Environmental biology of fishes, tập 92, số 4, 2011

Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 DOI 10.1007/s10641-011-9877-0 Robert M McDowall—taxonomist and biogeographer Don J Jellyman Received: 19 April 2011 / Accepted: 23 June 2011 / Published online: 14 July 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V 2011 Keywords Biogeography Taxonomy Systematics New Zealand Galxaias Native fish Introduced fish Robert (Bob) McDowall died in Christchurch, New Zealand on 20 February 2011 after a short illness Bob was a widely published author and an acknowledged world authority on the taxonomy and biogeography of freshwater fishes In a preface to Bob’s recent magnum opus on the osteology of the galaxiids and allied genera (McDowall and Burridge 2011), the series editor, Peter Bartsch called him “a complete zoologist” and listed his knowledge and experience ranged from “taxonomy, biogeography and systematics to reproductive biology, behaviour, ecology, evolution, fisheries and conservation biology” So, how did this talented and productive fisheries scientist come to acquire a profound knowledge of not only the freshwater fish fauna of New Zealand but of the southern hemisphere? Bob was born on 15 September 1939 in Palmerston North in 1939, the second youngest in a family of five Bob attended Victoria University of Wellington (1958–62), completing an M Sc in zoology As a young scientist, Bob recognised he had available to D J Jellyman (*) National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, PO Box 8602, Riccarton, Christchurch 8440, New Zealand e-mail: d.jellyman@niwa.co.nz him a virtually unstudied fish fauna, the native freshwater fishes of New Zealand The fauna is sparse (~ 40 species) and characterised by a high degree of diadromy Bob soon realised that this fauna offered an opportunity to “explore pattern and process, cause and effect, evolution and biogeography, in a way that would have been much more difficult in areas with more speciose faunas” (McDowall 2010) One of the earliest papers he wrote on the origins of the New Zealand freshwater fish fauna (McDowall 1964) was probably instrumental in his gaining the opportunity to study at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University USA (1965–68) where he was exposed to the teachings of the likes of Ernst Mayr, P J Darlington, Giles Mead, Alfred Romer and other luminaries of that era His Ph D was on the systematics and phylogeny of the New Zealand galaxiids The family Galaxiidae comprises a group of southern hemisphere fishes whose wide geographic range and the diversity of habitats they have colonised are somewhat akin to the northern hemisphere salmonids The galaxiids were destined to become a major research focus for Bob Upon completion of his doctorate and return to New Zealand, Bob was instructed to commence research on the diet of brown trout, Salmo trutta, something he regarded of much lesser importance than understanding the ecology of native species With a dogmatism that often characterised his dealings with authority, he ignored this directive and established an extensive field 426 programme studying the ecology of the migrations of juvenile galaxiids (known locally as “whitebait”, and considered a delicacy) He also commenced a comprehensive review of the taxonomy of the New Zealand native fish fauna, an exercise that culminated in the publication of his first book (McDowall 1978a; revised and enlarged as McDowall 1990) Both books were illustrated with Bob’s own drawings and photographs In the 1970’s and 80’s as a science administrator responsible for over 60 staff, he became “lost in the wilderness of bureaucracy” (McDowall 2010) A timely invitation to be a keynote speaker at the first international conference on diadromous fishes (Boston, 1986) reinvigorated his research interests and he commenced a study of diadromy that involved broad scale geographic, taxonomic and behavioural perspectives A further book followed (McDowall 1988), but more importantly, preparation for the book provided the motivation and direction for his many papers on diadromy and its evolutionary and biogeographic significance Bob’s contribution to New Zealand fisheries science was recognised when he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1984 In 1991 he gladly relinquished his administrative role and returned to science He officially retired from the National Institute of Water and Atmosphere (NIWA) in 1999 (Jellyman 2002) to take up a James Cook Research Fellowship by the Royal Society of New Zealand—this gave him years of scientific freedom to pursue his interests in taxonomy and biogeography Upon completion of this fellowship, he remained working as an emeritus scientist at NIWA until his death (Fig 1) As well as research on the taxonomy of the New Zealand freshwater fish fauna, Bob also worked on the faunas of South Australia, New Caledonia, Patagonia, South America, the Falkland Islands, and at the time of his death was engaged in revising the taxonomy of South African galaxiids He never lost the wonder of what he called the “Aha” moments, the sudden dawning of an insight into a problematic issue, or the chance observation of a rare or unusual biological event When he was an undergraduate he was fortunate enough to observe the spawning of redfin bullies (Gobiomorphus huttoni)—this was one such defining moment, and an experience he spoke of even 50 years later Although he worked extensively on the systematics and taxonomy of southern hemisphere freshwater Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 fishes, Bob regarded his most significant scientific achievements as the papers he wrote on the biogeography and benefits of diadromy As a fellow ichthyologist (Gene Helfman, Professor Emeritus, University of Georgia) wrote in his recent condolences, “while Bob worked chiefly in New Zealand, his impact was global” Another significant contribution of Bob’s was the establishment of New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database in 1979—this database currently contains over 30 000 records of species and their habitats, and has formed the basis of many papers on distributions and habitat use of native and introduced fish by Bob and others (e.g., McDowall and Taylor 2000; Jowett and Richardson 2003; Leathwick et al 2005) Being a man of forthright opinion and logical and persuasive argument, Bob relished spirited debate, especially with other researchers who did not share his views on dispersal biogeography (e.g McDowall 1978b; Craw 1979) He thrived on challenge to the extent that he once