Grounding cognition the role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking DIANE p

TeAm YYePG Digitally signed by TeAm YYePG DN: cn=TeAm YYePG, c=US, o=TeAm YYePG, ou=TeAm YYePG, email=yyepg@msn.com Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Date: 2005.05.13 18:36:09 +08'00' This page intentionally left blank Grounding Cognition One of the key questions in cognitive psychology is how people represent knowledge about concepts such as football or love Recently, some researchers have proposed that concepts are represented in human memory by the sensorimotor systems that underlie interaction with the outside world These theories represent a recent development in cognitive science to view cognition no longer in terms of abstract information processing, but in terms of perception and action In other words, cognition is grounded in embodied experiences Studies show that sensory perception and motor actions support human understanding of words and object concepts Moreover, even understanding of abstract and emotion concepts can be shown to rely on more concrete, embodied experiences Finally, language itself can be shown to be grounded in sensorimotor processes This book brings together theoretical arguments and empirical evidence from several key researchers in this field to support this framework Diane Pecher is assistant professor at the Erasmus University Rotterdam (The Netherlands) She received a Ph.D from the University of Amsterdam in 1999 Her dissertation Dynamics of Semantic Memory was supervised by Jeroen G W Raaijmakers Her research is funded by a grant from the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) Rolf A Zwaan is Professor of Psychology at Florida State University He received his Ph.D from Utrecht University, The Netherlands, in 1992 and is the author of more than 60 scientific publications His journal publications include articles in Psychological Science, Cognition, and Psychological Bulletin His research is funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health Grounding Cognition The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking Edited by DIANE PECHER Erasmus University Rotterdam ROLF A ZWAAN Florida State University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521834643 © Cambridge University Press 2005 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-08214-6 eBook (NetLibrary) 0-511-08214-2 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-83464-3 hardback 0-521-83464-3 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of Contributors Introduction to Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking Diane Pecher and Rolf A Zwaan Object Concepts and Action Anna M Borghi Constraints on Spatial Language Comprehension: Function and Geometry Laura A Carlson and Ryan Kenny Embodiment in Metaphorical Imagination Raymond W Gibbs, Jr Passionate Thoughts: The Emotional Embodiment of Moral Concepts Jesse J Prinz Grounding Language in Bodily States: The Case for Emotion Arthur M Glenberg, David Havas, Raymond Becker, and Mike Rinck Situating Abstract Concepts Lawrence W Barsalou and Katja Wiemer-Hastings Dynamicity, Fictivity, and Scanning: The Imaginative Basis of Logic and Linguistic Meaning Ronald W Langacker The Emergence of Grammar from Perspective Brian MacWhinney 10 Embodied Sentence Comprehension Rolf A Zwaan and Carol J Madden page vii 35 65 93 115 129 164 198 224 v vi 11 On the Perceptual-Motor and Image-Schematic Infrastructure of Language Michael J Spivey, Daniel C Richardson, and Monica Gonzalez-Marquez Contents 246 12 Connecting Concepts to Each Other and the World Robert L Goldstone, Ying Feng, and Brian J Rogosky 282 Author Index Subject Index 315 322 List of Contributors Lawrence W Barsalou, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Raymond Becker, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Anna M Borghi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Laura A Carlson, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA Ying Feng, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Raymond W Gibbs, Jr., University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA Arthur M