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THREE DIMENSIONAL MOBILE BED DYNAMICS FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sean O’Neil, B.S., M.S ***** The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Keith W Bedford, Adviser Professor Carolyn J Merry Professor Diane L Foster Adviser Civil Engineering Graduate Program c ­ Copyright by Sean O’Neil 2002 ABSTRACT The transport and fate of suspended sediments continues to be critical to the understanding of environmental water quality issues within surface waters Many contaminants of environmental concern within marine and freshwater systems are hydrophobic, thus readily adsorbed to bed material or suspended particles Additionally, management strategies for evaluating and remediating the effects of dredging operations or marine construction, as well as legacy pollution from military and industrial processes requires knowledge of sediment-water interactions The dynamic properties within the bed, the bed-water column inter-exchange and the transport properties of the flowing water is a multi-scale nonlinear problem for which the mobile bed dynamics with consolidation (MBDC) model was formulated A new continuum-based consolidation model for a saturated sediment bed has been developed and verified on a stand-alone basis The model solves the one-dimensional, vertical, nonlinear Gibson equation describing finite-strain, primary consolidation for saturated fine sediments The consolidation problem is a moving boundary value problem, and has been coupled with a mobile bed model that solves for bed level variations and grain size fraction(s) in time within a thin layer at the bed surface The MBDC model represents the first attempt to unify bed exchange and accounting mechanisms with vertically varying bed properties under a single mechanistic framework ii A suspended sediment transport solver, with parameterizations for noncohesive grain size settling velocity, erosion and depositions source sink terms has been extended to include parameterizations for cohesive grain sizes Further, the consolidation model has been integrated into the mobile bed modeling framework The new fine-grained sediment transport model, MBDC, was configured to simulate the flow, transport and bottom evolution within an expansion channel serving as an idealized conical estuary MBDC model results, are compared with model results from literature, demonstrating qualitative agreement and model efficacy The MBDC model approach, though requiring more site specific data for auxiliary parameterizations, yields a more complete physical and dynamic description of bed sediment transport processes iii To my dearest friend and wife Chen Hui You have inspired me to be more than I thought I could ever be iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the enthusiastic help from my friends and colleagues at the Great Lakes Forecasting System Laboratory, Dr Philip Chu, Dr David Welsh, Takis and Vasso Velisariou, Guo Yong, and especially Dr Jennifer Shore and Heather Smith Past members of the GLFS Lab and the “Dirt Group”, who also helped me were Drs David Podber, John Kelley, James Yen, W K Yeo, and my brothers Dr Jongkook Lee, Rob Van Evra and Dr Onyx Wai I would also like to mention some of the faculty and staff members who made a difference during my stay at OSU including Dr Robert Sykes, Dr Bill Wolfe, Dr Vince Ricca, Dr Ellen MacDonald and especially Ray Hunter I would also like to thank my Dissertation Reading Committee members, Dr Carolyn Merry and Dr Diane Foster both of whom offered much support freely and enthusiastically I acknowledge the help of my HydroQual colleagues and friends including Jim Hallden, Luca Liberti, Nicholas Kim, Dr Pravi Shrestha, Dr Alan Blumberg and many others I would also like to thank my very good friend David Driscoll I would like to thank my sisters Mary and Colleen and my father Pat who never doubted me Most importantly, I recognize my advisor Professor Keith W Bedford; I will never forget him for his guidance and support v VITA 1987 B.S Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 1993 M.S Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1999-2001 Engineer, HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ 1991-1999,2001-present Graduate Research and Teaching Associate, Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH PUBLICATIONS Wai, O W.