ANH văn CHUYÊN NGHÀNH TIN học

BỘ CÔNG THƯƠNG TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG CÔNG NGHIỆP VÀ XÂY DỰNG BÀI GIẢNG MÔN HỌC TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH TIN HỌC Dùng cho hệ Cao đẳng chuyên nghiệp (Lưu hành nội bộ) Người biên soạn: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương Người phản biện: Tơ Thị Thu Vân ng Bí CONTENTS Unit 1: What is a computer? Unit 2: Characteristics Unit 3: Computers capabilities and limitations Unit 4: Hardware and software Unit 5: Microcomputers Unit 6: The central processing unit Unit 7: Primary and secondary memory Unit 8: Types of memory - 1Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương page page page 15 page 21 page 27 page 33 page 38 page 44 FOREWORDS The following collection of texts is collected from various textbooks The texts are shortened, simplified and adapted to fit the skill level and interests of the learners in addition to meet the demand of the society The collection, with five units, provides the learners with the technical terms in informatics with the hope that they can read, understand and translate simple technical textbooks, and magazines in English As a result, learner can communicate with their partners in the future jobs This collection is for students at the industry and construction of college The author is always available to welcome any of your feedback, suggestions, corrections or comment By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương - 2Thuvientailieu.net.vn Unit one WHAT IS A COMPUTER? < > A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operates switches or magnetize tiny metal cores The witches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is , on or off; magnetized or demagnetized The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers , letters and characters The basic idea of a computer is that w can make the machine what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or not magnetize the cores < > The basic job of computer is the processing of information For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and /or logical operations The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory < > Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc < > Some of the most common methods of inputting information are used punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals The computer’s input device (which might be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) readers the information into the computer For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV- like screen < > Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions The kinds of decision which computer circuit can make are not of the type: “ Who would wind a war between two countries?” or “ Who is the richest person in the world ?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another? < > A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to the job A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has not - 3Thuvientailieu.net.vn originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgment There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘ brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings A computer cannot anything unless a person tells it what to and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulse can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic- logical operations almost instantaneously A person can everything a computer can do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished * Vocabulary intricate: circuit: switch: magnet: magnetize: core: to store: to manipulate: character: to input: to process: instruction: data: memory: arithmetic: minicomputer: exponentiation: originality: microcomputer: punch: card: punched card: disk: terminal: medium: to output: printer: CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube): display screen: phức tạp, rối rắm mạch, mạch điện khóa ngắt, cơng tắc nam châm làm nhiễm từ lõi, nhân lưu trữ xử lý ký tự nhập vào, đưa vào xử lý, chế biến lệnh, thị liệu, kiện nhớ số học máy tính mini số mũ, nâng lên lũy thừa tính độc đáo, tính sáng tạo máy vi tính đục lỗ, dùi lỗ miếng bìa bìa đục lỗ đĩa ( từ) thiết bị đầu cuối giá mang tin đưa máy in ống đèn tia âm cực hình hiển thị - 4Thuvientailieu.net.vn * Grammar notes I/ The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or not magnetize the cores Khái niệm máy tính ( rằng) khiến cho máy thực điều mà muốn cách đưa vào tín hiệu, tín hiệu bật số công tắc lên tắt số cơng tắc khác tín hiệu từ hố khơng từ hố lõi “ That we can make the machine do”: mệnh đề bổ ngữ (Predicate clause ) đứng sau động từ “ To be”: Ví dụ : - The truth was that he never saw her: Sự thật chưa trông thấy cô ta - The trouble is that you get very little time: Điều rắc rối anh có thời gian “ That turn contain switches on and turn others off ” mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ hạn định, “ That đại từ quan hệ ( Relative pronoun) Ví dụ: He that sows iniquity shall reap sorrơ Kẻ gieo gió gặp bão - Any students that wants to pass his examination must work hard Bất sinh viên muốn thi đỗ phải cố gắng học tập - “What we want” mệnh đề phụ tân ngữ ( Objective clause) Ví