Glenberg, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Robert L Goldstone, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Monica Gonzalez-Marquez, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA David Havas, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Ryan Kenny, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA Ronald W Langacker, University of California, San Diego, California, USA Brian MacWhinney, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Carol J Madden, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA Diane Pecher, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Jesse J Prinz, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Daniel C Richardson, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA vii viii Contributors Mike Rinck, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany Brian J Rogosky, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Michael J Spivey, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA Katja Wiemer-Hastings, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA Rolf A Zwaan, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA 312 Robert L Goldstone, Ying Feng, and Brian J Rogosky Edelman, S (1999) Representation 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to object recognition Cognition 32, 193–254 Ullman, S (1996) High-Level Vision Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Zwaan, R A., Stanfield, R A., & Yaxley, R H (2002) Language comprehenders mentally represent the shape of objects Psychological Science 13, 168–171 Author Index Adolphs, R., 105 Aguirre, G K., 132 Ahn, W., 26 Allopenna, P D., 247 Allport, D.A., 12 Altmann, G., 22, 248, 249 Anderson, J R., 117 Anderson, S W., 102 Antrobus, J S., 250 Arbib, M A., 242 Arterberry, M E., 261 Aslin, R N., 247 Atneave, F., 70 Aveyard, M., 227, 257 Baddeley, A D., 250 Baker, T., 18 Ballard, D H., 250 Barbey, A., 8, 120, 130 Barlow, H., 272 Barr, D., 86 Barsalou L W., 2, 8, 9, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 60, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 115, 117, 118, 120, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 140, 144, 154, 155, 156, 157, 178, 201, 224, 227, 241, 242, 251, 252, 260, 261, 274, 283, 284, 310 Bartlett, E., 229 Bartsch, K., 220 Beer, F., 74 Beitel, D., 80, 82 Bekkerin, H., 16 Bennett, D C., 38 Bergen, B., 264 Berkowitz, L., 122 Berthoz, A., Black, J B., 233 Blair, R J R., 102 Blank, A., 68 Block, N., 286 Bloom, L., 229 Bogdonovich J., 86 Bolliger, C M., 120 Borghi, A M., 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 46, 47, 190 Bosman, A M T., 246 Bower, G H., 120, 121, 126, 233 Brandt, S A., 250 Bransford, J D., 131 Brett, M., 19 Brown, V., 38 Bruder, G A., 202 Brugman, C., 38 Bryant, D J., 203 Bub, D N., 19, 47, 60 Bukach, C M., 19, 47 Bulthoff, ¨ H., 235, 237 Burgess, C., 116, 117, 133, 201, 286 Buxbaum, L J., 11, 12, 13, 19 Campbell, S., 37 Caplan, D., 246 Caramazza, A., 27 Caramelli, N., 25 Carew, T G., 12 Carey, S., 229, 302 Carlson, G N., 22, 45, 248 Carlson, L A., 20, 38, 43, 48, 51, 252, 253, 284 Carlson, M., 248 Carlson-Radvansky, L A 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 53, 60, 252 315 Author Index 316 Carmichael, R., 37 Carroll, J D., 304 Cataldi, S., 77 Chafe, W., 230 Chafee, M V., 251 Chaigneau, S E., 26, 135 Chambers, C G., 22, 45, 248 Chang, J J., 304 Chao, L L., 98 Choi, S., 70 Chomsky, N., 210, 218, 224, 273 Chung, S., 269 Church, R M., 108 Churchland, P S., 272 Cienki, A., 70 Cipolotti, L., 102 Clark, A., 13, 131 Clark, H., 198 Clark, H H., 37, 53, 61, 131, 203, 233, 248 Clausner, T C., 252 Cohen, B H., 250 Cohen, M S., 201 Colby, C., 251 Collins, A M., 116, 117, 286 Colston, H., 83, 260, 272 Coltheart, M., 254 Connell, P J., 220 Cooper, L A., 303 Corrigan, B., 43 Cottrell, G., 288, 305, 306 Coulson, S., 264, 274 Coventry, K R., 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46, 60 Covey, E S., 37, 40, 252 Craighero, L., 17 Crain, S., 248 Craver-Lemley, C., 261 Cree, G S., 137, 140, 154 Creem, S H., 12 Critchley H D., 105 Crocker, M., 248 Croft, W., 252 Dahan, D., 247 Dale, A M., 246 Damasio, A R., 98, 103, 105, 201, 234 Dancygier, B., 