-H., Y S Xiong, S O’Neil and K W Bedford (2001) “Parameter Estimation for Suspended Sediment Transport Processes”, The Science of the Total Environment, 226(1-3), 49-59 O’Neil, S and D P Podber (1997) “Sediment Transport Dynamics in a Dredged Tributary,” Int Conf Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, eds A Blumberg and M Spaulding, 5, 781-791 O’Neil, S., K W Bedford and D P Podber (1996) “Storm-Derived Bar/Sill Dynamics in a Dredged Channel,” Proc Int Conf Coastal Eng., ASCE, 25, 4289-4299 Lee, J., S O’Neil, K W Bedford and R E Van Evra (1994) “A Bottom Boundary Layer Sediment Response to Wave Groups,” Proc Int Conf Coastal Eng., American Society of Civil Engineers, 24, 1827-1837 Wai, O W.-H., K W Bedford and S O’Neil (1994) “Principal Components Time Spectra of Suspended Sediment in Random Waves,” Coastal Dynamics ’94, ASCE, Barcelona, 296-305 vi Bedford, K W., O W.-H Wai, S O’Neil and M Abdelrhman (1991) “Operational Procedures for Estimating Bottom Exchange Rates,” in Hydraulic Engineering, Ed R Shane, American Society of Civil Engineers, 465-470 Zhang, S., D J S Welsh, K W Bedford, P Sadayappan and S O’Neil (1998) “Coupling of Circulation, Wave and Sediment Models,” Technical Report CEWES MSRC/PET TR/98-15 The Ohio State University, 32 pp Bedford, K W., S O’Neil, R E Van Evra and J Lee (1994) “Ohio State University Measurements at SUPERTANK,” in SUPERTANK Laboratory Data Collection Project, Volume Eds Nicholas C Kraus and Jane McKee Smith U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report CERC-94-3, pp 152-184 O’Neil, S (1993) Comparison of Sediment Transport Due to Monochromatic and Spectrally Equivalent Random Waves MS thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Bedford, K W., S O’Neil, R E Van Evra and J Lee (1993) “The Ohio State University Offshore ARMS Data - Boundary Layer, Entrainment and Resuspension: Overview plus Appendix,” Project Report, U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, 141 pp FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Civil Engineering Studies in: Models in Water Resources Engineering Sediment Transport Phenomena Coastal Engineering Prof Keith W Bedford Applied Mathematics/Computational Science Aerospace Engineering Profs G Baker, E Overman Prof R Bodonyi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgments v Vita vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Chapters: Introduction Sediment Consolidation - Theoretical and Numerical Models 23 2.1 2.2 One-Dimensional, Large Strain, Self-Weight, Primary Consolidation 2.1.1 The Governing Equation 2.1.2 Force Balance 2.1.3 Material Equilibrium 2.1.4 Governing Equation 2.1.5 Boundary Conditions 2.1.6 Initial Conditions Numerical Solution 2.2.1 Finite Difference Method 2.2.2 Newton’s Method Solution 2.2.3 Boundary Condition Implementation 2.2.4 Stresses, Pressures and Settlement viii 32 32 35 35 37 38 41 42 42 44 46 47 2.3 Sediment Consolidation - Model Applications 51 3.1 3.2 3.3 Uniform, Single Layer Consolidation 3.1.1 Townsend - Scenario A 3.1.2 Cargill - Craney Island Dredged Fill Material 3.1.3 Been and Sills - Combwich on Somerset Clay Time-varying Sediment Loading 3.2.1 Multi-Deposited Sediment Loading 3.2.2 Multi-Eroded Sediment (Un-)Loading 3.2.3 Sequential Loading and Unloading of Sediment Layers Summary 53 53 57 60 63 64 66 68 73 Three-Dimensional Sediment Transport 75 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 2.2.5 Stability, Consistency and Convergence 48 Summary 49 Coupling Water Column Transport and Mobile Bed 4.1.1 Hydrodynamics 4.1.2 Bed Mass Conservation 4.1.3 Suspended Sediment Transport Boundary Conditions Numerical Solution 4.3.1 Additional Considerations Outline of Modifications to the Model 4.4.1 Coupling Water Column, Bed Load and Bed Evolution Summary 78 79 80 84 85 86 88 88 91 96 Source/Sink Terms, Auxiliary Relations and Other Parameterizations 97 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Sediment Grain Sizes Settling Velocity 5.2.1 Non-cohesive Settling 5.2.2 Cohesive Settling Deposition 5.3.1 Non-cohesive Deposition 5.3.2 Cohesive Deposition 5.3.3 Deposition Computation Erosion 5.4.1 Non-cohesive Sediment Erosion 5.4.2 Cohesive Sediment Erosion 5.4.3 Bed Shear Strength Modeling ix 99 100 101 104 108 109 111 112 112 112 122 126 where Ñ × has been used, and this is the form used in Zhou and McCorquodale (1992) Rearranging all of this gives a relation between the dry density and bulk density Ñ × ´ ´ ×     Ûµ (B.23) Ûµ a form that is often used in the agricultural and wastewater literature 234 BIBLIOGRAPHY 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