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712UHSRUW STB-99-55 Final &KHPLFDO 5HF\FOLQJ RI 3ODVWLFV :DVWH 39& DQG RWKHU UHVLQV TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy Schoemakerstraat 97 P.O Box 6030 2600 JA Delft The Netherlands Date December 1999 Author(s) Phone +31 15 269 69 00 Fax +31 15 269 54 60 Dr A Tukker (TNO-STB) Ing H de Groot (TNO Industrial Research) Ir L Simons (TNO-STB) Ir S Wiegersma (TNO Industrial Research) Assignor European Commission, DG III Contact: Mrs M-C Le Picard All rights reserved No part of this publication may be Reproduced and/or published by print Photoprint, microfilm or any other means Without the previous written consent of TNO In case this report was drafted on Instructions, the rights and obligations of Contracting parties are subject to either the Standard Conditions for Research Instructions given to TNO, or the relevant Agreement concluded between the Contracting parties Submitting the report for inspection to Parties who have a direct interest is permitted 1999 TNO Netherlands organization for Applied scientific research (TNO) The Standard Conditions for Research Instructions Given to TNO, as filed at the Registry of the District Court and the Chamber of Commerce in The Hague Shall apply to all instructions given to TNO TNO &RQWHQWV ,1752'8&7,21 7(&+12/2*,(6 )25 39& $1' 3/$67,&6 :$67( 0$1$*(0(17 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF MIXED PLASTIC WASTE ,QWURGXFWLRQ 7H[DFR JDVLILFDWLRQ SURFHVV 7KH 3RO\PHU &UDFNLQJ 3URFHVV FRQVRUWLXP SURMHFW 7KH %$6) &RQYHUVLRQ 3URFHVV 8VH RI 0L[HG 3ODVWLF :DVWH LQ %ODVW )XUQDFHV 9HED &RPEL &UDFNLQJ 3URFHVV 69= JDVLILFDWLRQ SURFHVV 2.3 CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF PVC-RICH WASTE 24 ,QWURGXFWLRQ %6/ ,QFLQHUDWLRQ SURFHVV $N]R 1REHO 6WHDP *DVLILFDWLRQ 3URFHVV /LQGH *DVLILFDWLRQ 3URFHVV 1.7 3\URO\VLV SURFHVV 2.4 ALTERNATIVES TO CHEMICAL RECYCLING .34 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH 9LQ\ORRS 39&UHFRYHU\ SURFHVV &HPHQW NLOQV HQHUJ\ UHFRYHU\ 0XQLFLSDO VROLG ZDVWH LQFLQHUDWRUV ZLWK HQHUJ\ UHFRYHU\ 2WKHU WUHDWPHQW 2.5 REVIEW OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS 40 3266,%/( &2//(&7,21 6758&785(6 ,1 7+( 39& :$67( &+$,1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 INTRODUCTION 43 AN OVERVIEW OF THE PVC WASTE MANAGEMENT CHAIN .44 MODEL 1: BRING SYSTEM FOR MIXED PLASTIC WASTE .47 MODEL 2: SEPARATION OF MPW FROM INTEGRAL WASTE 49 MODEL 3: BRING SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIC PVC WASTE 50 MODEL 4: SEPARATION OF PVC OR MPW FROM COMPLEX PRODUCT WASTE 51 CONCLUSIONS 52 (19,5210(17$/ &203$5,621 4.1 INTRODUCTION 54 4.2 COMPARISON OF OPTIONS FOR MPW .54 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 'LVFXVVLRQ E\ HQYLURQPHQWDO WKHPH &RQFOXVLRQV 4.3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR PVC-RICH WASTE 58 TNO Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and Other Resins) STB – 99-55 Final ,QWURGXFWLRQ 'LVFXVVLRQ SHU WKHPH &RQFOXVLRQ 4.4 OVERALL CONCLUSION 59 :$67( 6833/< 6&(1$5,26 5.1 GENERIC APPROACH 60 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6LWXDWLRQ LQ WKH EDVH \HDU 6LWXDWLRQ LQ DQG *HQHUDO DVVXPSWLRQV YDOLG IRU HDFK ZDVWH VWUHDP 5.2 AGRICULTURAL WASTE 66 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.3 BUILDING WASTE .67 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.4 HOUSEHOLD WASTE (NON PACKAGING) 70 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.5 PACKAGING WASTE (HOUSEHOLD AND DISTRIBUTION) 71 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.6 INDUSTRY 73 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.7 