câu điều kiện trong tiếng anh

CHUYÊN ĐỀ LUYỆN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VÀ LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC, CAO ĐẲNG 2009 Môn: TIẾNG ANH Chuyên đề: CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN I MỤC ĐÍCH CHUYÊN ĐỀ - Đây chuyên đề quan trọng Các em cần nắm cấu trúc loại câu điều kiện, biến thể chúng, cách sử dụng điều cần lưu ý Học xong chuyên đề giúp em phân biệt loại câu điều kiện để tránh nhầm lẫn cách sử dụng II KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN Câu điều kiện loại I (the conditional sentence type I) a) Cấu trúc Clause (the simple future) + if + Clause (the simple present) b) Cách sử dụng ví dụ – Diễn tả việc xảy tương lai Ví dụ: I’ll visit Ho Chi Minh city if I have time We’ll pass the exam if we work hard c) Các biến thể - Clause (might/do +V) + if + Clause (the simple present) Î để khả khách quan Ví dụ: It’s sunny We may get a headache if we go out without a hat - Clause (may/can + V) + if + Clause (the simple present) Î để cho phép Ví dụ: You can go home if you finish your test - Clause (must/should + V) + if + Clause (the simple present) Î để yêu cầu, đề nghị Ví dụ: You must exercises if you want to get good marks d) Unless = if ….not… Ví dụ: - I won’t visit you if I don’t have time Î Unless I have time, I won’t visit you - We’ll go camping if the weather is fine Î Unless the weather is fine, we won’t go camping - If you miss seeing the first part of the film, you can’t say you understand it Î Unless you see the first part of the film, you can’t say you understand it Chú ý: mệnh đề chứa “unless” không dùng dạng phủ định Câu điều kiện loại II (the conditional sentence type II) a) Cấu trúc Clause (would + V) + if + Clause (the simple past tense) b) Cách sử dụng ví dụ – Diễn tả việc thật tương lai Ví dụ: If it were cold now, we wouldn’t switch on the fans (but it’s hot and we have to switch on the fans) I would fly if I were a bird (but I am not a bird and I can’t fly) Chú ý: Chúng ta dùng “were” cho tất ngôi, không dùng “was” c) Các biến thể Clause (might/ could + V) + if + Clause (the simple past tense) Î khả Ví dụ: He might succeed if he tried I could speak French well if I lived in France Câu điều kiện loại III (the conditional sentence type III) a) Cấu trúc Clause (would have + P2) + if + Clause (the past perfect) b) Cách sử dụng ví dụ – Câu điều kiện loại III câu điều kiện thật khứ Ví dụ: a Miss Phuong wouldn’t have won the prize if she hadn’t attended the beauty contest (but the fact that she attended and she won the prize) b We would have got good marks if we had prepared our last lesson carefully (but the fact that we didn’t prepare our last lesson carefully and we didn’t get good marks) c) Các biến thể - Clause (could have + P2) + if + Clause (had + P2) Î chủ quan, cho phép Ví dụ: I could have won a prize if I had taken part in the competition last week You could have gone to the cinema if you had finished your homework last night - Clause (might have + P2) + if + Clause (had + P2) Î khả khách quan Ví dụ: The last crop might have been better if it had rained much Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại II III (the mix conditional sentence type II & III) a) Cấu trúc Clause (would + V) + if + Clause (had + P2) b) Ví dụ If I had been born in town, I would like life there (the fact that I wasn’t born in town, so I don’t like life there now) If I followed your advice, I would have a job now (the fact that I didn’t follow your advice, so I don’t have a job now) c) But for + điều kiện loại II, III But for: không có… Ví dụ: - You help me everyday so I can finish my work Î But for your daily help, I couldn’t finish my work - She encouraged him and he succeeded Î But for her encouragement, he wouldn’t have succeeded - The teacher explained and we understood Î But for the teacher’s explanation, we wouldn’t have understood Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện a) Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại I - Nếu câu có “should” mệnh đề if, đảo “should” lên đầu câu If he should ring , I will tell him the news Î Should he ring, I will tell him the news - Nếu câu “should”, phải mượn “should” If he has free time, he’ll play tennis Î Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis If she comes early, we’ll start Î Should she come early, we’ll start b) Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại II - Nếu câu có động từ “were”, đảo “were” lên đầu If I were a bird, I would fly Î Were I a bird, I would fly They would answer me if they were here Î Were they here, they would answer me - Nếu câu động từ “were” mượn “were’ dùng “ to V” If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book