entered a national television quiz show purely for the sake of the experience Throughout his career, Bob displayed an unswerving and often dogmatic pursuit of the truth and scientific excellence As a young graduate, he successfully opposed the proposed introduction of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, into New Zealand (McDowall 1968), a bold move as it was in direct opposition to his then boss He had a particular aptitude for expansive thinking, being able to see the “wood” as well as the “trees”, a talent that meant he frequently came into conflict with bureaucrats who thought in terms of the immediate and affordable He refereed many papers (over 50 in his last year alone) and his comments were sometimes blunt but invariably fair— he had a wonderful command of written English and consequently could not abide poor grammar, something many authors discovered to their detriment He served on editorial boards of The Journal of Royal Society of New Zealand Royal, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, Journal of Biogeography, Zoosystematics and Evolution, and Smithiana (Journal of the South African Institute of Biodiversity) Although he was very supportive of the concept of a non-government management of fish and game resources (as in the New Zealand Fish and Game Councils), he was also a strong advocate of professionally trained managers and the role of science in making informed management decisions He main- Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 427 Fig Bob McDowall through the ages Top left: The McDowall family, 1948 Bob is on the far left Top right: The young angler; one of Bob’s first trout caught by fly, Kaituna River, Lake Rotoiti, New Zealand, 1950 Center left: Bob holding his son Stephen, and his wife Ainslie with daughter Susan Wellington, New Zealand, 1972 Center right: Bob working at his desk, NIWA, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1999 Bottom left: Bob catching Galaxias, Chatham Islands, New Zealand, October, 2010 Bottom right: Bob McDowall, December 2010 tained strong conservation ethics—in the mid-1970s, when there was continuing activity to drain wetlands and fell native forests in New Zealand, Bob was a staunch advocate of conservation of these resources— 428 he maintained a consistent message to any who would listen, that the way to conserve freshwater fish in New Zealand was through conservation of their habitat From his research on galaxiids he was very aware of a parallel threat, that of the deleterious impact of exotic organisms on locally adapted and vulnerable floras and faunas like the New Zealand forests and freshwater fishes Partly for these reasons he gained election to the New Zealand Conservation Authority, the agency charged with oversight and policy of the Crown estate in New Zealand While he was only able to serve years on this council before ill health forced his resignation, his contribution was significant and widely appreciated Bob had a passion for writing, as evidenced by his 230 papers (in 66 different journals), 14 books and 300+ reports and popular articles A remarkable feature of these papers is that Bob was the sole author of 3/4 of them, and of the 57 joint-authored ones, there were only 14 where he wasn’t the first author— such was his dominance in his field At the time of his death, he had just completed a comprehensive review of the osteology and taxonomic relationships of the galaxiids, retropinnids, and their allies (McDowall and Burridge 2011), and an extensive (872 p) book on historic and contemporary Maori freshwater fisheries (McDowall 2011)—this book gave him the opportunity to bring together his twin loves of biology and art As a side interest, he had also almost completed a book on the diet of early New Zealand explorers His diversity of interests is also evident from the topics he wrote on which included papers on taxonomy and distribution of fish, ontogenetic changes in body size and shape, impacts of introduced and invasive species, fish and art, the advantages of diadromy, and many more He took pleasure in having distinctive titles, believing he needed to capture a readers interest at the earliest opportunity—among his titles are captivating phrases like “When galaxiid and salmonid fishes meet —a family reunion in New Zealand”, ‘The ii’s have it ”(a taxonomic paper), “In defence of the caring male”, “Shoot first and then ask questions”, and “Falklands: fact, fiction or fiddlesticks…” He had a particular aptitude for making science palatable to lay people—among his writings are a series of 50 articles on topics ranging from fish biology and taxonomy, conservation, the role of predators, biographies, and angling memoirs, published in New Zealand’s Fish and Game magazine He Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 also gave many lectures and keynote addresses in New Zealand and overseas Among the many awards and accolades he received throughout his career, he was recently awarded the Le Cren medal from the British Isles Fisheries Institute, a medal awarded to an individual who has “made a lifelong contribution to all aspects of the study of fish biology and/or fisheries science, with a focus on conservation, training or public understanding of the discipline”—this medal will be awarded posthumously Bob leaves a huge written legacy in the worlds of fisheries taxonomy, biology and biogeography His challenge to his contemporaries has always been to push the boundaries of understanding by asking the “why” questions—why has this distinctive behaviour evolved? What are the ecological benefits of this adaptation? This refreshing approach to biology, as well as his extensive publications will be enduring memory to this gifted, productive, and often provocative man who gave so much to fisheries science over a 50 year research record Maori have a saying about the death of a respected person, that a mighty tree has fallen in the forest, but in so doing it creates the opportunity for new growth; Bob McDowall was such a tree but his legacy lives on in his writings and the many lives he influenced References Craw RC (1979) Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography; a response to RM McDowall Syst Zool 28:99–107 Jellyman DJ (2002) Bob McDowall—his contribution to New Zealand’s freshwater fish N.Z J Mar Freshw Res 36:1–12 Jowett IG, Richardson J (2003) Fish communities in New Zealand rivers and their relationship to environmental variables NZ J Mar Freshw Res 37:347–366 Leathwick JR, Rowe D, Richardson J, Elith J, Hastie T (2005) Using multivariate adaptive