184 Dayan, P., 272 De Vega, M., 119 Decety, J., 14 Delbecque, N., 265 Demarais, A M., 250 D’Esposito, M., 132 Di Ferdinando, A., 17 Dietrich, E., 260, 273 Doherty, S., 11, 22 Douglas, R J., 246 Downing, C., 38 Duchan, J F., 202 Duhamel, J., 19, 251 Dumais, S T., 116, 133, 286 Duncker, K., Eberhard, K., 22, 45, 246, 247, 248, 249 Edelman, S., 235, 254, 303 Edwards, S., 18 Eisenberg, N., 102 Ekman, P., 105 Eliasmith, C., 306 Ellis, R., 13, 15, 16 Elman, J L., 247 Erber, R., 120 Fadiga, L., 14, 17, 201 Falkenhainer, B., 292, 306, 308 Farah, M J., 132, 261 Farne, A., 10 Fauconnier, G., 164, 183, 240 Fehr, B., 133–134 Feigenbaum, E A., 285, 295 Feldman, J., 264 Feng, Y., 309 Ferreira, C T., 26 Ferretti, T R., 273 Ferrier, G., 37 Field, H., 286 Filip, H., 22, 45, 248 Fillmore, C J., 206 Fincher-Kiefer, R., 273 Finke, R A., 261 Fitneva, S., 250 Fodor, J A., 95, 224, 246, 273, 282, 286, 287, 288, 289, 299 Fogassi, L., 14, 201 Forbus, K D., 151 Forgas, J P., 121 Foster, D H., 70 Fox, P T., 132 Frak, V., 14 Francuzo, E., 84 Franklin, N., 203 Franks, H., 76 Franks, S L., 220 Fraser, C., 13 Frazier, L., 248 Author Index Frey, K., 122 Freyd, J J., 237 Fridlund, A., 104 Frijda, N H., 105 Furey, M L., 246 Galbraith, R C., 131 Gallese, V., 14, 105, 201 Gapp, K P., 37, 38, 40 Garrod, S C., 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46, 60 Gazzaniga, M., 246 Geng, J J., 23, 250, 251 Gentner, D., 151, 289, 302, 307 Georgopoulos, A P., 39, 252 Gerlach, C., 19 Gernsbacher, M A., 120, 211, 220 Gibbs, R., 60, 76, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 93, 133, 240, 241, 252, 253, 260, 271, 272, 274 Gibson, J J., 10, 87, 200, 289 Giuliano, B., 26 Givon, ´ T., 4, 212 Glaser, W R., 132 Glenberg A M., 2, 9, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 60, 90, 104, 115, 117, 119, 130, 227, 242, 274, 284 Glucksberg, S., 89, 155, 261 Gobbini, M I., 246 Gold, J I., 247 Goldberg, A E., 4, 119, 229, 240 Goldberg, M., 251 Goldin-Meadow, S., 302 Goldman-Rakic, P S., 251 Goldsmith, J., 173 Goldstone, R L., 229, 284, 285, 286, 289, 292, 293, 306, 307, 309, 310 Gonzalez-Marquez, M., 23, 61, 93, 271 Goodale, M A., 13, 97 Goosens, L., 71 Gordon, P E., 261 Grady, J., 78, 79 Graesser, A C., 136 Greene, J., 102 Greve, D., 246 Grodzinsky, J., 210 Haenggi, D., 120 Haidt, J., 102 Halal, M., 120 Hale, S M., 250 Hamann, S B., 27 Hampton, J A., 155 Harnad, S., 8, 115, 116, 229, 285 Harnishfeger, K K., 130 317 Harrington, M., 80 Hatherell, A., 273 Hausser, R., 205–206 Haviland, J., 203 Hawkins, J A., 206 Haxby, J V., 27, 98, 201, 246 Hayhoe, M M., 250 Hayward, W G., 36, 38, 252 Hebb, D O., 227, 250 Hemenway, K., 22 Herskovits, A., 38 Hewitt, L E., 202 Hildebrandt, B., 249 Hinton, G E., 301 Hirose, N., 10 Hockett, C F., 229 Hoffman, D S., 201 Hoffman, M L., 102 Hofstadter, D., 306 Holcomb, P J., 246 Holyoak, K J., 292, 306, 308 Hopkins, B., 17 Horton, B., 266 Horton, S., 65 Horton, W., 89, 261 Hudson, R., 205–206 Hume, D., 95, 97, 99, 228, 285 Hummel, J E., 306, 308 Humphreys, G W., 11, 18 Iachini, T., 18, 190 Ishai, A., 246 Jackendoff, R., 35, 38, 110, 249 James, W., 103 Janda, L., 269 Jansen op de Haar, M A., 246 Jeannerod, M., 12, 13, 14, 22, 201 Johnson, J D., 120 Johnson, M., 68, 69, 71, 133, 164, 183, 252 Johnson, M H., 11 Johnson, M K., 131 Johnson-Laird, P N., 35, 178 Jones, S., 28 Kaden, S E., 273 Kakei, S., 201 Kako, E., 264 Kamide, Y., 22, 249 Kan, I P., 132, 274 Kaschak, M P., 2, 24, 28, 60, 90, 115, 117, 119, 130, 242, 274, 284 318 Kasimatis, M., 122 Kaup, B., 241 Kay, P., 206 Keil, F., 26 Kellenbach, M L., 19 Kenny, R., 20 Kettner, R E., 39, 252 Keysar, B., 89, 261 Kilbane, M.C., 151 Kim, J., 39 Kintsch, W., 117, 226 Klatzky, R L., 11, 12, 22, 306 Knoeferle, P., 248 Koch, C., 246 Koch, P., 68 Kohonen, T., 306 Kovecses, ¨ Z., 164 Krauth-Gruber, S., 132, 137, 141, 154 Krug, J., 136 Kuelpe, O., 261 Kuhn T., 287 Kumashiro, T., 169 Kuno, S., 198, 213, 214 Kuperberg, G R., 246 Kurono, K., 122 Laakso, A., 288, 305, 306 LaBerge, D., 38 Ladavas, E., 10 Laeng, B., 250 Laird, J D., 120 Lakoff, G., 4, 38, 68, 71, 83, 110, 118, 133, 164, 183, 216, 240, 252, 253, 260, 265, 271, 272, 284 Landau, B., 28, 35, 38 Landauer, T K., 116, 133, 286 Langacker, R., 4, 35, 45, 46, 60, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 175, 212, 230, 232, 238, 240, 246, 252, 254, 258, 266, 269, 272 Lange, C G., 103 Larkey, L B., 288, 308 Larsen, R J., 122 Lattanzi, K L., 37, 40, 252 Law, I., 19 Lazarus, R S., 103 Lebiere, C., 117 LeDoux, J E., 103 Lenat, D B., 272, 285 Leonardo, A M., 201 Lepore, E., 282, 286, 287, 299 Lettvin, J Y., 272 Li, P., 269 Author Index Lima, P., 84 Lin, E L., 25, 43 Lippa, Y., 285 Livesay, K., 286 Locke, J., 95, 97, 228, 285 Loftus, E F., 116, 117, 286 Logan, G D., 35, 36, 38, 53, 252 Love, B C., 26, 288, 308 Low, S., 76 Ludtke, ¨ J., 241 Lund, K., 116, 117, 133, 201, 286 Luppino, G., 14 Lyons, J., 252 MacDonald, J W., 246 MacDonald, M C., 207 MacLeod, C., 120 MacWhinney, B., 199, 205–206, 207, 209, 211, 214, 219, 220, 240, 242 Madden, C J., 23, 35, 37, 45, 61, 227, 236, 241 Magni`e, M N., 26 Magnuson, J S., 247 Mahon, B Z., 27 Mahowald, M., 246 Mandler, J M., 25, 252, 274 Marcus, G F., 260 Marian, V., 247 Markman, A B., 155, 260, 273, 307 Marr, D., 309 Marschall, D., 11 Marshall, C., 198 Marslen-Wilson, W D., 208, 247 Martin K A., 246 Martin, A., 27, 98, 130, 201 Martin, L L., 3–4, 121 Masson, M E J., 19, 47 Matessa, M., 117 Mathews, A., 120 Matlock, T., 264 Matsumoto, Y., 164, 174, 175 McCarrell, N S., 131 McCarthy, R., 98 McClelland, J L., 247, 301 McCloskey, B P., 11, 22 McCloskey, M., 155 McDonald, J L., 214, 219 McDowell J., 106 McGurk, H., 246 McMurray, B., 247 McRae, K., 90, 130, 137, 140, 154, 261, 273, 284 Author Index 319 Medin, D L., 95, 131, 155, 156, 289, 307 Melnik, S., 308 Menkov, V., 309 Mervis, C B., 155 Michaelis, L A., 179 Miller, G A., 35 Millikan, R G., 95, 97 Milner, A D., 13, 97 Minor, J K., 132, 274 Mintus, M A., 132 Mitchell, D C., 208 Moll, J., 102 Moratz, R., 249 Morrow, D G., 53, 233 Mukherjee, N., 249 Murphy, G L., 8, 25, 43, 95, 131, 260 Pl´eh, C., 209 Poggio, T., 309 Poncet, M., 19, 26 Pook, P K., 250 Posner, M I., 132 Postal, P., 214 Pouget, A., 272 Prat-Sala, M., 37, 43 Price, K J., 11 Prinz, J J., 94, 97, 101, 102, 103, 111, 133, 241, 285 Proffitt, D R., 12 Pulvermuller, ¨ F., 27, 132, 272 Pustejovsky, J., 225 Pustet, R., 266 Putnam, H., 283 Pylyshyn, Z W., 8, 224, 250, 251 Naples, A D., 254 Narayan, S., 264 Narayanan, S., 202, 269 Neggers, S W., 16 Neisser, U., 250 Nelson, K., 151 Niedenthal, P M., 120, 130, 132, 155 Noppeney, U., 11 Nu´ nez, ˜ R., 183 Nunez, R E., 284 Quillian, M R., 286 Quine, W V., 282 O’ Grady, W., 198 Ohira, H., 122 Ojemann, G A., 246 Olson, R., 70 Paivio, A., 130, 151, 201, 227, 263 Parisi, D., 17 Parrill, F., 270 Parsons, L M., 201 Patterson, K., 19 Paulson, O B., 19 Pauwels, B., 71 Pearlmutter, N J., 207 Pecher, D., 2, 27, 60, 98, 115, 117, 284 Pellegrino, J W., 11, 22 Perkins, S J., 156 Perky, C W., 261 Peterson, S E., 132 Phillips, J A., 11 Phillips, J C., 15, 16 Pickering, M., 248 Pietrini, P., 246 Pinker, S., 38 Radden, G., 164 Radvansky, G A., 37, 235 Rahm, E., 308 Raichle, M E., 132 Ramscar, M., 29, 284 Rao R P N., 250 Rapaport, W J., 286 Rattermann, M J., 151 Rayner, K., 248 Reeves, A., 261 Regier, T., 37, 38, 43, 48, 252, 253, 272, 284 Reinhart, T., 210, 211, 213 Ric, F., 132 Richards, L., 37, 43 Richardson, D., 2, 23, 61, 90, 93, 130, 250, 254, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 264, 271, 274, 284 Rickheit, G., 249 Riddoch, J M., 18 Rinck, M., 119 Rizzolatti, G., 14, 17, 201, 242 Robertson, D A., 21, 90, 119, 273, 284 Rogosky, B J., 229, 286, 292, 293 Rosch, E., 155 Rose, D., 272 Roseman, I J., 103 Ross, B H., 151, 155, 156 Roy, D., 249 Rozin, P., 100, 102 Rudzka-Ostyn, M., 71 Ruggieri, V., 250 Rumelhart, D E., 301, 306 320 Rumiati, R I., 11 Ruppert, J., 130 Russell, J A., 133–134 Sacerdoti, E., 205–206 Sadler, D D., 35, 36, 38, 53 Sadoski, M., 227 Sagerer, G., 249 Samuelson, L L., 22, 25 Sanders, P., 80, 82 Santa, J L., 263, 269 Schaffer, M., 155 Schall, J D., 247 Scheepers, C., 248 Scheerer, M., 252 Schirra, J., 37, 38, 40 Schober, M F., 252, 258 Schouten, J L., 246 Schwanenflugel, P J., 130 Schwartz, A B., 39, 252 Schwartz, M F., 11, 12, 19 Schyns, P G., 285 Scripture, E W., 261 Searle, J R., 115, 226 Sedivy, J., 