[BRIAN_FITT,_JOE_THORNLEY]_Lighting_technology_a_(BookZZ.org)

Lighting Technology This Page Intentionally Left Blank Lighting Technology A Guide for Television, Film and Theatre Second Edition Brian Fitt and Joe Thornley Focal Press OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Focal Press An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 1997 Reprinted 1998 Second edition published 2002 # Brian Fitt and Joe Thornley 2002 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 240 51651 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at: www.focalpress.com Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction Lighting the subject 2.1 2.2 2.3 Basic lighting Choice of light sources and luminaires Lighting systems 11 13 Theory of light 17 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 17 18 19 22 30 31 37 Electromagnetic spectrum F-number (f-stop) The eye Colour perception Spectral output of sources Filters Conversion of light in film and TV cameras Light measurements 42 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 42 44 46 49 51 Units, terminology and calculations Laws ± inverse square and cosine Polar diagrams and their interpretation The measurement of colour temperature Types of meter Light sources 54 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 55 62 69 73 74 76 Incandescent sources Discharge sources Control of discharge sources Xenon discharge lamp Fluorescent lamps Light emitting diodes vi Contents Luminaires 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 78 79 81 87 99 99 101 102 104 105 106 Lighting suspension systems 108 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 108 109 115 117 118 119 120 121 122 124 Suspension and why it is needed Grid systems Pantographs Counterweight bars Motorised barrel winches Monopoles System controls Rigging monopoles and pantographs Loading barrel winches Rigging luminaires Dimming and control 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Optical design theory Reflection and refraction Reflector designs Luminaire types Special designs Fluorescent lighting Battery hand lamps Assessment of luminaires Centre of gravity (C of G) considerations Ventilation The carbon arc 78 Introduction Theory of dimmers Problems in practice Dimmer types Protecting dimmers Dimmer rooms and switchgear Distributed dimmers Control systems Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Directive Studio technical design 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Introduction Project team Safety requirements Greenfield sites and the refurbishment of existing premises Building construction ± how it can be influenced Structural loads Television studio requirements The smaller studio 126 126 128 130 132 135 135 137 138 144 146 146 146 148 149 150 153 158 159 Contents 10 9.8 Air conditioning requirements 9.9 Power requirements 9.10 Acoustic requirements 161 162 164 Lighting for locations and sport 165 Introduction Location lighting Electrical distribution Generators Trussing and support systems Lighting for sports 165 165 166 168 169 170 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11 Motorised lights 173 174 179 181 181 182 185 Electrical distribution 191 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 13 Introduction Sub-station and switchgear Power and balance for three phases Distribution systems Distribution problems Distribution sockets Fuses and circuit breakers Meters Distribution on the `set' 191 193 194 195 198 199 201 203 204 Working lights and emergency systems 206 Introduction Types of sources Integrating the system Lighting in control areas and dressing rooms Emergency systems 206 206 208 210 211 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 14 173 Introduction Luminaires Digital projection TV lighting System control Studio installations Grid system functions 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 12 vii Safety 213 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 213 215 221 223 229 230 General measures for safety Luminaires and EN 60598-2-17 (BS4533) The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations The IEE Regulations in practice Electricity at Work Regulations in practice Safety checklist and inspections viii 15 Contents Maintaining and hiring lighting equipment 233 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 233 233 234 234 235 238 238 Standardisation for maintenance and spares Maintenance rooms and test equipment Luminaire maintenance Suspension system maintenance Holding spares and expendables Monitoring equipment usage for replacement programmes Hired equipment Appendices I II III IV V Glossary of terms World mains voltages Lamp tables Luminaire performances Formulae and conversion tables 241 266 270 279 285 Further reading 290 Index 291 Acknowledgements BBC British Standards Commission Internationale de L'EÂclairage DeSisti (UK) Ltd Electronic Theatre Controls (Europe) Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd GE Lighting Health and Safety Commission High End Systems Minolta (UK) Ltd Osram Philips Lighting Power Gems Limited The Institution of Electrical Engineers