regression splines to predict the distributions of New Zealand’s freshwater diadromous fish Freshwat Biol 50:2034–2052 McDowall RM (1964a) Affinities and derivation of the New Zealand freshwater fish fauna Tuatara 12(2):59–67 McDowall RM (1968a) The proposed introduction of the large mouth black bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) into New Zealand NZ J Mar Freshw Res 2:149–161 McDowall RM (1978a) New Zealand freshwater fishes—a guide and natural history Heinemann, Auckland, 230 pp McDowall RM (1978b) Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography Syst Zool 27:88–104 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 McDowall RM (1988a) Diadromy in fishes Migrations between freshwater and marine environments Croon Helm, London, 308 pp McDowall RM (1990a) New Zealand Freshwater Fishes: A Natural History And Guide Heinemann-Reed, Auckland, 553 pp McDowall RM (2010) New Zealand Freshwater Fishes In Noakes DLG (ed) An Historical and Ecological Biogeography, Vol 32 Fish and Fisheries Series Springer 449 pp McDowall RM (2011) ‘Ikawai Freshwater fishes in Maori Culture and Economy’ Canterbury University Press 872 p McDowall RM, Burridge CP (2011a) Osteology and relationships of the southern freshwater lower eutelostean fishes Zoosyst Evol 87:5–183 McDowall RM, Taylor MJ (2000a) Environmental indicators of habitat quality in a migratory freshwater fish fauna Environ Manage 25:357–374 The papers and books of Bob McDowall Allibone RM, Crowl TA, Holmes JM, King TM, McDowall RM, Townsend CR, Wallis GP (1996) Isozyme analysis of Galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Taieri River, South Island, New Zealand: a species complex revealed Biol J Linn Soc 57:107–127 Crow SK, McDowall RM (in press) Ontogenetic changes in morphology of flathead galaxiid fishes (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) in South Island, New Zealand NZ J Mar Freshw Res 45 Gross MR, Coleman RM, McDowall RM (1988) Aquatic productivity and the evolution of diadromous fish migration Sci 239:1291–1293 Jowett IG, Richardson J, McDowall RM (1996) Relative effects of in-stream habitat and land use on fish distribution and abundance in tributaries of the Grey River, New Zealand NZ J Mar Freshw Res 30:463–475 Kelly DJ, McDowall RM (2004) Littoral invertebrate and fish communities pp 25.1–25.14 In: Harding JS, Mosley MP, Pearson CP, Sorrell BK (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand New Zealand Hydrological Society: New Zealand Limnological Society Christchurch, N.Z King CM, Roberts CD, Bell BD, Fordyce RE, Nicoll RS, Worthy TH, Paulin CD, Hitchmough RA, Keyes IW, Baker AN, Stewart AL, Hiller N, McDowall RM, Holdaway RN, McPhee RP, Schwarzhans W, Tennyson AJD, Rust S, McAdie I (2009) Phylum Chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals In: Gordon DP (ed) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp 432–551 Koehn JD, McDowall RM (2004) Invasive species: fish and fisheries: workshop overview, then and now NZ J Mar Freshw Res 38:383–389 Lee DE, McDowall RM, Lindqvist JK (2007) Galaxias fossils from Miocene lake deposits, Otago, New Zealand: the earliest records of the Southern Hemisphere family Galaxiidae (Teleostei) J Roy Soc NZ 37:109–130 Li J, McDowall RM (2010) Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Lepidogalaxias salamandroides with comment on the orders of lower euteleostean fishes Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:932–936 429 McDowall RM (1962) A redescription of the fresh-water redfinned bully Gobiomorphus huttoni (Ogilby) Trans Roy Soc NZ Zool 3:3–15 McDowall RM (1964b) Affinities and derivation of the New Zealand freshwater fish fauna Tuatara 12:59–67 McDowall RM (1964c) A bibliography of the indigenous freshwater fishes of New Zealand Trans Roy Soc NZ Zool 5:175–182 McDowall RM (1964d) A consideration of the question “What are whitebait?” Tuatara 12:134–146 McDowall RM (1964e) Studies on the biology of the red-finned bully Gobiomorphus huttoni (Ogilby) I—Habitat and species interrelationships Trans Roy Soc NZ Zool 4:175–182 McDowall RM (1965a) The composition of the New Zealand whitebait catch, 1964 New Zeal J Sci 8:285–300 McDowall RM (1965b) Descriptive and taxonomic notes on Grahamichthys radiatus (Valenciennes), Eleotridae Trans Roy Soc NZ Zool 7:51–56 McDowall RM (1965c) A new species of Retropinna from Lake Omapere, North Auckland Rec Dominion Mus 5:89–91 McDowall RM (1965d) Studies on the biology of the redfinned bully Gobiomorphus huttoni (Ogilby) II—Breeding and life history Trans Roy Soc NZ Zool 5:177–196 McDowall RM (1965e) Studies on the biology of the redfinned bully Gobiomorphus huttoni (Ogilby) III—Food studies Trans Roy Soc NZ Zool 5:233–254 McDowall RM (1966a) Further observations on Galaxias whitebait and their relation to the distribution of the Galaxiidae Tuatara 14:12–18 McDowall RM (1966b) A guide to the identification of New Zealand freshwater fishes Tuatara 14:89–104 McDowall RM (1967a) New land-locked fish species of the genus Galaxias from North Auckland, New Zealand Breviora 265:1–11 McDowall RM (1967b) Some points of confusion in galaxiid nomenclature Copeia 1967:841–843 McDowall RM (1968b) The application of the terms anadromous and catadromous to the southern hemisphere salmonid fishes Copeia 1968:176–178 McDowall RM (1968c) Interactions of the nature and alien faunas of New Zealand and the problems of fish introductions Trans Am Fish Soc 97:1–11 McDowall RM (1968d) Oceanic islands and endemism Sys Zool 17:346–350 McDowall RM (1968e) The proposed introduction of the Largemouth Black Bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) into New Zealand NZ J Mar Freshw Res 2:149–161 McDowall RM (1968f) The status of Nesogalaxias neocaledonicus (Weber and de Beaufort) (Pisces: Galaxiidae) Breviora 286:1–8 McDowall RM (1968g) Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns), the New Zealand whitebait NZ Fish Res Bull 2, 84 pp McDowall RM (1969a) Extinction and endemism in New Zealand land birds Tuatara 17:1–12 McDowall RM (1969b) A juvenile of Aplochiton Jenyns Copeia 1969:631–632 McDowall RM (1969c) Lunar rhythms in aquatic animals—a general review Tuatara 17:133–144 McDowall RM (1970a) Comments on a new taxonomy of Retropinna (Galaxioidei: Retropinnidae) NZ J Mar Freshw Res 4:312–324 430 McDowall RM (1970b) The galaxiid fishes of New Zealand Bull Mus Comp Zool 139:341–431 McDowall RM (1970c) A second species of Galaxias common to Tasmania and New Zealand (Pisces: Galaxiidae) Rec Dominion Mus 7:13–19 McDowall RM (1971a) Fishes of the family Aplochitonidae J Roy Soc NZ 