RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative
Use
Example
Who
Subject
Object
The man works in my office. He phoned me
→ The man who phoned me works in my office
The man works in my office. You met him
→ The man who you met works in my office.
Whom
Object
The man is Lan’s boyfriend. You saw him on TV
→ The man whom you saw on TV is Lan’s boyfriend.
Which
Subject
Object
The car belongs to John. It hit my car
→ The car which hit my car belongs to John
The car belongs to John. My car hit it
→ The car which my car hit belongs to John
- That ( = who/ whom/ which) với đk tiền ngữ là noun không xác định, thường đặt sau “a, an, the”
- Trường hợp không được dùng that
- Trường hợp bắt buộc dùng that
Có chức năng y như who, whom, which
- Khi tiền ngữ là noun xác định
Danh từ riêng
Danh từ đặt sau this, that, these, those, tính từ sở hữu/ sở hữu cách ( lúc này mệnh đề phải có dấu “,”)
- Khi tiền ngữ là noun hỗn hợp ( người + vật)
- Khi tiền ngữ đứng sau “all, little, much, many,every, none, no,…”
- Noun đứng sau so sánh nhất hoặc số thứ thự
A woman is standing over here. She is a doctor
→ A woman that is a doctor is standing over here
Yến is a nice girl. I was telling you about her
→ Yến that I was telling you about is a nice girl
Mr.Tan, who is a famous doctor, is my father
This hat, which is red, is my sister
My car, which I like very much, has crashed into a lamp post
I’ll give you everything that you need
She’s the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever known
She was the frist woman that swam scross the Manche chanel
Whose + noun
Thuộc sở hữu “của ai” ( = of whom/ of which)
This is a happy woman. Her son won the 1st prize
→ This is a happy woman whose son won the 1st prize
Where: mà ở đó
= at/ in/ on + which
He showed me the house. He used to live in the house
→ He showed me the house in which he used to live
→ He showed me the house where he used to live
This is the place. The plane crashed there
→ This is the place at which the plane crashed
→ This is the place where the plane crashed
When: vào ngày đó
= at/ in/ on + which
I still remember the day. We frist met on that day
→ I still remember the day on which we frist met
→ I still remember the day when we frist met
He came at the time. Everyone was asleep then
→ He came at the time when everyone asleep
Why: tại sao
= for which
I didn’t know the reason. She avoided me for that reason
→ I didn’t know the reason for which she avoided me
→ I didn’t know the reason why she avoided me
Note: Why thường đứng sau chữ reason
What: gì mà ( thay thế cho một điều gì đó)
Whoever: bất cứ ai
= anyone who
I don’t know what she wants
What I want now is a cup of coffee
Anyone who has a password can enter the buiding
→ Whoever has a password can enter the buiding
NOTE
Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, which, that) khi chúng làm tân ngữ
Ex: The woman ( who/ whom) he married uesed to be a model
Không lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ khi chúng nằm trong mệnh đề có dấu “,”
Ex: This car, which I bought 5 years ago, is still in good cord
“ Which” có thể dùng thay thế cho ý tưởng của mệnh đề đi trước
Ex: He suddenly shouted at me, which made me upset
Preposition + whom/ which ( không dùng who/ that). Tuy nhiên ta không cần đem nó trước một đại từ quan hệ
Ex: He was respected by the people with whom he worked
→ He was respected by the people whom he worked with
SO, BUT, HOWEVER, THEREFORE
I. THEREFORE – SO (Vì thế – Cho nên)
Therefore (formal) và so (informal) cho biết rằng điều được nói đến là kết quả hợp logic của những gì được nhắc đến trước đó.
Ex: It was still painful so I went to see a doctor
The holiday had been a compete disaster. We, therefore, decided to fly home early
Therefore có thể đứng ở nhiều vị trí trong câu, còn so chỉ có thể đứng giữa 2 mệnh đề.
Ex: Alice didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test
Alice didn’t study. He, therefore, failed the test
Alice didn’t study. He failed the test, therefore
Alice didn’t study, so he failed the test
II. HOW – BUT ( Nhưng – Tuy nhiên)
Đều diễn đạt điều thứ hai trái ngược với điều thứ nhất
Ex: It was cold, but I still went swimming
It was cold. However, I still went swimming
However có thể đứng ở nhiều vị trí trong câu, còn but chỉ có thể đứng giữa 2 mệnh đề.