AUTOMOTIVE 74 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.8 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WASTE .77 &XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ )XWXUH VLWXDWLRQ $YDLODELOLW\ RI ZDVWH IRU QRQPHFKDQLFDO UHF\FOLQJ 5.9 CONCLUSIONS 79 6800$5< $1' &21&/86,216 6.1 INTRODUCTION 82 6.2 CURRENT INITIATIVES 82 TNO Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and Other Resins) STB – 99-55 Final 6.3 COLLECTION STRUCTURES AND COSTS .83 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON .85 6.5 WASTE SUPPLY SCENARIOS 85 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 3ODVWLF ZDVWH ZLWK D ORZ 39& FRQWHQW 39&ULFK ZDVWH 6.6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS 88 /,7(5$785( $33(1',; $ :$67( 6833/< 6&(1$5,26 )25 3/$67,&6 :$67( $33(1',; % :$67( 6833/< 6&(1$5,26 )25 39& :$67( $33(1',; & /,67 2) 25*$1,6$7,216 &217$&7(' $33(1',; ' *5266 /,67 2) ,1,7,$7,9(6 )25 )(('672& 5(&(QYLURQPHQWDO ,PSDFW $VVHVVPHQW RQ WKH 7HQ\HDU 3URJUDPPH :DVWH @, AOO, Utrecht, the Netherlands Brophy, J.H., S Hardmann and D.C Wilson (1997) Polymer Cracking for Feedstock Recycling of Mixed Plastic Wastes In: Hoyle, W and D.R Karsa, Chemical Aspects of Plastics Recycling The Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, the UK Bühl, R (1999), Options for PVC feedstock recycling Results of the ECVM R and D project on PVC feedstock recycling processes Paper for the PVC ’99 Conference in Brighton, UK, 21-23 April 1999 Caluori, A., F Mark, M Moser and A Prisse (1997), Plastics Waste – An alternatie Fuel Source for Cement Production BCU, Switzerland Chemical Week (1996) Recycling Technologies To Burn or Not to Burn Chemical Week, January, 1996 S7 Ciments d’Obourg (1995), Information about mass balances and emissions from Cement kiln and of Ciment’s d’Obourg, Obourg, Belgium Croezen, H and H Sas (1997), Evaluation of the Texaco Gasification process for treatment of mixed household waste Final report of phase & CE, Delft, the Netherlands Costner, P (1997) Chlorine and dioxin: The burning question Greenpeace USA, Washington D.C., USA ECVM (1997), PVC Feedstock Recycling in Europe An Overview of Processes and Recent Developments ECVM, May 1997 TNO Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and Other Resins) STB – 99-55 Final 91 ECVM (1999a), Telefax dd April 1999, Input data into the EU studies on PVC waste management Brussels, Belgium ECVM (1999b), Oral and written information to TNO-STB, ECVM, Brussels, Belgium, November 1999 DKR/DSD (1999), Mit Altkunststoffen Ressourcen schonen Leaflet with information on chemical recycling, DKR, Germany EU (1994), Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on Packaging and Packaging Waste, OJ L 365, 31/12/1994 EU (1997), Commission Decision of 22 December 1998 confirming the measures notified by Austria 99/42/EC, OJ L 104, 19/01/99 EU (1998), Proposal for a Directive on Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment First Draft, April 1998, DG XI, Brussels, Belgium EuPC (1999), Several data files with data on post-consumer PVC waste in the EU Obtained from EuPC, Germany HCL (1997a), Plastics Recovery from ELVs: EU Seeks to Harmonize Rules Harriman Chemconsult Ltd, March 1997, p.15 HCL (1997b), ACEA Criticises Commission’s ELV Proposals Harriman Chemconsult Ltd, December 1997, p.18 HCL (1998), APME, Veba Report Success in Depolymerising WEEE Harriman Chemconsult Ltd, February 1998, p.15 Heijungs, R., J.B Guinée, G Huppes, R.M Lankreijer, H.A Udo de Haes, A Wegener Sleeswijk, A.A.M Ansems, P.G Eggels, R van Duin and H.P de Goede (1992) