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INTONATION Definition • In speech, intonation is the use of changing vocal pitch (rising and falling) to convey grammatical information or personal attitude. Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say.The 'melody' you hear is the intonation Attitudinal function • Intonation enables the speaker to express emotions and attitudes which adds a special meaning to spoken language as a difference from its written counterpart • Allow us to express : finality - confidence - interest - surprise - doubt - joy - pain - irony - anger - boredom and so on. Accentual function • Derived from the word”accent”=stress • The placement of tonic stress is determined by intonation 1.the most common position for the placement of tonic syllable is the last lexical word(nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs)and not the functional words. Eg: "We know a man in our area.“ 2.but,for contrastive purposes any word can become the tonic syllable Eg: a) “she was ‘wearing a ‘red dress” b)” She was not ' wearing a ‘red dress/ she was 'wearing a ‘ green dress.”(contrastive purpose placement) 3. similar to the purpose of emphasis the tonic stress can be placed in other positons • Eg: It was 'very \boring (no emphasis) • It was \very boring (emphasis) GRAMMATICAL function • The listener is better able to recognize the grammar and syntax structure of what is being said by using the information contained the intonation.For example such things as: • 1. Grammatical intonation is used in those sentences which are ambigious • “those who sold quickly made a profit” (a profit was made by those who sold quickly) • “those who sold quickly made a profit”(a profit was quickly made by those who sold) 2 Question-tags and intonation They are coming tomorrow,aren’t they?("aren't they "has a falling tone")=>certain about inform and whereas Discourse function • in conjunction with body language is used for similar purpose in speech as well as for establishing or confirming the status • 1) using intonation to focus the listener's attention on aspects of the important message +the tonic stress is placed on the word that is in some sense the most important as in: Eg: she 'went to Scotland + the falling tone indicates new information while rising tone indicate shared or given information. eg: ‘since the ‘last time we met,when we had that ‘ huge dinner,i have been on a diet.(falling) 2) the other is concerned with the regulation of conversational behavious.intonation ,of the participants in a conversation 4 Types of tunes : • Rising Intonation • Falling Intonation • Fall - rise intonation • Rise - fall intonation Rising Intonation • It can express a number of various emotions, such as : non-finality, surprise, doubt,interest, politeness, lack of confidence Rising Intonation • - This tone conveys an impression that something more is to follow Example: A :“do you know john smith?” B : yes B's reply is to invite A to continue what she intends to say about John Smith Rising Intonation • It can be used while making yes -no or general questions: • Examples: • Was she glad to SEE him? • Can you help ME ? • Is it OVER ? Rising Intonation • - This tone can be used while listing things: • Examples: • - Red, brown, yellow, green, and BLUE • - Oranges, bananas, mangoes and APPLES Falling Intonation • If someone is asked a question and the reply is yes or no, it will be understood that the question is now answered and that there is nothing more to be said. Thus the falling tone gives an impression of finality Falling Intonation • - Statements (declarative sentences): • "i'm absolutely certain“ • - Special questions or finality : "Where do you Live?“ • - Commands ( imperative sentences ): • "STOP it! Sit DOwn.“ • - Exclamatory sentences : • "What a wonderful SURprize!" Fall - Rise Tone • This tone shows limited agreement, response with reservation, uncertainty, or doubt • Examples:- You may be right. • - Its possible • - He may be honest • - It can be true Rise - fall tone • This tone is used to convey strong feelings of approval, disapproval or surprise Example: - It’s impossible - - You were first - - He is honest - - It’s true. exercise • xác đinh tune cho các câu sau: 1)What's the time?(wh question) 2)Have you got a pen? (yes,no question) 3)You need a pen, a pencil and some paper.(list of items) 4)A: I have heard that he is a kind man B: Yes (show a strong approval ) 5)A: I have heard that he is a kind man. B: Yes (doesn't completely agee) 6)A: What time are we meeting? Did you say half past two? B: No, not half past two( shared information), half past three(new information) 7)You're from Poland, aren't you?(expecting confirmation) 8)You live in Warsaw, don't you? (showing less certainty) answers: • 1) falling tune • 2) rising tune • 3) rising, rising ,falling • 4) rising- falling • 5) falling- rising • 6) falling ,falling –rising • 7) falling • 8) rising [...]... 5)A: I have heard that he is a kind man. B: Yes (doesn't completely agee) 6)A: What time are we meeting? Did you say half past two? B: No, not half past two( shared information), half past three(new information) 7)You're from Poland, aren't you?(expecting confirmation) 8)You live in Warsaw, don't you? (showing less certainty) answers: • 1) falling tune • 2) rising tune • 3) rising, rising ,falling • 4) rising- falling...Rising Intonation • - This tone can be used while listing things: • Examples: • - Red, brown, yellow, green, and BLUE • - Oranges, bananas, mangoes and APPLES Falling Intonation • If someone is asked a question and the reply is yes or no, it will be understood that the question is now answered and that there is nothing more to be said. Thus the falling tone gives an impression of finality Falling Intonation. .. Thus the falling tone gives an impression of finality Falling Intonation • - Statements (declarative sentences ): • "i'm absolutely certain“ • - Special questions or finality : "Where do you Live?“ • - Commands ( imperative sentences ): • "STOP it! Sit DOwn.“ • - Exclamatory sentences : • "What a wonderful SURprize!" Fall - Rise Tone • This tone shows limited agreement, response with reservation, uncertainty, or doubt • Examples:- You may be right. ... 8)You live in Warsaw, don't you? (showing less certainty) answers: • 1) falling tune • 2) rising tune • 3) rising, rising ,falling • 4) rising- falling • 5) falling- rising • 6) falling ,falling –rising • 7) falling • 8) rising ... This tone is used to convey strong feelings of approval, disapproval or surprise Example: - It’s impossible - - You were first - - He is honest - - It’s true. exercise • xác đinh tune cho các câu sau: 1)What's the time?(wh question) 2)Have you got a pen? (yes,no question) 3)You need a pen, a pencil and some paper.(list of items) 4)A: I have heard that he is a kind man B: Yes (show a strong approval ) 5)A: I have heard that he is a kind man.