khMng nh-n: - cook + ed = cooked (cC ch] o) eGc l# (cTc t) - need + ed = needed - clear + ed = cleared c) eLng t[ t2n cUng b)ng -m W, H, Y, X th? khMng nh-n: - bow + ed = bowed dGc l# (B-u d) - swallow + ed = swallowed - laugh + ed laughed - box + ed = boxed - mix + ed = mixed d) eLng t[ nh.n -m Q trYOc v/n cuHi th? khMng nh-n dMi: - limit [l>mit] + ed = limited - open + ed = opened NhYng nh.n Q v/n cuHi th? v1n nh-n dMi: - begin + ed = beginned e) eLng t[ cC ph"t -m cuHi l# e th? ch@ th8m d: - care + ed = cared - smile + ed = smiled f) G,p t2n cUng l# y th? dJi th#nh ied: - study + ed = studied dGc l# (s th" dBt d) Ngo&i l=: dye + ed = dyed travel + ed = travelled ho,c travled C"ch dGc: + C"c -m cuHi cC d&ng t, d th8m ed th? dGc l#: V> dX: limited (l> mBt thBt d) + C"c -m cuHi cC d&ng p, f, k, s, sh, ch th8m ed th? dGc l#: V> dX: liked, booked, watched, looked, + CDn l&i c"c dLng t[ kh"c th8m ed th? dGc th#nh -m d V> dX: traveled, bowed, smiled, cared, M7o: - nguy8n, phX nh-n dMi - e[ng nh-n WHY, X nh.n -m tr8n v/n - t>t d>t, cDn l&i dGc dP - eGc tP: p, f, khMng, sUng, shoot chi - CuHi cUng cDn ph$i kh(c ghi - eJi i e d>d (ied) phX -m y d#i To Be (Chia Q Qu" KhZ) 1) Kh*ng dBnh: eLng t[ nguy8n th; : (l#, th?) chia v#o c"c ngMi Q qu" khZ nC cC d&ng nhY sau: | Kh*ng dBnh | -| | | I + was = TMi d% l# | you + were = Anh d% l# | he + was = Anh y d% l# | she + was = CM y d% l# | it + was = NC d% l# | we + were = ChTng tMi d% l# | you + were = C"c anh d% l# | they + were = HG d% l# | - Trong c-u: -I was a pupil yesterday (HMm qua, tMi d% l# mLt hGc sinh) T[ was l# dLng t[ d% bB chia Q th? Qu" KhZ 2) PhV dBnh: Th8m : was + not: wasn't were + not: weren't _ | PhV dBnh | -| -| | I + wasn't = TMi d% khMng l# | you + weren't = Anh d% khMng l# | he + wasn't = Anh y d% khMng l# | she + wasn't = CM y d% khMng l# | it + wasn't = NC d% khMng l# | we + weren't = ChTng tMi d% khMng l# | you + weren't = C"c anh d% khMng l# | they + weren't = HG d% khMng l# | _ - Trong c-u: - I wasn't a pupil yesterday (HMm qua, tMi khMng l# mLt hGc sinh.) T[ was l# dLng t[ d% bB chia Q th? Qu" KhZ v# cLng th8m not 3) Nghi v.n: e$o ngYSc l8n d/u c-u NhCm thay dJi nghAa ngYng, qu8n, nhO, t?m Verb + Preposition ThMng thYPng, dLng t[ ch>nh c-u khMng dDi hEi ph$i cC giOi t[ s"t sau nC N8n dLng t[ dZng trYOc bB chia, cDn dLng t[ dZng sau th? Q Infinitive: - I want that film (TMi muHn xem phim dC) (Infinitive) NhYng cC mLt sH dLng t[ dUng k4m vOi mLt giOi t[, n8n dLng t[ di s"t sau nC ph$i l# Gerund (Sau mLt giOi t[, dLng t[ luMn ph$i l# Gerund) V> dX: -I keep on learning English (TMi v1n tr? vi=c hGc Anh V'n) - I put off selling chocolate to him (TMi ho%n l&i vi=c b"n k7o sM cM la cho nC) Nh]ng dLng t[ dC l#: - approve of: cJ vW, ch.p thu2n - think of: suy nghA v: - to be better off: THt hNn - put off: ho%n l&i - worry about: lo l(ng v: - succeed in: th#nh cMng vi=c - count on: t>nh v#o, tin c2y v#o - depend on: tUy thuLc v#o - insist on: n#i n@, nh.n m&nh - keep on: ti9p tXc - rely on: tin c2y v#o - report on: b"o c"o - give up: t[ bE - go on: ti9p tXc - object to: ph$n dHi - look forward to: trMng mong v#o - confess to: thT nh2n - apply to: "p dXng Indirect Object & Direct Object (To & For) */CC lo&i dLng t[: - eLng t[ nLi dLng (Intransitive