246, 247, 248 Segal, S., 261 Seidenberg, M S., 207 Sejnowski, T J., 272 Setti, A., 24, 25 Shadlen, M N., 247 Shen, Y., 89, 261 Shepard, R N., 303 Shiffrin, R M., 285 Shirai, Y., 269 Shoben, E J., 130 Shweder, R A., 100, 109 Siegelmann, E., 76 Simmons, W K., 8, 27, 98 Simon, H A., 201 Simon-Vanderberger, J., 71 Simpson, H M., 250 Singer, J L., 250 Sirigu, A., 11, 19 Sitnikova, T., 246 Sloman, S A., 26, 135 Smith, C., 302 Smith, L., 8, 22, 25, 28 Smolensky, P., 301 Smyth, R., 220 Smythe, P C., 263 Solomon, K O., 2, 132, 274 Soussignan, R., 122 Author Index Speas, P., 215 Spivey, M J., 2, 23, 61, 90, 93, 98, 130, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 261, 264, 271, 284 Spivey-Knowlton, M., 246, 247, 248, 249, 253, 273 Stanfield, R A., 2, 20, 60, 90, 115, 117, 118, 202, 226, 235, 236, 273, 284 Stark, L W., 250 Steedman, M., 248 Stepper, S., 3–4, 121 Sternberg, S., Steyvers, M., 286 Stich, S P., 286 Stowe, R W., 130 Strack, F., 3–4, 121, 122 Strick, P L., 201 Strom, ¨ L K., 253 Suarez, H H., 246 Sweetser, E., 68, 164, 165, 174, 184 Swindale, N., 272 Swinney, D., 225 Sykes, J., 86 Szegda, M., 120 Tabachneck-Schijf, H J M., 201 Talmy, L., 4, 35, 38, 68, 164, 165, 175, 233, 240, 246, 252, 260, 272, 274 Tanenhaus, M., 22, 45, 246, 247, 248, 249, 273 Tang, Z., 37 Tarr, M., 36, 38, 235, 252 Taylor, P., 17 Tenny, C., 215 Tenpenny, P L., 156 Teodorescu, D S., 250 Ter Meulen, A G B., 232 Thagard, P., 292, 306 Thelen, E., Thibaut, J., 285 Thompson-Schill, S L., 132, 274 Thomson, D M., 132 Timberlake, A., 269 Tomasello, M., 230, 240 Troccoli, B T., 122 Tucker, M., 13, 15, 16 Tulving, E., 132 Turner, E., 233 Turner, M., 133, 164 Turton, A., 13 Tversky, A., 120 Tversky, B., 22, 203 Author Index Tyler, L K T., 208 Tyler, M., 2, 249, 250 Ullian, J S., 282 Ullman, S., 302, 303, 309 Umilta, C., 17 Underwood, B J., 131 Ungerleider, L G., 27, 201 van Dijk, T A., 226 van Hoek, K., 169, 212 Van Orden, G C., 246 Vandeloise, C., 37, 40 Varpays, J., 71 Vendler, Z., 204, 232 Veramonti, T., 19 Vogt, S., 17 Wagener, J J., 120 Wallis, G., 237 Wapner, S., 273 Ward, R., 8, 15, 16 Warrington, E K., 98 Wattenmaker, W D., 130 Watts, F N., 120 Wellman, H., 220 Wiemer-Hastings, K., 93, 136, 154, 241 Wiggins D., 106 Wiggs, C L., 27, 201 Williams, J M G., 120 321 Willson, K., 18 Wilson, C D., Wilson, H R., 39 Wilson, M., 2, Wilson, N., 87 Winer, B J., 141 Wing, A M., 13 Winters, M., 68 Wiser, M., 302 Wittgenstein, L., 155 Woisetschlaeger, E., 173 Wu, L., 23, 133, 137, 140, 144, 154 Xu, X., 136, 154 Yaxley, R H., 2, 20, 22, 60, 90, 226, 227, 236, 238, 239, 241, 273, 284 Yeh, W., 131, 157 Young, E., 2, 250 Yuille, J C., 263 Zajonc, R B., 103 Zeelenberg, R., 2, 27, 60, 115, 284 Zemel, R S., 272 Zipser, D., 306 Zribi-Hertz, A., 215 Zubin, D., 70 Zwaan, R A., 2, 20, 22, 23, 35, 37, 45, 60, 61, 90, 105, 115, 117, 118, 202, 205, 224, 226, 227, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 273, 284 Subject Index Abstract symbol, 1, 3, 283 ABSURDIST, 5, 283, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309 Action, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 45, 47, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 134, 140, 156, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206, 216, 217, 218, 224, 227, 228, 229, 232, 240, 242, 246, 247, 248, 251, 271, 274, 310 Affordances, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 30, 46, 60, 97, 200, 248 Amodal symbols, 8, 96, 97, 129, 273 Analogy, 151, 283, 306, 308 Aspect, 8, 13, 46, 66, 67, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 94, 103, 130, 133, 141, 144, 148, 151, 152, 190, 199, 202, 204, 205, 213, 214, 218, 235, 239, 253, 254–257, 258, 264, 265, 269, 270, 272, 283, 295, 311 Attention Vector Sum Model (AVS), 38, 39, 40, 43, 44 Attentional frames, 45, 230, 232 Background entity, 45, 230, 231, 232 Binding theory, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218 Brain, and concepts, 1, 19, 27, 66, 67, 68, 90, 97, 98, 132, 136, 199, 220, 224, 234, 242, 272, 284 Brain, and emotions, 102, 103, 105, 121 British empiricists, 93, 95, 97, 103, 285 Categorization, 17, 18, 19, 26, 28, 95, 155 C-command, 211, 212 Chinese Room Argument, 115, 226 322 Clitic assimilation, 206, 217 Cognitive linguistics, 3, 5, 67, 68, 77, 79–83, 88, 89, 194, 199, 246, 252, 254, 258, 264, 265–266, 272, 274 Cognitive process, 1, 2, 9, 61, 120 Cognitive semantics, 164, 165, 166, 182, 187 Communication, 22, 29, 72, 73, 76, 122, 135, 148, 152, 159, 198, 219, 220, 251 Compositionality, 225 Concept meaning, 1, 2, 71, 132, 133, 136, 225, 238, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289, 299, 309 Concepts, 2, 9, 25, 68, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 106, 111, 117, 118, 131, 133, 134, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 225, 253, 260, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 295, 299, 302, 309, 310 Concepts, abstract, 29, 67, 68, 79, 83, 86, 87, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 241, 250, 251, 253, 284 Concepts, concrete, 8, 9, 10, 20, 23, 26, 28, 29, 93, 99, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 152, 154, 156 Concepts, emotionally based, 4, 94, 99, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110, 111, 115, 120, 125, 126, 127 Concepts of good and bad, 4, 99, 106, 109, 111 Concepts of ownership, 110, 111 Conceptual role semantics, 286 Conceptual webs, 287, 291, 295, 299 Construal, 37, 45, 61, 165, 169, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 Context, 3, 12, 19, 20, 25, 30, 37, 38, 43, 47, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61 Co-occurrence, 227, 228, 229, 230, 239, 286, 307 Subject Index Copulas, 265, 266, 267, 271 Core knowledge, 155 Culture, 84, 85, 94, 108, 109, 198, 288, 295, 305 CYC, 285 Deixis, 5, 198, 199, 203, 218, 283 Dictionary definition, 116, 240 Direction, 15, 23, 27, 38, 39, 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 59, 72, 73, 156, 168, 169, 177, 204, 227, 230, 232, 236, 249, 250, 258, 260, 269, 274, 284, 308 Displacement, 24, 25, 229, 293 Dynamicity, 166, 167, 168, 169, 179 Embodied cognition, 2, 3, 9, 88, 117, 126, 157, 199, 202, 310 Embodied concepts, 68, 76, 77, 89, 103, 104, 284 Embodied language comprehension, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 224, 240, 242, 260, 284 Embodied representations, 66, 68, 71, 126, 251 Embodied framework, 2, 3, 4, 97, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 137, 156, 157, 224, 240, 252, 284 Embodiment, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 79, 84, 86, 88, 93, 94, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 156, 164, 165, 177, 190, 194, 265 Emergentism, 199 Emotion, 4, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 115, 120, 126, 133, 137 Emotion, facial configuration, 4, 83, 121 Emotion, inferences, 99, 103, 106, 120 Emotion, states of, 99, 102, 115, 120, 125, 127 Empiricism, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 106, 107, 110, 111, 285 Enactive imagery, 199, 200, 213 Environment, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 17, 35, 67, 69, 158, 203, 218, 227, 229, 230, 232, 235, 238, 250, 251, 256 Event time, 204 Events, 2, 4, 37, 65, 66, 68, 69, 77, 90, 93, 98, 99, 102, 106, 119, 121, 122, 134, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 165, 167, 169, 170–172, 173, 174, 179, 181, 185, 187, 199, 205, 206, 224, 228, 230, 232, 240, 242, 265, 266, 269, 270, 284, 295 Evolution of language, 67, 68 Eye movements, 16, 22, 23, 70, 199–208, 247, 248, 250, 251, 273, 284 323 Fictive change, 174, 175 Fictive motion, 175–178, 181 Fictivity/virtuality, 164, 166, 170, 173, 178, 179, 185, 190 Focal entity, 45, 46, 47, 49, 60, 230, 232, 233, 234, 236 Force dynamics, 68, 165 Function, 2, 9, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 26–28, 29, 40, 42, 43, 46, 59, 60, 78, 155, 201, 252 Functional interaction, 37, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53 Garden-path, 167, 168, 207, 208 Generalization, 170, 172, 173, 187, 188, 189 Generic, 173, 187 Geometry, 43, 46 Grammar, 3, 4, 164, 194, 198, 217, 218, 220, 224, 274 Grammar, passivization, 206, 232 Grammar, agreement, 206 Grammar, case marking, 206 Grammar, clefting, 206 Grammar, coordination, 206, 219 Grammar, coreference, 206, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 Grammar, dislocation, 206 Grammar, ellipsis, 206 Grammar, obviation, 206 Grammar, possession, 206 Grammar, quantification, 182, 187, 188, 206, 208 Grammar, reflexivization, 206, 215 Grammar, relativization, 206, 209 Grammar, scope, 180, 185, 206 Grammar, subordination, 206 Grammar, word order placement, 206 Grounding, 3, 5, 67, 68, 77, 79, 82, 88, 89, 99, 115, 117, 118, 170, 171, 199, 200, 201, 230, 270, 283 HAL (Hyperspace analogue to language), 116, 133 Hierarchical structure, 137 High-dimensional semantic space, 116, 286 Holism, 286 Idiom, 71, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 253, 260 Image Schema, 69, 70, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 90, 183, 246, 252, 254–255, 256, 258, 260, 261–262, 263, 264, 267, 271, 272 Imagery, 14, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 133, 198, 199, 200, 201, 235, 250, 251, 261, 263 324 Imaginative capacities, 66, 67, 71, 77, 80, 88, 90, 164, 165, 182, 193 Immersed Experiencer, 37, 45, 60 Intelligence, Intonation units, 230, 232 Introspections (mental states), 143 James–Lange Theory, 103, 104, 105 Knowledge organization, 25, 27 Language, 2, 4, 5, 20, 45, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 79, 86, 87, 89, 90, 115, 117, 118, 119–120, 121, 126, 167, 170, 177, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 220, 224, 229, 230, 231, 232, 241, 242, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 260, 264, 270, 272, 273, 274, 284, 286 Lexical association, 225, 238, 239 Linguistic action, 71, 72, 73, 74 Linguistic construction, 115, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234 Linguistic scaffolding, 230 Located Object, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60 LSA (Latent semantic analysis), 133, 228, 230 Meaning, 5, 14, 45, 46, 60, 67, 68, 80, 82, 84, 93, 94, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 126, 131, 132, 164, 167, 168, 172, 187, 224, 226, 229, 230, 233, 240, 241, 242, 248, 264, 283, 286, 295, 297, 309, 310 Memory, 13, 66, 90, 96, 130, 131, 151, 156, 200, 201, 227, 229, 233, 235, 260, 263, 271 Memory, conceptual, 157, 246 Memory, episodic, 151, 156, 200, 246 Memory, generic, 151, 200 Memory, visual, 202, 224, 264, 271 Mental model, 178, 188, 190, 198, 199, 209, 250 Mental scanning, 168, 169, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184 Mental simulation, 5, 178, 181, 224, 230, 232, 233, 234 Mental space, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 172, 183 Mental state verbs, 219 Metaphor, 1, 3, 38, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 110, 130, 133, 164, Subject Index 165, 170, 183, 202, 225, 240, 252, 253, 260, 264, 266, 268, 271, 274, 284 Metaphor, embodied, 66, 77 Mirror neurons, 105 Modality-specific systems, 24, 129, 136, 138 Mood, 4, 121, 124, 125 Moral cognition, 94, 99, 102, 103, 108 Moral concept, 4, 94–99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111 Moral development, 102 Moral judgement, 4, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107 Motor control, 105, 201 Motor program, 229, 242, 270 Multidimensional scaling (MDS), 304 Negation, 140, 182, 183, 184, 185, 240, 241, 284 Neural networks, 17, 288, 290, 305, 309 Object, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 68, 69, 73, 84, 89, 93, 96, 98, 99, 110, 117, 118, 119, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 147, 148, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 165, 168, 176, 177, 185, 189, 190, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 212, 217, 225, 229, 230, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 256, 257, 267, 269, 270, 273, 283, 295, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307 Object motion, 24, 25, 175, 227, 236, 237, 251, 269, 270 Object orientation, 15, 16, 17, 19, 37, 43, 49, 51, 70, 117, 225, 227, 235, 236, 254, 256, 261, 263, 264, 271, 273, 274 Object recognition, 10, 22, 235, 283, 302, 303, 304 Object shape, 11, 13, 17, 18, 22, 28, 30, 35, 38, 40, 201, 204, 225, 226, 246, 248, 261, 273, 302, 304 Object spatial relations, 25, 35, 37, 38, 46, 47, 69, 110, 140, 238, 251, 271, 273 Perception, 1, 2, 3, 8, 13, 16, 69, 99, 104, 105, 106, 111, 115, 117, 118, 130, 131, 151, 156, 157, 200, 201, 202, 224, 246, 248, 260, 264, 269, 270, 271, 284, 285, 289 Perception, visual, 14, 19, 70, 120, 156, 157, 246, 248, 249, 261, 264 Subject Index Perceptual grounding of concepts, 200, 282, 285, 287, 299, 310 Perceptual grounding of language, 120, 229, 284 Perceptual simulation, 60, 107, 260, 274, 284 Perceptual symbols, 8, 9, 23, 30, 118, 119, 201, 284 Perceptual symbols theory, 253, 284 Perspective, 17, 21, 23, 24, 45, 95, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206–207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 232, 233, 234, 239, 241, 242, 265, 266, 272, 273 Perspective shifting, 198, 205, 206, 209, 210 Perspective taking, 5, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205, 210, 212, 213, 217, 219, 220 Perspectives, allocentric, 203, 204 Perspectives, egocentric, 202, 203, 204 Perspectives, geocentric, 203, 205 Physical interaction, 1, 2, 3, 5, 15, 16, 20, 23, 29, 95, 200 Physical parts, 134 Plans, 198, 199, 200, 205, 221 Pronominal reference, Property generation task, 133 Proposition, 2, 8, 69, 184, 193, 224, 226, 241, 242, 306 Quantifier, 166, 170, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193 Quantifier scope, 185, 208 Rationalism, 97 Reductionism, 310 Reference Frame, 51, 204 Reference Object, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60 Reference time, 204 Referent representations, 227, 229 Referential world, 241 Referentiality, 212 Relations (i.e., between concepts), 2, 5, 8, 11, 18, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 45, 47, 60, 80, 81, 84, 99, 104, 126, 137, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 159, 170, 184, 199, 204, 205, 211, 212, 218, 219, 231, 242, 251, 260, 264, 267, 270, 272, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 301, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Relativism, 109 325 Representation, abstract, 240 Representation, dynamic, 237 Representation, linguistic, 227, 252, 254, 260, 272 Representation, structured, 307 Representation, visual, 5, 14, 239, 242 Roles and values, 174 Semantic features, 1, 80 Semantic networks, 2, 129, 241, 286 Semantic relatedness, 22, 239 Sensorimotor, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 30, 69, 77, 78, 89, 90, 110, 201, 270, 271, 272, 284 Sensorimotor functions, Sensorimotor patterns, Sensorimotor processes, 3, 5, 9, 69, 89, 270 Sentence comprehension, 5, 21, 22, 117, 121, 122, 227, 235, 240 Short-distance pronouns, 216 Situated action, 22, 30, 156 Situation availability, 130, 131, 137 Situational focus, 135, 136, 143, 147, 148, 152 Situations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 37, 45, 46, 47, 60, 82, 87, 90, 93, 101, 110, 118, 119, 127, 130, 131, 132–133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 164, 169, 170, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 193, 229, 230, 232, 234, 240, 241, 265, 295, 300, 302, 303, 304 Social roles, 198, 199, 218, 219 Space, 3, 5, 10, 15, 16, 29, 35, 38, 44, 52, 66, 69, 77, 157, 158, 165, 166, 175, 177, 199, 202, 204, 249, 250, 252, 253, 267, 269, 286, 293, 305 Space builder, 166, 183, 211, 212 Space perception, 3, 264, 265, 272 Spatial language, 21, 35, 37, 40, 252, 264 Structure building, 166, 183, 211, 212, 214 Symbol grounding problem, 1, 2, 89, 285 Symmetry, 304 Sympathetic activation, 242 Syntactic ambiguity, 5, 248 Tactile, 12, 69, 77, 89, 90, 270 Taxonomic categories, 141, 144 Time, 2, 5, 11, 14, 17, 28, 29, 45, 67, 68, 76, 88, 96, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 143, 144, 147, 150, 151, 157, 158, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181, 192, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 219, 221, 232, 234, 237, 260, 264, 265, 267, 269, 284 Topographic maps, 272 326 Transduction problem, 1, Translation, 249, 282, 283, 286, 287, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Type vs Instance, 166, 170, 171, 172, 174, 181, 182, 187, 191 Universal quantifier, 173, 186, 190, 192 Subject Index Visual field, 12, 70, 229, 237, 238, 250 Visual imagery, 251, 252, 261 Visual search, 249 Visual trace, 229, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239 Word association, 130, 131, 132, 133 Word meaning, 80, 115, 229, 274, 286