dụ: - I don’t know what you are talking about Tôi khơng biết anh nói - I’ll just what I say Tơi làm điều tơi nói II/ Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers Người ta nhận biết máy tính có nhiều ưu bật Subjecttive Infinitive Construction ( Cấu trúc động từ nguyên dạng làm chủ ngữ) Ví dụ: - She was thought to be honest:- Người ta nghĩ cô ta trung thực - He was believed to have been murdered: - Người ta tin bị ám sát - He is said to be a good doctor: - Người ta nói bác sĩ giỏi Exercises: Main ideas Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices? Computers have changed the way in which many kinds of jobs are done Instructions and data must be given to the computer to act on Computers are machines capable of processing and outputting data Without computers, many tasks would take much longer to Understanding the passage - 5Thuvientailieu.net.vn Decide whether the following statements are true or false ( T/F) by referring to the information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true ………… A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’t received information to so ………… All computers accept and process information in the form of instructions and characters ………… The information necessary for the solving problems is found in the memory of the computer ………… Not all computers can perform arithmetic operations, make decision, and communicate in some ways with the user ………… Computers can still be useful machines even if they can’t communicate with the user ………… There are many different devices used for feeding information into a computer ………… There aren’t as many different types of devices used for giving results as there are for accepting information ………… Computers can make any type of decision they are asked to ………… Computers can work endlessly without having to stop to rest unless there is a breakdown Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expresses Give line references as in the example below ……………1/ Computer accept information, perform mathematical and/or logical operations then supply new information ……………2/ All computers have three basic capabilities ……………3/ A computer is machine that canbe made to operate by receiving signals ……………4/ A computer cannot work without being told what to ……………5/ A computer can make three types of decisions ……………6/ The fundamental job of a computer is processing information ……………7/ A computer can the work of hundreds of people in a very short time ……………8/ The memory of a computer is used for storing information Content review Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in the Glossary Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words ( Some can be used more than once) Make sure you use the correct form, i.e; singular or plural Core device data Circuit terminal switch Program memory medium CRT display - 6Thuvientailieu.net.vn Every computer has circuit for performing arithmetic operations, operating…………… or magnetized…………… A ……………with a screen is normally referred to as a ……………unit A computer is a…………… that process information in the form of …………… and …………… and can store this information in a …………… Card readers, tape drives, or disk drives are different…………… for inputting information Translate in to English Một máy tính điện tử máy xử lý thơng tin Máy tính xử lý thơng tin cách tự động, nhanh xác Tuy nhiên máy tính khơng thơng minh Để máy tính hồn thành cơng việc đó, người phải cung cấpcho máy tính tập hợp thị, gọi chương trình, để máy tính theo mà làm việc Dưới điều khiển chương trình , máy tính tiếp nhận liệu qua thiết bị nhập, thực phép toán số học logic liệu vào thông qua thiết bị xuất, trả lại cho người sử dụng kết phép xử lý - 7Thuvientailieu.net.vn Unit CHARACTERISTICS < 1> Computers are machines designed to process electronically, specially prepared pieces of information which are termed data Handling or manipulating the informations, adding information or making comparisions ia called processing Computers are made up of millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speed, through complex circuits with different functions < > All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or design Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing, and the result, the output These three basic concepts of input, processing and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment Input comput er Output SEC storage Figure 2.1 < 3> Figure 2.1 shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a computer system The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor or usually, the central processing unit (CPU) The term “ computer” includes those parts of hardware in which calculations and other data minipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual execution of programs Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such as card readers and keyboards ( two common examples of input devices) When data or programs need to be saved for long priod of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices or storage devices such as magnetic tapes or magnetic disks < 4> Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their functions Although a computer can only respond to a certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of - 8Thuvientailieu.net.vn sequences Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it < 5> In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run Moreover their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the equipment operating This has all changed now that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper < 6> In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of work that did not exist before their development * Vocabulary: Characteristic: Design: Piece: Pieces of information: Term: To term: To handle: To manipulate: In such way as: To add: Comparison: To be made up of: Enormous: In common: Regardless of: In the form of: To act on: To present: Input: Output: Concept: To occur: Aspect: Clothing manufacturing: Finished: Schematically: Fundamental: Centerpiece: Processor: Central processing unit: đặc trưng thiết kế miếng, mảnh, mẩu khối thông tin từ, thuật ngữ gọi, đặt tên giải quyết, xử lý thao tác, xử lý, tác động theo cách cộng so sánh tạo thành từ to lớn, lớn giống nhau, chung không phụ thuộc vào, không liên quan đến dạng tác động lên trao cho, tặng, cung cấp cho thông tin nhập vào thông tin đưa khái niệm, ý niệm xảy ra, diễn khía cạnh, lĩnh vực việc sản xuất quần áo hoàn thành, làm xong sơ đồ, biểu đồ bản, cốt yếu trung tâm, trung tâm điểm xử lý xử lý trung tâm - 9Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương To interchange Interchangeably Precisely Internal memory To make up To retrieve Memory unit Reference Later Unit Functional unit Control unit Arithmetic- logical unit Portion To interpret Flow To call for To load Operator Maintenance Console Input/output Peripheral devices Drive trao đổi, đổi lẫn cho lẫn cho cách xác nhớ tạo nên, tạo thành tìm, tìm nhớ tham khảo sau, sau đơn vị, phận, khối khối chức điều khiển, đơn vị điều khiển số học lô gic phần, phận dịch, phiên dịch luồng, dịng, dịng chảy dịng tín hiệu địi hỏi, gọi tới, cần đến nạp ( chương trình ) vào, chuyển vào người điều khiển, nhân viên điều khiển bảo trì ( thiết bị) bàn điều khiển devices thiết bị vào/ thiết bị ngoại vi ổ đĩa * Grammar note I/It is common practice in computer science for the words " computer" and " processor" to be used interchangeably Trong khoa học máy tính thuật ngữ ' máy tính' ' xử lý' thường hay sử dụng lẫn cho " It": Là chủ ngữ giả, chủ ngữ thật là: For the words " computer" and " processor" to be used interchangeably Đây cấu trúc nguyên thể với " For" ( For- Infinitive construction) Ví dụ: - It's a shame for him to spend so much money for clothes= For him to spend so much money for clothes is a shame Thật xấu hổ cho dùng nhiều tiền vào quần áo - It is difficult for him to understand the pattern = For him to understand the pattern is difficult Để hiểu mẫu câu thật khó II/ If located on secondary memory devices such s disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory Nếu đặt thiết bị nhớ phụ đĩa băng từ, tì trước tiên chương trình liệu đưa vào nhớ - 34Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương " If located"= If programs and data are located( chủ ngữ hiểu ngầm) Ví dụ: - If requested, I shall go with you Nếu yêu cầu, anh - If distilled, water will become tasteless Nếu cất, nước khơng cịn mùi vị * Exercises: Ex 1: Main idea Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices? .1 Main storage is not a part of the processor .2 The CPU is made up of the control unit, the arithmetic- logical unit and internal memory .3 The CPU is composed of the arithmetic- logical unit and control unit only Ex 2: Understanding the passage Decide whether the following ideas are true or false ( T/F) by referring to information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that statements become true ………….The central processing unit is made up of three components ………….The CPU is responsible for all the activities taking place within a computer ………….The processor itself has three components .The control unit directs the flow of information within the processor ………….The arithmetic- logical unit of the processor is responsible for the interpretation of program instructions ………….The arithmetic- logical unit is also responsible for choosing and comparing the appropriate information within a program ………… The processor can't operate on any information if that information isn't in main storage ………….Secondary memory and internal memory are located in the same place in the computer system ………….Only after the data has been processed by the CPU can results be transmitted to an output device 10.………….Computers can solve problems more quickly if they operate on new information Ex 3: Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expresses Give line references ……………1/ The processor is the control unit and the arithmetic- logical unit ……………2/ The processor operates on information that is in internal storage ……………3/ The CPU directs all the activities of the computer - 35Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương 4/ The control unit coordinates the sequencing of events within the processor ……………5/ The word "computer" usually refers to the CPU plus internal memory ……………6/ The CPU can get information from memory and put old or new information back into memory ……………7/ The arithmetic- logical unit does the calculations and decisionmaking operations Ex 4: Contextual reference Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to for their particular computer (l.6) It determines which operations (l 8) These two units are made up of( l.12) that can be in one of two states( l.13) that directs the sequence( l.17) in which the actual arithmetic operations ( l.13) It also performs some kind of ( l.18) on which the control unit and arithmetic-logical unit operate ( l.19) where manual control operations ( l.20) 10 It is used mainly when the computer ( l.25) Ex 5: Word forms First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentence Then check the differences of meaning in your dictionary function, functional, functionally a Learning to program is a………….part of any course in computer science b The central processing unit has many ……… c In order for the computer to…………….properly, there should be no fluctuation in the electric current sequence, sequential, sequentially a The control unit of the CPU directs the………….operations of the system b Data must be presented………… to the processor unless the computer is programmed otherwise c A program must be a detailed account of the……… .the processor must follow to solve the problem Logic, logical, logically a To be a good programmer, one must be …………… in one approach to a problem b The …………… operations performed by the arithmetic-logical unit are under the control of the control unit c A program must be organized if successful results are to be obtained connection, connect, connected, connective a On- line equipment is usually to the computer - 36Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương b Malfunctioning equipment can often be attracted to a bad electrical ………… c Whether one is writing computer science related information or not, the use of……………… is very important computer, compute, computerized, computed, computation a The banking industry has become more and more…… b It is a fact that human can't .as fast as c The…………… requirements necessary to produce the payroll for a large company take a very long time Ex 6: Translate into English Một máy vi tính bao gồm phận sau đây: xử lý trung tâm (CPU), nhớ, thiết bị vào/ thiết bị ngoại vi khác Các phận nói liên kết chặt chẽ độc lập với thường ghép chung để làm gọn nhẹ hệ thống, chẳng hạn ổ đĩa thường ghép liền vào phận trung tâm thành khối Bộ xử lý trung tâm bao gồm hai phận: điều khiển, có nhiệm vụ điều khiển tín hiệu, lệnh số học lơgic, có nhiệm vụ thực phép tốn số học lơgic Bộ xử lý trung tâm phận quan trọng máy tính, chịu trách nhiệm điều khiển hoạt động hệ thống Chính xử lý trung tâm máy tính điện tử định tốc độ khả xử lý thông tin máy tính Các máy vi tính sử dụng phổ biến có CPU thuộc loại 775 945 - 37Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương Unit PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY The term " memory" is usually used to refer to the internal storage locations as a computer It is also called real storage or primary, and is expressed as quantities of K For example, computers are advertised as having memories of 16 K is equal to 1,024 bytes, and each byte is equal to bits Some modern computers measure their memory in megabytes (Mb) - a megabyte is equal to 1048576 bytes Primary memory is closely associated with the CPU because it stores programs and data temporarily, thus making them immediately available for processing by the CPU To facilitate processing, things are needed: random access and speed The former means that any part of the memory may be read, or accessed, equally quickly This is made possible by the system of addresses in primary memory, where the storage locations are like a series of tiny compartments, each having its own address These addresses are like the addresses of houses in that they don’t change Because they are always fixed, the control unit knows where to find them at a very high speed When it finds them, it puts into the compartments whatever must go there and wipes out whatever was stored there The information present in these compartments is called the contents of the memory Most primary memory is costly, and therefore it is used transiently, which means that a program, or parts of it, is kept in internal storage while the program is being executed This, however, is not true for mini and micro applications where the computer performs the same function, referred to as a dedicated function, all the time But since computers must process vast quantities of data and programs, a lot of storage space is required For this reason various secondary memory technologies have been developed Secondary memory devices fall into two categories: sequential devices and random - access devices Sequential devices permit information to be written on to or read off some storage medium in a fixed sequence only In order to get at a particular data item, it is necessary to pass over all the data preceding it An example of such a device is the magnetic tape Its cost is low, but access to specified data may take a considerable length of time On the other hand, random- access devices are designed to permit direct or almost direct, access to specified data These