Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index Select a Process to view GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com contributor index Alkylation Alkylation feed preparation Aromatics extraction Aromatics extracted distillation Aromatics recovery Benzene reduction Benzene saturation Catalytic cracking Catalytic dewaxing Catalytic reforming Coking Crude distillation Deasphalting Deep catalytic cracking Deep thermal conversion Delayed coking Desulfurization Dewaxing Electric desalting Ethers Fluid catalytic cracking Gas oil hydrotreatment Gas treating—H2S removal key word process category/type next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index Select a Process to view GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com contributor index Gasification Gasoline desulfurization Gasoline desulfurization, ultra-deep Hydrocracking Hydrocracking, residue Hydrocracking/hydrotreating—VGO Hydrodearomatization Hydrodesulfurization Hydrodesulfurization—UDHDS Hydrogenation Hydrotreating Hydrotreating—catalytic dewaxing Hydrotreating—HDAr Hydrotreating—HDHDC Hydrotreating, residue Iso-octane Isomerization Lube hydroprocessing Lube treating NOx abatement Oily waste treatment Olefins recovery Resid catalytic cracking Residue hydroprocessing key word process category/type back next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index Select a Process to view Thermal gas oil process Treating Visbreaking contributor index key word process category/type back GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index contributor index ABB Lummus Global Inc Select a Process to view Coking Fluid catalytic cracking Hydrocracking Hydrocracking Hydrotreating Isomerization Thermal gasoil process Visbreaking key word contributing company/licensor Akzo Nobel Chemicals B.V Hydrodesulfurization—UDHDS Hydrotreating—catalytic dewaxing Isomerization BARCO Catalytic cracking Bechtel Corp Delayed coking Dewaxing Lube treating BP Corp Hydrocracking CDTECH GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com Ethers Hydrogenation Hydrotreating Iso-octane/iso-octene Isomerization next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index contributor index Chevron Research and Technology Co Select a Process to view Hydrocracking Hydrotreating Conoco Inc key word contributing company/licensor Desulfurization ELF back Crude distillation ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co Alkylation Catalytic dewaxing Gas treating—H2S removal Hydrotreating—catalytic dewaxing Lube treating NOx abatement Oily waste treatment Foster Wheeler USA Corp Coking Crude distillation Deasphalting Visbreaking Fuels Technology Division of Phillips Petroleum Co GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com Alkylation Gasoline desulfurization Isomerization GTC Technology Corp Aromatics recovery Desulfurization next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index contributor index Haldor Topsøe A/S Select a Process to view Hydrodearomatization Hydrotreating Howe-Baker Engineers, Inc Catalytic reforming Electrical desalting Hydrotreating key word contributing company/licensor back IFP Benzene reduction Catalytic reforming Fluid catalytic cracking Gas oil hydrotreatment Gasoline desulfurization, ultra-deep Hydrocracking Hydrocracking/hydrotreating—VGO Hydrotreating, residue Isomerization Resid catalytic cracking IFP North America Gasoline desulfurization, ultra-deep Hydrocracking/hydrotreating—VGO Imperial Petroleum Recovery Corp Oily waste treatment GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc Deasphalting Fluid catalytic cracking Hydrocracking next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index contributor index Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc continued Select a Process to view Hydrodesulfurization—UDHDS Hydrotreating—HDHDC Iso-octane Isomerization Krupp Uhde key word contributing company/licensor back Aromatics extractive distillation Lyondell Chemical Co Isomerization Merichem Co Treating Neste Engineering Oy Iso-octane Oxy Research & Development Co Hydrocracking Pro-Quip Corp Olefins recovery Research Institute of Petroleum Deep catalytic cracking Shell Global Solutions International B.V GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com Crude distillation Deep thermal conversion Fluid catalytic cracking Gasification Hydrocracking Hydrotreating next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index contributor index Shell Global Solutions International B.V continued Select a Process to view Lube hydroprocessing Residue hydroprocessing Visbreaking key word contributing company/licensor Shell International Oil Products B.V Thermal gasoil process SK Corp back Lube treating Snamprogetti SpA Ethers Iso-octane/iso-octene Stone & Webster Inc., a Shaw Group Co Deep catalytic cracking Fluid catalytic cracking Resid catalytic cracking Stratco Inc Alkylation TECHNIP Crude distillation UOP LLC GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com Alkylation Alkylation Catalytic cracking Catalytic reforming Coking Deasphalting Fluid catalytic cracking next Hydrocarbon Processing ® www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com Refining Processes 2000 process index contributor index UOP LLC continued Select a Process to view Hydrocracking Hydrodesulfurization Hydrotreating Hydrotreating Isomerization Visbreaking VEBA OEL Technologie und Automatisierung GmbH Hydrocracking Washington Group International Lube treating GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY Greenway Plaza, 9th Floor, Houston, TX 77046 Phone 713-529-4301, Fax 713-520-4433 E-mail: editorial@hydrocarbonprocessing.com key word contributing company/licensor back REFINING PROCESSES 2000 Propane product Refrigerant Recycle isobutane Olefin feed START Recycle acid Butane product Makeup isobutane Alkylate product Alkylation Application: Combines propylene, butylene and pentylene with isobutane, in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst, to form a highoctane, mogas component Products: A highly isoparaffinic, low Rvp, high-octane gasoline blendstock is produced from the alkylation process Description: Olefin feed and recycled isobutane are introduced into the stirred, autorefrigerated reactor (1) Mixers provide intimate contact between the reactants and the acid catalyst Reaction heat is removed from the reactor by the highly efficient autorefrigeration method The hydrocarbons that are vaporized from the reactor, and that provide cooling to the 40°F level, are routed to the refrigeration compressor (2) where they are compressed, condensed and returned to the reactor A depropanizer (3), which is fed by a slipstream from the refrigeration section, is designed to remove any propane introduced to the back to main menu plant with the feeds The reactor product is sent to the settler (4), where the hydrocarbons are separated from the acid that is recycled The hydrocarbons are then sent to the deisobutanizer (5) along with makeup isobutane The isobutane-rich overhead is recycled to the reactor The bottoms are then sent to a debutanizer (6) to produce a low Rvp alkylate product with an FBP less than 400°F Major features of the reactor are: • Use of the autorefrigeration method of cooling is thermodynamically efficient It also allows lower temperatures, which are favorable for producing high product quality with low power requirements • Use of a staged reactor system results in a high average isobutane concentration, which favors high product quality • Use of low space velocity in the reactor design results in high product quality and eliminates any corrosion problems in the fractionation section associated with the formation of esters • Use of low reactor operating pressure means high reliability for the mechanical seals for the mixers • Use of simple reactor internals translates to low cost Yields: Alkylate yield Isobutane (pure) required Alkylate quality 1.78 bbl C5+/bbl butylene feed 1.17 bbl/bbl butylene feed 96 RON/94 MON Economics: Utilities, typical per barrel of alkylate produced: Water, cooling (20°F rise), 1,000 gal 2.1 Power, kWh 10.5 Steam, 60 psig, lb 200 H2SO4, lb 19 NaOH, 100%, lb 0.1 Installation: 100,000-bpd capacity at nine locations with the sizes ranging from 2,000 to 30,000 bpd Single reactor/settle trains with capacities up to 89,000 bpd Reference: Lerner, H., “Exxon sulfuric acid alkylation technology,” Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, 2nd Ed., R A Meyers, ed., pp 1.3–1.14 Licensor: ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co Copyright © 2001 by Gulf Publishing Company All rights reserved