1:31–52 McDowall RM (1971b) The galaxiid fishes of South America Zool J Linn Soc 50:33–73 McDowall RM (1971c) The identity of Eleotris radiata Valenciennes (Pisces: Eleotridae) Copeia 1971:731–732 McDowall RM (1972a) Freshwater fishes and rivers of Australia (by J.S Lake)—a book review Tuatara 19:128–129 McDowall RM (1972b) The species problem in freshwater fishes, and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) J Roy Soc NZ 2:325–367 McDowall RM (1972c) The taxonomy of estuarine and brackish-lake Retropinna from New Zealand (Galaxioidei: Retropinnidae) J Roy Soc NZ 2:501–531 McDowall RM (1973a) Designation of a lectotype for Eleotris gobioides Valenciennes (Pisces, Eleotridae) Copeia 1973:169–170 McDowall RM (1973b) Galaxias indicus Day, 1888—a nomen dubium J Roy Soc NZ 3:191–192 McDowall RM (1973c) Limitation of the genus Brachygalaxias Eigenmann, 1928 (Pisces: Galaxiidae) J Roy Soc NZ 3:193–197 McDowall RM (1973d) Proposed suppression of the name Galaxias delfini Philippi 1895 (Pisces: Galaxiidae) Z.N (S.) 1877 Bull Zool Nom 30:88–89 McDowall RM (1973e) Relationships and taxonomy of the New Zealand torrentfish, Cheimarrichthys fosteri Haast (Pisces: Mugiloididae) J Roy Soc NZ 3:199–217 McDowall RM (1973f) The status of the South African galaxiid (Pisces: Galaxiidae) Ann Cape Province Mus 9:91–101 McDowall RM (1973g) Zoogeography and taxonomy Tuatara 20:88–96 McDowall RM (1974) Specialization in the dentition of the Southern graylings-genus Prototroctes (Galaxioidei: Prototroctidae) J Fish Biol 6:209–213 McDowall RM (1975a) Gerald Stokell’s Freshwater and diadromous fishes of New Zealand in the context of his other published works, with a bibliography of his publications J Roy Soc NZ 5:219–223 McDowall RM (1975b) A revision of the New Zealand species of Gobiomorphus (Pisces: Eleotridae) Rec Nat Mus NZ 1:1–32 McDowall RM (1976a) Fishes of the family Prototroctidae (Salmoniformes) Aust J Mar Freshw Res 27:641–659 McDowall RM (1976b) Notes on some Galaxias fossils from the Pliocene of New Zealand J Roy Soc N Z 6:17–22 McDowall RM (1976c) The role of estuaries in the life cycles of fishes in New Zealand Proc NZ Ecol Soc 23:27–32 McDowall RM (1976d) The status of Stromateus maculatus Forster—a fish from New South Wales J Roy Soc NZ 6:489–491 McDowall RM (1976e) The taxonomic status of the Galaxias populations in the Rio Calle Calle, Chile (Pisces: Galaxiidae) Stud Neotr Fauna 11:173–177 McDowall RM (1977) The possible effects on fishes and eucalypt enrichment of New Zealand beech forests NZ J Forest 22:45–52 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 McDowall RM (1978c) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a guide and natural history Heinemann Educational, Auckland, 230 pp McDowall RM (1978d) Generalised tracks and dispersal in biogeography Sys Zool 27:88–104 McDowall RM (1978e) A new genus and species of galaxiid fish from Australia (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) J Roy Soc NZ 8:115–124 McDowall RM (1978) Patterns in the derivation of a New Zealand fish fauna pp 203–218 Proceedings of the international symposium on marine biogeography and evolution in the Southern Hemisphere, vol 1, DSIR, Auckland, N.Z McDowall RM (1978g) Sexual dimorphism in an Australian galaxiid Aust Zool 19:308–314 McDowall RM (1979a) The centrolophid genus Tubbia (Pisces: Stromateoidei) Copeia 1979:733–738 McDowall RM (1979b) Fishes of the family Retropinnidae (Pisces: Salmoniformes)—a taxonomic revision and synopsis J Roy Soc NZ 9:85–121 McDowall RM (ed) (1980a) Freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania) Reed, Sydney, 208 pp McDowall RM (1980b) Mobil New Zealand nature series— freshwater fish Reed, Wellington, 80 pp McDowall RM (1980c) Charles Douglas, explorer: his notes on freshwater fishes J Roy Soc NZ 19:311–324 McDowall RM (1980d) First adults of Schedophilus maculatus Guenther, 1860 (Stromateoidei: Centrolophidae) J Roy Soc NZ 10:141–151 McDowall RM (1980e) Freshwater fishes and plate tectonics in the south western Pacific Palaeog Palaeoc Palaeoe 31:337–351 McDowall RM (1980f) Seriolella caerulea Guichenot, 1848 in New Zealand waters (Stromateoidei: Centrolophidae) J Roy Soc NZ 10:65–74 McDowall RM (1981a) Foreword pp 197 In: Berra TM (ed) An atlas of distribution of the freshwater fish families of the world University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska McDowall RM (1981b) Nomina nuda and the availability of lizard names; Comment NZ J Zool 8:127–128 McDowall RM (1981c) The relationships of Australian freshwater fishes pp 1253–1273 In: R.A Keast (ed.) Ecological Biogeography of Australia Mono Biol 41:1253–1273 McDowall RM (1981d) A sub-dorsal fin pore-canal system in Schedophilus maculatus Günther (Pisces: Centrolophidae) Copeia 1981:492–494 McDowall RM (1982) The centrolophid fishes of New Zealand (Pisces: Stromateoidei) J Roy Soc NZ 12:103–142 McDowall RM (1983) La faune exotique des poissons d’eau douce de Nouvelle Zelande son histoire et son impact Comp Rend Soc Biogeo 59:223–230 McDowall RM (1984a) Trout in New Zealand waters: the biology and management of trout in New Zealand’s lakes and rivers Wetland, Wellington, 120 pp McDowall RM (1984b) The New Zealand whitebait book Reed, Wellington, 210 pp McDowall RM (1984c) Designing reserves for freshwater fish in New Zealand J Roy Soc NZ 14:17–27 McDowall RM (1984d) Exotic fishes: the New Zealand experience In: Courtenay WR, Stauffer JR (eds) Distri- Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:425–435 bution, biology and management of exotic fishes John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA, pp 200–214 McDowall RM (1984e) Galaxiidae pp 126–127 In: Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerde DFE (eds) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of Africa Orstom, Paris McDowall RM (1984) Southern hemisphere freshwater salmoniforms: development and relationships pp 150–153 In: Moser GH (ed) Ontogeny and systematics of fishes, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists McDowall RM (1985) River estuaries in the life cycles of New Zealand fish species pp 557–570 In: Yanez-Arancibia A (ed) Fish community ecology in estuaries and coastal lagoons Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, UNAM Press Mexico McDowall RM (1987a) Book review: The biology of perch and related fish By J.F Craig, 1987 333 pp Croom Helm Ltd NZ J Mar Freshw Res 21:647–8 McDowall RM (1987b) Impacts of exotic fishes on the native fauna In: Viner AB (ed) Inland Waters of New Zealand DSIR, Wellington, N.Z, pp 333–347 McDowall RM (1987c) The