devices bypass large quantities of irrelevant data and therefore reduce access time considerably An example of this technology is the magnetic disk, which is faster than the magnetic tape and also more expensive When disks are hooked up to the computer and used as an extension of internal storage on order to increase the capacity of primary memory, this is called virtual storage For example, a computer with 256K bytes of real storage may seem to have 512K bytes of virtual storage by using disks to provide additional storage The memory size of computers is increasing as memory chips become cheaper - 38Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương * Vocabulary: Primary Secondary Internal Internal memory Storage To advertise Capacity Storage capacity Equal To measure To associate Temporary Temporarily To facilitate Random Random access Address Location Compartment Fixed To wipe To wipe out Content Costly Transient To dedicate Dedicated Space Storage space To fall into Sequence Sequential To pass over To precede Random-access device To bypass Irrelevant To extend Extension Virtual Virtual storage Additional chính, chủ yếu phụ, thứ yếu trong, bên nhớ lưu trữ, nhớ quảng cáo dung lượng dung lượng nhớ, khả lưu trữ đo lường gắn với, gắn liền với tạm thời, lâm thời cách tạm thời làm cho dễ dàng, làm cho thuận tiện ngẫu nhiên, tình cờ truy cập ngẫu nhiên địa vị trí, định vị, định vùng ngăn, gian cố định, không thay đổi lau chùi xoá hết đi, quét nội dung ( thường dùng số nhiều) tốn kém, đắt tiền tạm thời, ngắn ngủi, thời, thoáng qua cống hiến, dâng hiến, dành cho dành riêng, dành riêng cho không gian không gian nhớ chia thành ( bài) tuần tự, liên tiếp tuần tự, liên tiếp duyệt qua, qua trước, đứng trước thiết bị truy cập ngẫu nhiên bỏ qua, không để ý đến không liên quan mở rộng ra, vươn rộng mở rộng, phần mở rộng ảo nhớ ảo thêm, phụ thêm, bổ sung - 39Thuvientailieu.net.vn Memory chip Random Access Memoryl Read- Only Memory English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương chip nhớ nhớ truy cập ngẫu nhiên, nhớ RAM nhớ đọc, nhớ RAM * Grammar notes: I This is made possibly by the system of addresses in primary memory, where the storage locations are like a series of tiny compartments, each having its own address: Điều thực nhờ hệ thống địa nhớ chính, vị trí lưu giữ giống dãy ngăn nhỏ, ngăn có địa riêng " Each having its own address" cụm từ tuyệt đối ( absolute phrase) Cấu trúc gồm danh từ đại từ phần từ dùng độc lập với thành phần câu, có liên quan với câu ý nghĩa Đặc điểm cấu trúc chủ ngữ động từ chia câu phải khác với chủ ngữ phân từ Cấu trúc cịn có tên gọi khác ( absolute participial construction: Cấu trúc tuyệt đối phân từ) Ví dụ: The sun having risen, the travaller went away from the hotel: Mặt trời mọc, người du khách rời khách sạn His master being absent, the business was neglected Ông chủ vắng nhà, cơng việc bị nhãng The holiday being over, we must now get on with our studies Ngày nghỉ qua, phải tiếp tục học tập II Most primary memory is costly, and therefore it is used transiently, which means that a program, or parts of it, is kept in internal storage while the program is being executed Phần lớn nhớ đắt tiền sử dụng thời, điều có nghĩa chương trình, hay phần chương trình, lưu giữ nhớ chương trình thực " Which " câu đại từ quan hệ thay cho câu, Tiếng Việt thường dịch là" Điều mà, việc đó" Trong trường hợp này, trước " Which" có dấu phẩy Ví dụ: - He could swim, which saved his life Anh ta bơi, điều cứu mạng - He told me to shut the door, which I hard already done Ơng bảo tơi đóng cửa, việc tơi làm - If he comes, which is not likely, I'll tell him at once Nếu ông ta đến, điều mà khơng có chắn, tơi bảo ơng * Exercise: Main idea Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? - 40Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương .1 There are types of memory: primary and secondary .2 Primary memory is more important than secondary memory .3 Secondary memory devices are unimportant in a computer system Understanding the passage Indicate whether the following ideas are stated or not stated ( S/NS) in the text ………….The term ' memory' can be expressed in other ways ………….Cmputers are often advertised according to their memory capacity ………….The CPU can easily eccess information from internal storage .Minicomputers and microcomputers have a similar memory capacity ………….The control unit needs to know the location where information is stored or needs to be stored ………….Primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory ………… There are types of secondary memory device ………….Information stored on magnetic disk can be retrieve faster than if that same information were on tape ………….Disks and types can be stored in a library 10.