Î Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming Î Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming c) Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại III - Đảo trợ động từ khứ hoàn thành If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home Î Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home If he had trained hard, he would have won the match Î Had he trained hard, he would have won the match - Chú ý: dạng phủ định, “not” đặt sau chủ ngữ: Had it not been so late, we would have called you III CỦNG CỐ KIẾN THỨC Bài tập1: Chia động từ ngoặc theo dạng Bring him another if he (not/like) this one She (be) angry if she (hear) this tomorrow Unless you are more careful, you (have) an accident If you (like), I (get) you a job in this company If grandmother (be) years younger, she (play) some games If he sun (stop) shinning, there (be) no light on earth If I (be) a millionaire, I (live) on Mars Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu theo gợi ý I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now Î If I………………………………… If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop Î But for……………………………………… If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it Î If I ……………………………………… I only come if they invite me Î Unless……………………… He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam Î If he……………………………………………… His sister sent her money, so he continued to study Î But for………………………………………… The park is over there, only minutes’ walk Î If you walk……………………………… In case it rains, we’ll stay at home Î If it…………………………… Bài tập 3: Sửa câu sai sau: Should anyone rang, could you take a message? Were the customers not complained, nothing would have been done Was I a bird, I would fly 4 Unless you don’t have a good command of English, you won't be able to work for this company Were they live in Australia now, they would go swimming Đáp án: Bài 1: Bring him another if he doesn’t like this one She will be angry if she hears this tomorrow Unless you are more careful, you will have an accident If you like, I will get you a job in this company If grandmother were years younger, she would play some games If the sun stopped shinning, there would be no light on earth If I were a millionaire, I would live on Mars Bài 2: I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now Î If I had eaten lunch, I wouldn’t feel hungry now If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop Î But for rain, we would have a better crop If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it Î If I were you, I wouldn’t buy it I only come if they invite me Î Unless they invite me, I won’t come He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam Î If he had revised all his lessons, he wouldn’t have failed the exam His sister sent her money, so he continued to study Î But for his sister’s money, he wouldn’t have continued to study The park is over there, only minutes’ walk Î If you walk to the park, it will take you minutes In case it rains, we’ll stay at home Î If it rains, we’ll stay at home Bài 3: Rang Î ring Were Î had Was Î were You don’t have Î you have Were they live Î were they to live IV BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu sau dựa vào từ cho sẵn: I'll buy a new hat I'll give it to you If Today isn't Sunnday The pupils can't go swimming If He wasn't here He didn't have a lot of fun If My brother will have anough money He will buy a bicycle If He didn't have time He didn't read this novel If Because she missed the bus, she was late If Peter doesn't study hard, so he can't get good marks If My sister is absent from her class because she has a terrible headache If Windy didn't come, so we cancelled the meeting If 10 He was angry, so he didn't say anything If Bài tập 2: Chia động từ ngoặc If it had not rained, we (go) camping If he (speak) more slowly, I could have understood him What you (do) if you were a mokey? If he had listened carefully, he (perform) well in his examination If I find your book, I (give) it to you If you came with us, you (have) a good time If I (not/miss) the bus, I could have come early If I took a trip this summer, I (go) to DatLat If he (not/steal) the wallet, he (not/be) in prison now 10 If they (invite) yesterday, I (be) is a good day tomorrow 11 We (go) swimming if it (be) a good day tomorrow 12 If the weather (be) nice last day, I (go) for a walk 13 My dog always barks if he (hear) anything unusual 14 If he (not/ do) come soon, I'm not going to wait 15 If the phone (ring) , can you answer it? 16 If it rains this evening, I (not/will) go out 17 If she (come) , she will ghe a surprise 18 If we had had enough money, we (buy) that house Giáo viên: Lê Kim Tường