Ex: Emily is rich, but Tom is poor
Emily is rich. However, Tom is poor
Emily is rich. Tom, however, is poor
Emily is rich. Tom is poor, however
NOTE
,and
; beside,
; moreover,
; further,
; also,
; in addition,
; furthermore;
,but
; however,
,yet
; neverless,
; nonetheless,
;notwithstanding,
,or
; otherwise, ( nếu không thì)
,so
; accordingly,
; as a result,
; hence,
; therefore,
; thus,
- Beacause of = due to = thank to = as the result of = owing to = by virtue to = in (the) light of = bởi vì
Những công thức tiếng Anh hay vấp phải!!!
• S + V+ too + adj/adv + (for someone) + to do something (quá....để cho ai làm gì...) e.g.1 This structure is too easy for you to remember. e.g.2: He ran too fast for me to follow. • S + V + so + adj/ adv + that +S + V (quá... đến nỗi mà...) e.g.1: This box is so heavy that I cannot take it. e.g2: He speaks so soft that we can't hear anything.
• It + V + such + (a/an) + N(s) + that + S +V(quá... đến nỗi mà...)
e.g.1: It is such a heavy box that I cannot take it.
e.g.2: It is such interesting books that I cannot ignore them at all.
• S + V + adj/ adv + enough + (for someone) + to do something. (Đủ... cho ai đó làm gì...)
e.g.1: She is old enough to get married.
e.g.2: They are intelligent enough for me to teach them English.
• Have/ get + something + done (VpII)(nhờ ai hoặc thuê ai làm gì...) e.g.1: I had my hair cut yesterday. e.g.2: I'd like to have my shoes òaired.
• It + be + time + S + V (-ed, cột 2) / It's +time +for someone +to do something(đã đến lúc ai đóphải làm gì...) e.g.1: It is time you had a shower. e.g.2: It's time for me to ask all of you for this question.
• It + takes/took+ someone + amount of time + to do something(làm gì... mất bao nhiêu thờigian...)
e.g.1: It takes me 5 minutes to get to school.
e.g.2: It took him 10 minutes to do this exercise yesterday
• To prevent/stop + someone/something + From + V-ing(ngăn cản ai/cái gì... không làm gì..) e.g.1: I can't prevent him from smoking
e.g.2: I can't stop her from tearing
• S + find+ it+ adj to do something(thấy ... để làm gì...) e.g.1: I find it very difficult to learn about English. e.g.2: They found it easy to overcome that problem.
• To prefer + Noun/ V-ing + to + N/ V-ing.(Thích cái gì/làm gì hơn cái gì/ làm gì) e.g.1: I prefer dog to cat. e.g.2: I prefer reading books to watching TV. • Would rather + V¬ (infinitive) + than + V (infinitive)(thích làm gì hơn làm gì) e.g.1: She would rather play games than read books. e.g.2: I'd rather learn English than learn Biology.
• To be/get Used to + V-ing(quen làm gì)
e.g.1: I am used to eating with chopsticks.
• Used to + V (infinitive)(Thường làm gì trong qk và bây giờ không làm nữa)
e.g.1: I used to go fishing with my friend when I was young.
e.g.2: She used to smoke 10 cigarettes a day.
• to be amazed at = to be surprised at + N/V-ing( ngạc nhiên về....)
• to be angry at + N/V-ing(tức giận về) • to be good at/ bad at + N/ V-ing(giỏi về.../ kém về...) • by chance = by accident (adv)(tình cờ) • to be/get tired of + N/V-ing(mệt mỏi về...) • can't stand/ help/ bear/ resist + V-ing(không nhịn được làm gì...)
• to be keen on/ to be fond of + N/V-ing(thích làm gì đó...)
• to be interested in + N/V-ing(quan tâm đến...)
• to waste + time/ money + V-ing(tốn tiền hoặc tg làm gì)
• To spend + amount of time/ money + V-ing(dành bao nhiêu thời gian làm gì…)
• To spend + amount of time/ money + on + something(dành thời gian vào việc gì...)
e.g.1: I spend 2 hours reading books a day.
e.g.2: She spent all of her money on clothes.
• to give up + V-ing/ N(từ bỏ làm gì/ cái gì...)
• would like/ want/wish + to do something(thích làm gì...)
• have + (something) to + Verb(có cái gì đó để làm)
• It + be + something/ someone + that/ who(chính...mà...)
• Had better + V(infinitive)(nên làm gì....)
• hate/ like/ dislike/ enjoy/ avoid/ finish/ mind/ postpone/ practise/ consider/ delay/ deny/ suggest/ risk/ keep/ imagine/ fancy + V-ing,
e.g.1: I always practise speaking English everyday.