………….Computers can process information even if complete programs are not put in internal storage Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expresses Give line references ……………1/ Speed and random access are important in processing information ……………2/ Random-access are important in processing information ……………3/ The CPU and primary memory work closely together 4/ Virtual storage increases the memory capacity of a computer ……………5/ Real storage, internal storage, and primary memory are all the same ……………6/ Information is stored in memory in compartments with a specific location ……………7/ There are classes of secondary memory device …………….8/ Only parts of programs are kept in primary storage while a program is being run through Contextual reference Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to It is also called(l.2) depending on their storage capacity(l.4) thus making them ( l.8) the former means that ( l 10) where the storage locations( l.12) each having its own address ( l.13) - 41Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương in that they don't change ( l.14) where to find them ( l.15) whatever must go there ( l.16) 10 or part of it ( l.20) Word forms First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentence Then check the differences of meaning in your dictionary expression, expressive, express, expressed a Information sent via a computer is faster than using the system os airlines or postal services b An ……… such as " He or she has a computer for a brain" means that he or she is a fast- thinking person c Computers understand commands…………….in the form of and equality, equal, equally, equalize a The symbol # means that thing are not b A microcomputer doesn't………… a microcomputer in flexibility c The computer languages Pascal and PL1 are……… .difficult consideration, consider, considerable, considerably a There is a …………… difference between written and spoken English b It is important to …………… the capabilities and limitations of a computer before buying one c New printers can print results faster than previously design, designed, designation, designer, designing a Due to the advances in computer technology, computer are faced with a more challenging job b Computers are ………… to process information accurately and quickly c Computer architects are constantly trying to improve on the of computers advertisement, advertise, advertised a There are many computer- related jobs………… in the New York Times b The Computer Center will soon for more operation and programmers c Career opportunities in computer science and relates fields can usually be found in the…………… section of newspapers Translate into English Bộ nhớ thiết bị đặc biệt để lưu trữ liệu chương trình Như ta biết, máy tính điện tử xử lý thơng tin theo chương trình liệu chương trình nằm nhớ máy tính Bộ nhớ máy tính điện tử chia thành loại: Bộ nhớ truy nhập ngẫu nhiên, gọi tắt RAM, nhớ đọc, gọi tắt ROM Người sử dụng đọc thơng tin từ RAM viết thơng tin vào RAM, nhớ RAM không lưu trữ thơng tin lâu dài Khi chương trình nằm RAM thực xong chương trình chép vào RAM, thay cho - 42Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương chương trình cũ Đối với liệu tương tự RAM nơi lưu trữ liệu chương trình người sử dụng - 43Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương Unit TYPE OF MEMORY < > As mentioned previously, one of the most important characteristics of a computer is its capability of storing information in its memory long enough to process it Not all computers have the same type of memory In this section, three types of memory will be discussed: core memory, semiconductor memory ( or chip ), and bubble memory < > The memory of the first computers was made up of a kind of gird of fine vertical and horizontal wires At each intersection where the wires crossed, there was a small ferrite ring called a core ( hence the name “ core memory”) which was capable of being either magnetized or demanetized Every intersection had its unique address; consequently, when an electrical current was passed through the wires, the magnetized as well as the unmagnetized cores were identified by their respective addresses Each core represented a binary digit of either or , depending on its state Early computers had a capacity of around 80,000 bits; whereas now, it is not surprising to hear about computers with a memory capacity of millions of bits This has been made possible by the advent of transistors and by the advances in the manufacture of miniaturized circuitry As a result, mainframes have been reduced in both size and cost Throughout the 1950s, 1960, and up to the mid- 1970s, core memory dominared the market, but it is now obsolete < > In the 1970s, there was a further development which revolutionized the computer field This was the ability to etch thousands of integrated circuits into a inty piece ( chip) of silicon, which is a non- metallic element with semiconductor characteristics Chips have thousands of identical circuits, each one capable of storing one bit Because of the very small size of the chip, and consequently of the circuits etched on it, electrical signals not have to travel far; hence, they are transmitted faster Moreover, the size of the components containing the circuitry can be considerably reduced, a step which has led to the introduction of both minis and micros As a result, computers have become smaller, faster, and cheaper There is one problem with semiconductor memory, however: when power is removed, information in the memory is lost- unlike core memory, which is capable of retaining information during a powerful failture < > Another development in the field of computer memories is bubble memory The concept consists