Verb): L# dLng t[ m# t^ nC cC th; dZng mLt m?nh m# v1n d/y dV _ nghAa V> dX: I sleep I go - eLng t[ ngo&i dLng (transitive Verb): L# dLng t[ c/n cC dHi tYSng sau nC, mOi d/y dV _ nghAa V> dX: I look at her + NgYPi ta gGi n#y l# l# cVa +CC nh]ng dLng t[ ngo&i dLng c/n d9n object: - I bring a cake to her (2 object: a cake, her) l# dHi tYSng tr^c ti9p cVa h#nh dLng n8n gGi l#: direct object (DO) l# dHi tYSng phX cVa h#nh dLng n8n gGi l#: indirect object (IO) - ThMng thYPng dZng trYOc v# gi]a chTng ph$i cC NghAa l#: Verb + direct object + giOi t[ + indirect object V> dX: -I play ball with them - I introduce the book with Lan - I introduce Lan the book (sai: thi9u giOi t[) Ngo&i l=: - Ch@ cC nh]ng dLng t[ danh s"ch ph>a dYOi mOi cC quy:n dUng c"ch: - I bring a cake to Lan (cC giOi t[ ) - I bring Lan a cake (KhMng c/n giOi t[) Nh]ng dLng t[ ngo&i l= n#y l&i chia l#m lo&i: 1) Lo&i dUng vOi giOi t[ : leave: rPi bE, d; l&i spare: d^ tr] order: d,t h#ng buy: mua paint: sNn draw: v6, k3o save: d; d#nh cut: c(t build: x-y find: t?m ki9m take: l.y get: d&t dYSc fix: s\a ch]a, c(m ch,t make: l#m 2) Lo&i dUng vOi giOi t[ : show: ch@ wish: mong explain: gi$ng gi$i teach: d&y give: cho hand: c/m tell: k; pass: dYa sing: h"t send: g\i lend: cho vay owe: nS n/n describe: mM t$ promise: hZa offer: t,ng cause: g-y 3) Lo&i dUng ho,c - I bring a cake for her (TMi dem b"nh dUm cho cM y) write: vi9t bring: dem pay: tr$ sell: b"n read: dGc * chT _: dYSc vi9t: - I bring a cake to Lan - I bring it to her - I bring Lan a cake khMng dYSc vi9t: -I bring her it - Nh]ng dLng t[ khMng thuLc mXc d% n8u tr8n, th? ph$i theo cMng thZc thMng thYPng: Ngo&i tr[: cWng thuLc danh s"ch tr8n nhYng dUng giOi t[ (with) M7o: DUng for rPi bE spare e,t mua sNn v6 d; d#nh c(t x-y T?m ki9m take get fix l#m Vi9t dem tr$ b"n dGc l# To/for Ch@ mong gi$ng d&y cho c/m k; dYa h"t g\i cho vay nS n/n MM t$ hZa t,ng g-y C"c eLng T[ KhMng Chia Q Present Continuous Trong Anh Ng] cC c"c dLng t[ sau d-y khMng dYSc chia Q th? Present Continuous: to be, want, forget, think, hate, love, possess, wish, recognize, prefer, like, dislike, have, need, mean, hear, see, know, understand, believe, seem, appear, sound, look, feel, smell, taste, hope, belong, matter, own, remember V> dX: - He is a teacher (eTng) - He is being a teacher (Sai) - I want a cup of coffee (eTng) - I am wanting a cup of coffee (Sai) Tuy nhi8n dHi vOi dLng t[ to have th?: 1) to be having dUng vOi nghAa ch'm sCc t&i nh#, nh.t l# mLt thPi gian ng(n - We're having the kids for the weekend (ChTng tMi ch'm sCc nh]ng dZa tr5 v#o cuHi tu/n) 2) to be having dUng vOi nghAa khMng muHn nghe ho,c tin mLt di:u g? dC - I tried to persuade her to wait but she wasn't having any (TMi d% cH g(ng thuy9t phXc cM y dSi nhYng cM y khMng nghe) 3) to be having dUng vOi nghAa cH thuy9t phXc dC tin v#o mLt di:u khMng cC th2t, nh.t l# ch@ d; dUa - You didn't really, did you? You're not having me on, are you? (B&n d% nCi x&o ph$i khMng? B&n khMng l[a tMi d.y chZ?) 4) to be having dUng vOi nghAa l# 'n/uHng - When are we having dinner? (Khi n#o chTng ta s6 'n tHi?) - I am having lunch (tMi dang 'n trYa) 5) to be having dUng di: - Archimedes' law (eBnh lu2t cVa nh# b"c hGc Archimedes) - Phoebus's horses (Nh]ng ng^a cVa th/n m,t