• It's + adj + to + V-infinitive(quá gì ..để làm gì) • Take place ( có sắp đặt) = happen (bất ngờ) = occur (bất ngờ) = arise: xảy ra
. quick (action) = fast (move) = rapid (grow): nhanh (a) • to be excited about(thích thú) • to be bored with/ fed up with(chán cái gì/làm gì) • There is + N-số ít, there are + N-số nhiều(có cái gì...) • feel like + V-ing(cảm thấy thích làm gì...) • expect someone to do something(mong đợi ai làm gì...) • advise someone to do something(khuyên ai làm gì...) • go + V-ing(chỉ các trỏ tiêu khiển..)(go camping...) • leave someone alone(để ai yên...) • By + V-ing(bằng cách làm...) • want/ plan/ agree/ wish/ attempt/ decide/ demand/ expect/ mean/ offer/ pòare/ happen/ hesitate/ hope/ afford/ intend/ manage/ try/ learn/ pretend/ promise/ seem/ refuse + TO + V-infinitive e.g.1: I decide to study English. • for a long time = for years = for ages(đã nhiều năm rồi)(dùng trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành) • when + S + V(QkĐ), S + was/were + V-ing. • When + S + V(qkd), S + had + Pii • Before + S + V(qkd), S + had + Pii • After + S + had +Pii, S + V(qkd) • to be crowded with(rất đông cài gì đó...) • to be full of(đầy cài gì đó...) • To be/ seem/ sound/ became/ feel/ appear/ look/ go/ turn/ grow + adj(đây là các động từ tri giác có nghĩa là: có vẻ như/ là/ dường như/ trở nên... sau chúng nếu có adj và adv thì chúng ta phải chọn adj) • except for/ apart from(ngoài, trừ...) • as soon as(ngay sau khi) • to be afraid of(sợ cái gì..) • could hardly(hầu như không)( chú ý: hard khác hardly) • Have difficulty + V-ing(gặp khó khăn làm gì...) • Chú ý phân biệt 2 loại tính từ V-ed và V-ing: dùng -ed để miêu tả về người, -ing cho vật. và khi muốn nói về bản chất của cả người và vật ta dùng -ing e.g.1: That film is boring. e.g.2: He is bored. e.g.3: He is an interesting man. e.g.4: That book is an interesting one. (khi đó không nên nhầm với -ed, chẳng hạn ta nói : a loved man có nghĩa "người đàn ông được mến mộ", tức là có nghĩa "Bị" và "Được" ở đó) • in which = where; on/at which = when • Put + up + with + V-ing(chịu đựng...) • Make use of + N/ V-ing(tận dụng cái gì đó...) • Get + adj/ Pii • Make progress(tiến bộ...) • take over + N(đảm nhiệm cái gì...) • Bring about(mang lại) • Chú ý: so + adj còn such + N • At the end of và In the end(cuối cái gì đó và kết cục) • To find out(tìm ra),To succeed in(thành công trong...) • Go for a walk(đi dạo)/ go on holiday/picnic(đi nghỉ) • One of + so sánh hơn nhất + N(một trong những...) • It is the first/ second.../best + Time + thì hiện tại hoàn thành • Live in(sống ở)/ Live at + địa chỉ cụ thể/ Live on (sống nhờ vào...) • To be fined for(bị phạt về) • from behind(từ phía sau...) • so that + mệnh đề (clause)(để....) • In case + mệnh đề (clause)(trong trường hợp...) • can/ could/ may might/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ must/ ought to... (modal Verbs) + V-infinitive
Object to + Ving: phản đối, chống đối
Look forward to + Ving: trông ngóng, trông đợi
Vật + be used for + Ving = Vật + be/get used to + V: được sử dụng
Người + be used to + Ving: quen với
Put up with + Ving: chịu đựng
Can’t stand = can’t help = can’t bear + Ving: không chịu đựng đc
TAG – QUESTION
(CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI)
S + V (thường) +…., do/ does/ did + (not) + S?
S + be +…., be + ( not) + S?
S + modal verb +…, modal + (not) + S?
S + have/ has/ had + Ved/ 3, have/ has/ had + (not) + S?
There be+…., be + (not) + there?
I am +…, aren’t I?
Everyone, someone, anyone, noone (chỉ người) + V…, V(nhiều) + (not) + they?
Everything, some thing, anything, nothing (chỉ vật) + V…, V( ít) + (not) + it?
V +…, will/ won’t + you? (câu mệnh lệnh)
Let + O + V +…., shall we?
Ngôi thứ 1
Ngôi thứ 2
Tính từ sở hữu
Đại từ sở hữu
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Me
You
Us
Them
Him
Her
It
My
Your
Our
Their
His
Her
Its
Mine
Yours
Ours
Theirs
His
Hers
Its