of creating a thin film of metallic alloys over the memory board When this film is magnetized, it produces magnetic bubbles, the presence or absence of which represents one bit of information These bubblesb are extremely tiny, about 0.1 micrometer in diameter Therefore, a magnetic bubble memory can store information at a great density than existing memories, which makes it small in size, and are highly reliable There is probably a lot more to learn about them, and research in this field continues - 44Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương * Vocabulary Previous Bubble Bubble memory Core Core memory Grid Wire Vertical Horizontal Intersect Intersection Ring To identify Respective Early Advent To dominate To revolutionize Element To consist of Film Alloy Metallic To consume trước, trước bong bóng, bọt, tăm nhớ bọt từ lõi, nhân nhớ lõi từ lưới dây điện (kim loại) đứng, thẳng đứng ngang, nằm ngang cắt ngang, cắt chéo cắt nhau, giao nhẫn, vòng nhận dạng, nhận riêng người, tương ứng sớm, ban đầu xuất hiện, đời thống trị, chiếm phần lớn cách mạng hóa nguyên tố (hóa học), nhân tố gồm có, bao gồm màng, lớp màng mỏng phủ bên hợp kim thuộc kim loại tiêu thụ, dùng * Grammar notes I/ There was a small ferrite ring called a core which was capable of being either magnetized or demagnetized Có vịng ferrit nhỏ gọi lõi có khả bị nhiễm từ bị khử từ To be capable of doing something: Có khả làm Eg: - He is capable of running a mile in minites - He’s quite capable of lying to get out of trouble Either …………or………… Either John or Alec will go with you Either you or I am to it II/ Each core rerpresented a binary digit of either or 1, depending on its state “ Depending on” phân tử I làm chức trạng ngữ tình kèm theo Eg: - Gwendolen was silent, again looking at her hands - Our teacher is standing at the blackboard, writing some new words * Exercise Ex 1: Main idea Which statements don’t express the main idea of the text? - 45Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương ……………….1 Core memory was the first type of computer memory developed …………….…2 There are at least three different kinds of memory used in computers ……………….3 Bubble memory is the latest development in computer memory Ex 2: Understanding the passage: T/ F The first important function of a computer is to hold information in its memory in order to process it Minicomputers, microcomputers, and mainframes all have the same kind of memory Semiconductor memory was developed before core memory and after bubble memory Core memory uses small metal rings which can be magnetized or unmagnetized The state of the core can be represented by either or Early computer memories had less storage capacity than newer ones A transistor and a chip are the same kind of device The development of chips made it possible for minicomputers and microcomputers to be invented Bubble memory is smaller than a chip 10 Bubble memory doesn’t have very many advantages Ex 3: Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed Give the line references First there is cory memory Further to this development, chips evolved There are three types of memory This consist of producing a thin film over a memory board Then semiconductor memory was developed There is still a lot to learn about this process This is made up of thin wires and rings Finally, bubble memory was invented Ex 4: Word form 1/ alteration, alter, altered a When a program doesn’t work properly,it is often necessary to make……… to it b The omission of data from a program can………….its result drastically c The use of the computer in business has…………….the workload of many people 2/ electricity, electric, electrical, electrically a A lot of…………… Is needed to operate large computer systems b Alexander Graham Bell invented the ………… light bulb - 46Thuvientailieu.net.vn English for informatics students By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương c Many students today are studying to become…………………engineers 3/ reduction, reduce, reduced a The introduction of the computer in the workplace has……………… the workload of many people b There will probably be a great…………… in the consumption of oil in the next decade due to the use of computer technology 4/ creation, create, created, creative a A programmer usually has a …………….as well as a logical mind b It takes a lot of inspiration and hard work to come up with a new…………… in computer technology c Computers have certainly………….new opportunities for fraud Ex 5: Translate into English Cũng RAM, ROM phần nhớ để lưu trữ thônh tin khác với RAM, thông tin ROM trì vĩnh viễn,chúng khơng bị xố nguồn điện Người sử dụng đọc thông tin ROM, ghi thông tin vào sửa đổi thơng tin Trong ROM lưu trữ chương trình điều khiển hoạt động sở máy tính Chúng ghi vào q trình sản xuất cơng cụ chuyên dụng Trong qua trình làm việc hệ điều hành chương trình ứng dụng truy cập tới ROM để sử dụng chương trình sở lưu trữ sẵn - 47Thuvientailieu.net.vn * REFERENCES Nguyễn Tường Luân, Lê Đức Mẫn (1997), English for students of informatics; Nhà xuất Hải Phòng Raymond Murphy (1995) English grammar in use; Cambridge University Press Glen dinning, E.and McEvan,J, (1999), Basic English for Computing, Oxford University Press - 48Thuvientailieu.net.vn