occurrence and distribution of diadromy in fishes Am Fish Soc Symp 1:1–13 McDowall RM (1987d) Zoogeography—the native fishes In: Viner AB (ed) Inland Waters of New Zealand DSIR, Wellington, N.Z, pp 291–306 McDowall RM (1988b) Diadromy in fishes: migrations between freshwater and marine environments Croom Helm, London, 308 pp McDowall RM (1990b) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide Heinemann Reed, Auckland, 553 pp McDowall RM (1990c) Filling in the gaps—the introduction of exotic fishes into New Zealand In: Pollard DA (ed) Introduced and translocated fishes and their ecological effects Australian Society for Fish Biology, Magnetic Island, Townsville, Queensland, pp 69–82 McDowall RM (1990d) Freshwater fishes and fisheries of New Zealand: the angler’s Eldorado Rev Aquatic Sci 2: 281–341 McDowall RM (1990e) When galaxiid and salmonid fishes meet- a family reunion in New Zealand J Fish Biol 37:35–43 McDowall RM (1991a) Freshwater fisheries research in New Zealand: processes, projects, and people NZ J Mar Freshw Res 25:393–413 McDowall RM (1991b) The ii’s may have it at the end— patronyms should be amended only if demonstrably incorrect NZ Natur Sci 18:25–29 McDowall RM (1992a) Diadromy: Origins and definitions of terminology Copeia 1992:248–251 McDowall RM (1992b) Global climate change and fish and fisheries: what might happen in a temperate oceanic archipelago like New Zealand Geo-J 28:29–37 McDowall RM (1992c) Particular problems for the conservation of diadromous fish: viewpoint Aquat Cons 2:351–355 McDowall RM (1993a) Implications of diadromy for the structuring and modelling of riverine fish communities in New Zealand NZ J Mar Freshw Res 27:453–462 McDowall RM (1993b) Native trout of western North America: [book review] NZ J Mar Freshw Res 27:382–384 McDowall RM (1993c) New Zealand’s quest for the rainbow’s end: [letter to the editor] NZ J Mar Freshw Res 27:379–380 431 McDowall RM (1993d) A recent marine ancestry for diadromous fishes? Sometimes yes, but mostly no! Environ Biol Fish 37:329–335 McDowall RM (1994a) Gamekeepers for the nation: the story of New Zealand’s acclimatisation societies 1861–1990 Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, 508 pp McDowall RM (1994b) Correction of the type locality of Stokell’s smelt, Stokellia anisodon (Stokell) 1941 (Pisces: Retropinnidae) J Roy Soc NZ 24:261–265 McDowall RM (1994c) Distinctive form and colouration of juvenile torrentfish, Cheimarrichthys fosteri (Pisces: Pinguipedidae) NZ J Mar Freshw Res 28:385–390 McDowall RM (1994) Family Centrolophidae Fishes of Australia’s south coast 832–838 McDowall RM (1994) Family Galaxiidae Fishes of Australia’s south coast: 234–238 McDowall RM (1994) Family Nomeidae Fishes of Australia’s south coast: 838–843 McDowall RM (1994) Family Prototroctidae Fishes of Australia’s south coast: 233 McDowall RM (1994) Family Retropinnidae Fishes of Australia’s south coast: 232–233 McDowall RM (1994i) Fish imagery in art 70: Polynesian Maori carving of the Maui myth Environ 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RM (1996c) Diadromy and the assembly and restoration of riverine fish communities: a downstream view Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:219–236 McDowall RM (1996d) Etymology of some common names for New Zealand freshwater fishes Pacific Sci 50:117–121 McDowall RM (1996e) Threatened fishes of the world: Prototroctes oxyrhynchus Gunther 1870 (Prototroctidae) Environ Biol Fish 46:60 McDowall RM (1996f) Volcanism and freshwater fish biogeography in the North Island of New Zealand J Biogeol 23:139–148 McDowall RM (1997a) An accessory lateral line in some New Zealand and Australian galaxiids (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) Ecol Freshw Fish 6:217–224 McDowall RM (1997b) Affinities, generic classification and biogeography of the Australian and New Zealand mud- 432 fishes (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) Rec Aust Mus 49:121–137 McDowall RM (1997c) The evolution of diadromy in fishes (revisited) and its place in phylogenetic analysis Rev Fish Biol Fish 7:443–462 McDowall RM (1997d) Indigenous vegetation type and the 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Rev Fish Biol Fish 20:87–100 McDowall RM (2011b) Ikawai: Freshwater fishes in Mäori culture and economy Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, 872 pp McDowall RM (2011c) Dispersal ability: animal In: Simberloff D, Rejmánek M (eds) Encyclopedia of biological invasions University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 54–159 McDowall RM, Allibone RM (1994) Possible competitive exclusion of common river Galaxias (Galaxias vulgaris) by koaro (G brevipinnis) following impoundment of the Waipori River, Otago, New Zealand J Roy Soc NZ 24:161–168 McDowall RM, Allibone RM (2004) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias cobitinis McDowall and Waters, 2002 (Galaxiidae) Env Biol Fish 70:42 McDowall RM, Banister KE (1985) Pikes, salmon, argentines pp 44–59 In: Banister KE, Campbell A (eds) The encyclopedia of underwater life Allen Unwin, London, 287 pp McDowall RM, Banister KE (1986) Pikes, salmon, argentines pp 52–67 In: Banister KE, Campbell A (eds) All the worlds’ animals—fishes Torster Books, New York, 158 pp McDowall RM, Burridge CP (2011b) Osteology and relationships of the southern freshwater lower euteleostean fishes Zoosyst Evol 87:7–185 McDowall RM, Chadderton WL (1999) Galaxias gollumoides (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), a new fish species from Stewart Island, with notes on other non-migratory freshwater fishes present on the island J Roy Soc NZ 29:77–88 McDowall RM, Charteris SC (2006) The possible adaptive advantages of terrestrial egg deposition in some fluvial diadromous galaxiid fishes (Teleostei: Galaxidiae) Fish Fisheries 7:153–164 IDHRD ¼ Hi À Hj ð2Þ In Eq 2, Hi′ and Hj′ are the vector H′ of river i and river j separately, IDHRD is the mode of the difference of vector Hi′ and vector Hj′ Take the IDHRD of YLR and MR for example The hydrologic indicators of the sample rivers are listed in Appendix HYLR ¼ ð504; 0:11; 443; 0:10 2:88; 0:10; 4:49; 0:12Þ Q11MR ¼ Q11MR =Q11mean HMR ¼ ð754; 0:07; 696; 0:09 2:07; 0:08; 2:82; 0:21Þ Q11JLR ¼ Q11JLR =Q11mean Hmean ¼ ð635; 0:35; 773; 0:29 2:69; 0:10; 4:22; 0:15Þ Q11WR ¼ Q11WR =Q11mean Q11YR ¼ Q11YR =Q11mean H YLR ¼ ð0:79; 0:32; 0:57; 0:34 1:07; 0:93; 1:06; 0:82Þ H MR ¼ ð1:19; 0:19; 0:90; 0:32 0:77; 0:77; 0:67; 1:44Þ Q11XR ¼ Q11XR =Q11mean IDHRD ðYLR À MRÞ ¼ 3:89 Q11GR ¼ Q11GR =Q11mean Q11YLR ; Q11MR ; Q11JLR ; Q11WR ; Q11YR ; Q11XR and Q11GR