trPi) c) Danh t[ chung (2 v/n trQ l8n) t2n cUng b)ng m# g,p dHi tYSng (cC ch] s Q d/u) th? ch@ th8m v? boss mLt v/n) - The bosses' scarfs (Th8m : - Students' ball - Mothers' shoes 2) Nh-n c"ch hCa: - A week's holiday (k` ngh@ mLt tu/n) - An hour's time (kho$ng mLt ti9ng dIng hI) - The life's best moments (qu%ng dPi d7p nh.t) - A dollar's worth (gi" trB dM) - Today's post (thN hMm nay) 3) DUng t dUng) (eC l# c'n nh# cVa Jack, Henry, Brown, Mary) - That is the house of Henry, Brown, Mary and Jack (n8n dUng) - That is the Henry and Jack's house (sai) - That is Henry's and Jack's house (sai) c) SQ h]u c"ch l# dIng c"ch t[: - This house is Mr.Henry's, the mechanic - This house is Mr.Henry, the mechanic's (nh# n#y l# cVa Mng Henry, mLt ngYPi thS m"y) 7) SQ H]u C"ch K3p (Double possessive case) - She is a girl-friend of Henry's (CM y l# b&n g"i nh.t cVa Henry) - She is one of Henry's friends (CM y l# mLt nh]ng b&n g"i cVa Henry) - a criticism of Henry (mLt s^ ph8 b?nh Henry) - a criticism of Henry's (s^ ph8 b?nh cVa Henry) - a portrait of Henry (ngYPi ta v6 ch-n dung Henry) - a portrait of Henry's (Henry l# chV cVa bZc ch-n dung) - Henry's portrait (Henry l# chV v# bZc ch-n dung v6 Henry) 8) SQ h]u c"ch ph$n th-n: - Henry's murder (k5 gi9t Henry) - The murder of Henry (tLi gi9t ngYPi cVa Henry) - Henry's love (mHi t?nh ngYPi ta y8u Henry) - The love of Henry (T?nh y8u cVa Henry) 9) SQ H]u c"ch "p dXng do&n c-u ng(n ho,c d#i: DUng d.u sQ h]u Q cuHi do&n v'n - The house of the president of VN is beautiful (>t dUng) - The Vietnam president's house is beautiful (ThYPng dUng) C'n nh# cVa chV tBch nYOc VN r.t d7p - The high school teachers' houses are small - The president of the United States's son becomes a lawyer Con trai cVa tJng thHng Mb trQ th#nh mLt lu2t gia So S"nh B)ng So s"nh vOi Past-Participle (Qu" Ph-n): | as much + Adj + as | so much + Adj + as | Ba is as much fed as TY (Ba dYSc nuMi nhY TY) - Ba is not as much fed as TY (Ba khMng dYSc nuMi nhY TY) - This baby is as much devoted as that one (eZa b3 n#y dYSc ch'm sCc nhi:u nhY b3 kia) - This baby is not as much devoted as that one (eZa b3 n#y khMng dYSc ch'm sCc nhi:u nhY b3 kia) N9u khMng ph$i (Qu" Ph-n) th? dUng cMng thZc: _ | as + Adj + as | so + Adj + as | - Lan is as fat as HIng (Lan m2p b)ng HIng) - Lan is not as fat as HIng (Lan khMng m2p b)ng HIng) - Lan is so fat as HIng (Lan m2p nhY HIng) - Lan is not as beautiful as HIng (Lan khMng d7p b)ng HIng) ChT _: Trong c-u nghi v.n cC not th? khMng d$o not: - Are girls not as intelligent as boys? (N] sinh khMng thMng minh b)ng nam sinh sao?) - Is my father not as tall as my mother? (Ba tMi khMng cao b)ng m" tMi sao?) - Is French not as difficult as English? (Ti9ng Ph"p khMng khC b)ng ti9ng Anh h$?) MLt sH lo&i so s"nh b)ng nhau: 1) Ki;u: the same + Noun + as - Nam has the same address as Lan (Nam cC cUng mLt dBa ch@ nhY Lan) - The high school is in the same building as the elementary school (TrYPng trung hGc cWng cC tDa nh# giHng nhY trYPng ti;u hGc) - He came at the same time as I (Anh y d9n cUng lTc nhY tMi) 2) So s"nh vOi: similar, like, alike, same a) Ki;u 1: A and B are alike (A v# B giHng nhau) A and B are similar (A v# B giHng nhau) A and B are different (A v# B kh"c nhau) - My car and yours are alile (Xe cVa tMi v# cVa b&n giHng nhau) b) Ki;u 2: A is like B (A v# B giHng nhau) A is similar to B (A v# B giHng nhau) A is different from B (A v# B kh"c nhau) - My car is like yours - My car is similar to yours (Xe tMi giHng xe b&n) _He is the same age as I (Anh y cUng tuJi vOi tMi) _He gave the same answer as before (Anh y v1n tr$ lPi nhY trYOc) _We are in the same class (ChTng tMi hGc cUng lOp) _I think the same of him (TMi cWng nghA v: nhY th9) So S"nh HNn eHi vOi t>nh t[ Ng(n: dUng * Khi muHn nCi c"i n#y c"i dHi vOi: - T>nh t[ v/n (clean, cold, dry ) - T>nh t[ v/n nhYng t2n cUng b)ng: w, h, y, x, on, er, le - T>nh t[ v/n m# nh.n -m cuHi (polite, sedate.) - Nh]ng t>nh t[: cheerful, lovely, pleasant, impolite, handsome, quiet, cruel, common, slender th? ta th8m v# V> dX: I am taller than him (TMi cao hNn anh y) C"ch th8m v#o t>nh t[: Sau d% x"c dBnh t>nh t[ n#o ph$i th8m ta th8m nhY sau: - N9u t>nh t[ d% t2n cUng b)ng th? ch@ th8m - T>nh t[ t2n cUng b)ng nguy8n -m + phX -m th? nh-n dMi phX -m rIi th8m V> dX: hot + er = hotter ChT _: clean + er = cleaner (khMng nh-n dMi v? t2n cUng b)ng nguy8n -m + phX -m) - KhMng nh-n dMi nh]ng t>nh t[ t2n cUng b)ng w, h, y, x, on, er, le, en (V> dX: low, high.) v# nh]ng t>nh t[ nh.n -m Q v/n "p chCt - N9u t>nh t[ t2n cUng b)ng phX -m + th? dJi th#nh rIi th8m V> dX: heavy+er = heavier Ngo&i tr[: shy+er = shyer, sly+er = slyer eHi vOi t>nh t[ dX: -Nam is better than HUng (Nam tHt hNn HUng) - HUng is worse than Nam (HUng x.u hNn Nam) Ngo#i cDn cC nh]ng ki;u nCi so s"nh hNn: 1) Ki;u: Other than - I want to read other novels than these (TMi muHn dGc nh]ng cuHn ti;u thuy9t kh"c, hNn l# nh]ng cuHn n#y) - I have no other friends than you (TMi khMng cC b&n n#o kh"c ngo#i b&n) 2) Ki;u: rather than - I drink water rather than coffee (TMi uHng nYOc hNn l# c# ph8) - We want to be poor rather than rich (ChTng tMi muHn ngh4o hNn l# gi#u) 3) Ki;u: had better: tHt hNn n8n - You had better stay at home (THt hNn h9t, b&n n8n Q nh#) - You had better stay at home than go fishing (B&n n8n Q nh# hNn l# di c-u) Note: - N9u muHn "m ch@ qu" khZ, ngYPi ta khMng dUng Had better - Had better ch@ dUng cho hi=n t&i v# tYNng lai v# khMng c/n phHi hSp vOi c"c th? kh"c - Sau had better ph$i l# Bare Infinitive (khMng to) - Had better khMng dUng c-u hEi x"c dBnh, m# dUng c-u hEi phV dBnh: nh t[, tr&ng t[, chV t[ v.v NhYng cDn mLt lo&i cXm t[ kh"c cWng cC nh]ng chZc n'ng nhY th9 v# dYSc h?nh th#nh b)ng c"ch x3t c"c th?: a) Nguy8n m1u k3p (Perfect Infinitive) v# Ph-n t[ k3p (Perfect Participle) dUng mM t$ mLt h#nh dLng x$y trYOc mLt h#nh dLng cVa dLng t[ ch>nh Nguy8n m1u k3p: - He seems to have left his hat in the reception room last night (H?nh nhY anh y d% bE qu8n nCn phDng ti9p kh"ch tHi qua) Ph-n t[ k3p: - Having finished our work, we were free to go home (V[a xong cMng vi=c, chTng tMi r$nh rKi v: nh#) - Having seen my mother, I felt much relieved (Sau g,p m7, tMi th.y r.t an t-m) b) Hi=n t&i nguy8n m1u (Present Infinitive) v# hi=n t&i ph-n t[ (Present Participle) ch@ h#nh dLng x$y cUng lTc vOi h#nh dLng cVa dLng t[ ch>nh: - I am happy to meet you again (TMi vui g,p l&i b&n l/n n]a) - Looking out of the window, we saw the doctor approaching (eang nh?n ngo#i c\a sJ, tMi th.y b"c sA d9n)