are the mean flow of January for the Yalong River, Min River, Jialing River, Wu River, Yuan River, Xiang River and Gan River, respectively Q11YLR 0; Q11MR 0; Q11JLR 0; Analysis steps First, the IJS of any pair of sample rivers is computed according to Eq Secondly, the vector H of each sample river is computed separately based on the 574 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 daily flow data Then, the IDHRD of any pair of sample rivers is computed according to step 1–3 Finally, a statistic package named SPSS (version 13.0) is used to estimate the correlation curve of IJS and IDHRD Results and discussion IJS and IDHRD of any pair of sample rivers are computed separately An exponential model is used to estimate the correlation curve of IJS and IDHRD and the result is shown in Fig An exponential model (Equation: y ¼ 0:944eÀ0:214x ) explains the behavior of IJS that is close to when IDHRD is and decreases close to when IDHRD increases to infinity IDHRD of a pair of rivers is when the hydrologic regimes of the two rivers are the same Suppose that the hydrologic regime is the only factor that affects fish diversity Then the fish diversity of the two rivers should be the same when IDHRD of the two rivers is IDHRD may be very large when the hydrologic regimes of two rivers are quite different Some fish can adapt to different hydrologic regimes and live in all the sample rivers, like Monopterus albus Therefore, IJS isn’t but just very small when IDHRD is very large R-value (correlation coefficient) of the exponential model is just −0.64 There may be two reasons leading to the low R-value First, the relationship between fish diversity and hydrologic regime is spatial-scale dependent All sample rivers are the first-order tributaries of the Yangtze River and the spatial-scale is relatively large Due to the limited Jaccard's Similarity Index 0.80 data, we ignored fish diversity and hydrologic regime differences within the sample rivers The fish diversity or hydrologic regime within each sample river, such as the differences among the upper, middle and lower reaches of the sample river, are ignored Second, the hydrologic indicators used in this paper can’t describe the hydrologic regime comprehensively and some biologically related information may be missed On the other hand, those indicators are intercorrelated, resulting in some information redundancy (Olden and Poff 2003; Gao et al 2009) As a result, IDHRD may not measure the difference of the hydrologic regimes definitively However, regardless of the mathematical model, the distribution of points in the graph (Fig 2) suggests a negative relationship between IJS and IDHRD The negative relationship between IJS and IDHRD indicates that fish diversity of the sample rivers is more different when the hydrologic regimes of them are more different This suggests that the hydrologic regime affects fish diversity Our conclusion is similar to that of a previous study of a different area Poff and Allan (1995) found strong hydrological-assemblage relations in 34 sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota (USA), which suggests that hydrological factors are significant environmental variables influencing fish assemblage In addition to the hydrologic regime, there are many other abiotic factors that affect fish diversity, such as water temperature and channel geomorphology The hydrologic regime, which is strongly correlated with those critical physicochemical characteristics of rivers, should be the most important factor Without water, other factors become useless to affect fish diversity Thus we have shown the importance of hydrologic regime to fish diversity 0.60 Conclusions 0.40 0.20 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Degree of Hydrologic Regime Difference Fig Correlation curve of IJS and IDHRD estimated by an exponential model An exponential model explains the behavior of IJS that is close to when IDHRD is and decreases close to when IDHRD increases to infinity There is a negative relationship between IJS and IDHRD, which shows that the fish diversity of sample rivers is more different when the hydrologic regimes of them are more different The negative relationship between IJS and IDHRD suggests that the hydrologic regime affects fish diversity Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 575 Appendix Fish diversity of the sample rivers Order Family Species YLR MR JLR WR Acipenser dabryanus 1 A sinensis 1 Psephurus gladius 1 Hucho bleekeri YR XR GR Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Polyodontidae Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salangidae Hemisalanx brachyrostralis N oligodontis 1 1 N taihuensis 1 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Tenualosa reevesii 1 Engraulidae Coilia branchygnathus 1 C ectenes 1 1 1 1 1 Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla japonica 1 Abbottina obtusirostris 1 A rivularis 1 Acheilognathus barbatulus 1 A barbatus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae A chankaensis A gracilis 1 1 1 1 A hypselonotus A macropterus A omeiensis A tonkinensis 1 1 1 Acrossocheilus fasciatus A jishouensis A labiatus 1 A yunnanensis A liui liui A qionghaiensis 1 A polylepis A monticola 1 1 1 1 1 576 Order Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Family Species YLR MR JLR WR Ancherythroculter kurematsui 1 A nigrocauda 1 A wangi XR GR 1 1 1 Aphyocypris chinensis Aristichthys nobilis YR 1 1 1 Barbodes laticeps 1 B polylepis Belligobio nummifer 1 Carassius auratus auratus 1 1 Coreius guichenoti 1 1 C heterodon 1 1 1 Ctenopharyngodon idellus 1 1 1 Culter alburnus 1 1 C dabryi C mongolicus mongolicus C mongolicus qionghaiensis C oxycephaloides 1 C oxycephalus 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cultrichthys erythropterus 1 1 1 Cyprinus (Cyp.) carpio 1 1 1 C (Cyp.) qionghaiensis D yunnanensis 1 D tumirostris 1 Elopichthys bambusa 1 Garra pingi pingi Gnathopogon herzensteini G imberbis 1 Gobiobotia abbreviata G filifer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G meridionalis Gobiocypris rarus 1 1 G potanini ptanini 1 1 Hemibarbus labeo 1 1 1 H maculatus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hemiculterella sauvagei 1 H wui Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus Hemiculter bleekeri H leucisculus H tchangi Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 1 Luciobrama macrocephalus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Megalobrama amblycephala M pellegrini M skolkovii 1 1 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Order Family 577 Species YLR MR Microphysogobio fukiensis M kiatingensis JLR WR YR XR GR 1 1 1 M tungtingensis Mylopharyngodon piceus 1 1 1 Ochetobius elongatus 1 1 1 1 1 Onychostoma angustistomata O barbata O brevis O daduensis 1 O lini O macrolepis O rara 1 O sima 1 1 Opsariichthys bidens 1 1 1 Parabramis pekinensis 1 1 1 1 Paracanthobrama guichenoti Paracheilognathus himantegus P imberbis Percocypris pingi 1 1 Phoxinus oxycephalus 1 Platysmacheilus exiguus P nudiventris Procypris rabaudi Pseudobrama simoni 1 1 1 Pseudogobio vaillanti 1 1 1 Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus 1 Pseudohemiculter dispar P hainanensis P kweichowensis Pseudolaubuca engraulis 1 1 P sinensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P parva P kaznakovi Rectoris luxiensis R mutab Rhinogobio cylindricus R typus 1 1 1 1 1 R lighti R ocellatus 1 Sarcocheilichthys davidi 1 1 S parvus 1 1 1 S kiangsiensis S nigripinnis 1 R hunanensis R ventralis 1 1 1 1 1 1 578 Order Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Family Species YLR S sinensis sinensis MR JLR 1 Saurogobio dabryi 1 S dumerili 1 WR S gracilicaudatus S xiangjiangensis Schizopygopsis kialingensis 1 S malacanthus malacanthus 1 Schizothorax (Racoma) davidi 1 S (Racoma) griseus S (Racoma) ko S (Racoma) labrosus S (Racoma) longibarbus S (Racoma) ninglangensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S (Schizothorax) chongi S (Schizothorax) cryptolepis 1 S (Schizothorax) dolichonema S (Schizothorax) grahami S (Schizothorax) heterochilus 1 1 1 S (Schizothorax) sinensis 1 Sinibrama taeniatus S wui 1 Sinilabeo longibarbatus 1 1 1 S tungting Sinocrossocheilus guizhouensis S.(S.) multipunctatus Spinibarbus hollandi Squalidus argentatus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S nitens S wolterstorffi Tor (Foliter) brevifilis Toxabramis swinhonis 1 S (Racoma) yunnanensis weiningensi Squaliobarbus curriculus 1 S (Racoma) microstomus S sinensis 1 S malacanthus chengi S rendahli GR S malacanthus baoxingensis S (Schizothorax) wangchiachii XR S gymnocheilus S (Schizothorax) prenanti YR 1 Xenocypris argentea 1 1 1 X davidi 1 1 1 X fangi 1 X microlepis 1 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Order Family 579 Species YLR X yunnanensis MR JLR 1 1 Xenophysogobio boulengeri 1 X nudicorpa 1 WR YR XR GR Zacco chengtui Z platypus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Catostomidae Myxocyprinus asiaticus Cobitidae Botia (Sinibotia) superciliaris 1 B reevesae 1 Cobitis macrostigma C rarus C sinensis Leptobotia elongata 1 1 L guilinensis L microphthalma 1 L rubrilabris 1 L taeniops L pellegrini 1 1 1 P bimaculata 1 P fasciata 1 Parabotia banarescui 1 1 P maculosa Paracobitis potanini 1 1 P variegatus 1 1 1 P wujiangensis 1 1 1 Paramisgurnus dabryanus Schistura dabryi S fasciolata 1 1 S incerta S xiangxiensis Triplophysa polyfasciata T (Triplophysa) angeli T (Triplophysa) bleekeri T (Triplophysa) brevibarba T (Triplophysa) brevicauda T (Triplophysa) crassilabris 1 1 T (Triplophysa) daqiaoensis T (Triplophysa) leptosoma T (Triplophysa) markehenensis T (Triplophysa) ninglangensis 1 T (Triplophysa) obscura T (Triplophysa) orientalis 1 L tchangi tchangi Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 1 1 1 580 Order Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Family Species YLR MR T (Triplophysa) pseudoscleroptera JLR YR XR 1 GR T (Triplophysa) robusta T (Triplophysa) stenura 1 T (Triplophysa) stoliczkae 1 T (Triplophysa) xichangensis 1 Yunnanilus caohaiensis Y sichuanensis WR 1 Homalopteridae Beaufortia liui B szechuanensis Hemimyzon yaotanensis Jinshaia abbreviata 1 1 J sinensis 1 1 Lepturichthys fimbriata 1 1 Metahomaloptera omeiensis omeiensis 1 1 M omeiensis hangshuiensis Pseudogastromyzon fangi Sinogastromyzon hsiashiensis S sichangensis 1 1 S szechuanensis 1 1 Vanmanenia pinchowensis Siluriformes Bagridae Leiocassis crassilabris 1 L longirostris 1 1 1 Mystus macropterus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pelteobagrus eupogon P fulvidraco 1 P nitidus 1 P vachelli 1 1 P brevicaudatus 1 1 P emarginatus 1 P medianalis P pratti 1 1 1 1 P tenuis P truncatus P ussuriensis 1 1 1 1 Amblycipitidae L marginatoides L marginatus 1 1 L nigricauda 1 Silurus asotus 1 S meridionalis 1 1 Siluridae 1 1 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Order Family 581 Species YLR MR JLR WR YR XR GR 1 Clariidae Clarias fuscus Sisoridae Euchiloglanis davidi 1 E kishinouyei 1 Glyptothorax fukiensis fukiensis 1 1 P sinensis 1 P sichuanensis G sinense sinense Pareuchiloglanis anteanalis 1 1 1 Atheriniformes Atherinidae Allanetta bleekeri Cypriodontiformes Oryziatidae Oryzias latipes 1 1 1 Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis 1 Hemirhamphidae Hyporhamphus intermedius Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Monopterus albus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Perciformes Belontiidae Macropodus chinensis M opercularis Channidae Channa argus C asiatica 1 1 1 1 C maculata Serranidae Coreoperca whiteheadi 1 Siniperca chuatsi 1 1 1 S kneri 1 1 1 1 S obscura S roulei S scherzeri 1 S undulata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Eleotridae Hypseleotris swinhonis 1 Odontobutis obscuras Gobiidae Ctenogobius brunneus 582 Order Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Family Species YLR YR XR 1 Mastacembelus aculeatus 1 M armatus 1 T obscurus 1 C chengtuensis MR JLR WR 1 1 1 GR C cliffordpopei C giurinus C szechuanensis Mugilogobius myxodermus 1 Mastacembelidae Tetrodontiformes Tetraodontidae T ocellatus Notes: the 1s indicate presence of a fish species Appendix Hydrologic indicators of the sample rivers YLR MR JLR WR YR XR GR Q11/(m3/s) 504 754 441 445 620 880 802 Q12 0.11 0.07 0.18 0.29 0.48 0.72 0.58 Q21/(m3/s) 443 696 372 459 895 1383 1165 Q22 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.28 0.43 0.48 0.48 Q31/(m3/s) 434 804 468 568 1221 2044 2074 Q32 0.09 0.20 0.49 0.39 0.50 0.54 0.63 Q41/(m3/s) 524 1207 1109 1428 2953 3972 3888 Q42 Q51/(m3/s) Q52 Q61/(m3/s) Q62 Q71/(m3/s) Q72 Q81/(m3/s) Q82 Q91/(m3/s) Q92 Q101/(m3/s) Q102 Q111/(m3/s) Q112 Q121/(m3/s) 0.13 0.26 0.55 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.53 829 2099 2075 2601 4434 4805 4613 0.20 0.18 0.58 0.27 0.34 0.43 0.45 1971 3890 2215 3868 4585 3732 4974 0.32 0.19 0.45 0.36 0.27 0.47 0.42 3369 5970 5244 3154 3416 2250 2789 0.30 0.13 0.35 0.42 0.62 0.80 0.60 3227 5542 3876 1948 2051 1619 1570 0.28 0.23 0.62 0.58 0.71 0.44 0.42 3421 5112 5742 2050 1604 1054 1192 0.31 0.27 0.43 0.44 0.59 0.58 0.62 2222 3330 3199 1652 1261 1007 1165 0.24 0.19 0.57 0.37 0.46 0.54 0.61 1094 1816 1316 1091 1286 1155 1005 0.17 0.11 0.32 0.38 0.55 0.65 0.56 679 1106 651 558 689 871 794 Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:569–584 Q122 Qmax11/(m3/s) Qmax12 Qmax31/(m3/s) Qmax32 Qmax71/(m3/s) Qmax72 Qmax301/(m3/s) Qmax302 Qmax601/(m3/s) Qmax602 Qmax901/(m3/s) Qmax902 Qmin11/(m3/s) Qmin12 Qmin31/(m3/s) Qmin32 Qmin71/(m3/s) Qmin72 Qmin301/(m3/s) Qmin302 Qmin601/(m3/s) Qmin602 Qmin901/(m3/s) Qmin902 T 583 YLR MR JLR WR YR XR GR 0.14 0.08 0.25 0.35 0.54 0.79 0.67 6818 16010 25225 12201 14704 13602 12498 0.22 0.23 0.32 0.25 0.32 0.31 0.33 6293 12552 20475 10251 12432 12612 11933 0.24 0.23 0.33 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.33 5576 10084 14542 8633 9942 10528 10554 0.25 0.21 0.30 0.32 0.26 0.32 0.34 4240 7015 7884 5063 6399 6587 7015 0.25 0.14 0.36 0.27 0.20 0.32 0.32 3663 6203 6043 3978 5071 5130 5515 0.25 0.15 0.35 0.20 0.18 0.29 0.29 3431 5718 5329 3504 4526 4489 4812 0.25 0.14 0.33 0.20 0.18 0.28 0.29 410 571 322 309 389 309 417 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.46 0.48 0.31 411 589 325 317 398 328 428 0.09 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.46 0.45 0.31 414 614 331 331 409 365 444 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.22 0.46 0.44 0.33 424 663 352 375 483 449 510 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.31 0.49 0.46 0.35 432 696 371 404 553 607 612 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.29 0.47 0.55 0.38 445 736 398 436 644 726 712 0.08 0.10 0.17 0.27 0.43 0.54 0.42 219 217 218 181 162 165 155 T 0.12 0.10 0.18 0.11 0.23 0.18 0.23 MH/(m3/s) 2260 3840 2440 2100 2580 2510 2700 ML/(m3/s) 500 890 505 502 627 650 690 NH1/(time) 4.30 8.20 9.53 12.25 10.42 7.95 6.70 NH2 0.49 0.37 0.27 0.31 0.25 0.33 0.29 NL1/(time) NL2 DH1/(day) DH2 DL1/(day) DL2 R /(m /s/d) 2.11 4.79 2.47 4.16 5.65 5.24 4.58 0.59 0.44 0.52 0.46 0.58 0.44 0.53 12.00 22.82 12.91 9.85 7.29 8.11 10.47 0.82 0.61 0.43 0.26 0.27 0.34 0.35 57.87 22.61 48.03 28.80 18.85 16.59 19.39 0.70 0.42 0.60 0.81 0.70 0.50 0.63 148.65 508.24 850.34 485.05 652.29 388.31 322.64 R2 0.23 0.23 0.36 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.28 F1/(m3/s/d) 83.67 361.63 453.05 270.17 345.75 258.96 212.26 F2 0.24 0.19 0.34 0.23 0.21 0.30 0.28 NR1/(time) NR2 NF1/(time) NF2 41.70 71.60 50.84 53.60 49.16 46.11 41.35 0.07 0.18 0.21 0.09 0.18 0.14 0.11 47.70 74.20 56.37 55.25 51.37 47.58 43.40 0.08 0.14 0.12 0.09 0.15 0.12 0.10 [...]... Accepted: 18 May 2011 / Published online: 2 June 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V 2011 Abstract In the autumn of 20 04, a typhoon caused a catastrophic flood of the Miyagawa River in Japan Based upon snorkeling surveys conducted every autumn from 2005 to 2009, we monitored the post flood fluctuation of the local fish assemblages at nine sites of both the main stream and subsidiary streams of the river... release or the number of days since release Data were log-transformed The residuals Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:437–445 were slightly skewed on a normal probability plot, but this was accepted given the robustness of linear models and the strength of the resulting p-values (Neter et al 1996) Results Seven of the 14 lingcod were present at the reefs every single day throughout the duration of the study (hereafter... M 94 8/12/2004 Did not leave Depth change of 11 m in 2 min on 1/21/05 Zee’s 550 M 90 8/12/2004 Did not leave Depth change of 10 m in 4 min on 1/21/05 have exhibited substantial within-population variability in range of movement In this study, half of the hatchery-reared lingcod were at the release reefs every day for the entire study The 2009 capture of one of the fish on the release reef shows that... trends among studies, comparisons of different-sized lingcod in this study (effect of body size at release), and longitudinal observations (effect of days since release) of those individual lingcod in this study In addition to effects of age and growth on short and long excursions, age and growth may also affect dispersal (leaving without return) In this study, the number of days at the release reef significantly... the time of tagging Males were identified by the presence of narrow and pointed genital papillae After surgery, fish were held for several days of pre-release monitoring One fish died within 48 h post-surgery Its acoustic tag was recovered and implanted in another hatchery lingcod of the same sex On 12 August 20 04, the 14 tagged lingcod were transported with a boat to two reefs comprised of rocky relief... categorized as “EN” (Endangered) in the MOE (Ministry of the Environment, Japan) Red List (MOE 2010) The population of P ichikawai in the Miyagawa River is regarded as particularly important, Environ Biol Fish (2011) 92:447–460 449 Fig 1 Map of the Miyagawa River and study sites (A–I) Detail is not shown for the conservation of Pseudobagrus ichikawai The shades of the squares surrounding around the site names... nine sites from the standpoint of environmental factors The four environmental factors were standardized and clustered by the Euclidean distances using Ward’s method The dendrogram was divided into three environmental types A model to explain the Euclidean distance of two arbitrary fish assemblages was made using To assess whether species richness and population densities of respective fish increased... stability and persistence of these fish assemblies, which were likely determined by environmental conditions In recent years, the frequency of heavy precipitation has increased in Japan and some other regions of the world [Endo et al 2005; Groisman et al 2005; JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) 2010a] JMA (2010b) also presented a warning of the tendency toward increasing frequency of 100-year heavy rain... Science Consortium for Ocean Replenishment (SCORE) during part of the data analysis and manuscript preparation The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of funding agencies References Bargmann GG (1982) The biology and fisheries for lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) in Puget Sound Washington Department of Fisheries Technical Report No 66:69 p Bell JD, Bartley DM,... residency of lingcod PLoS One 5:1–7 Blankenship HL, Leber KM (1995) A responsible approach to marine stock enhancement Am Fish Soc Symp 15:167– 175 Brown C, Day R (2002) The future of stock enhancements: lessons for hatchery practice for conservation biology Fish and Fisheries 3:79–94 Dagorn L, Holland KN, Itano DG (2006) Behavior of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T obesus) tuna in a network of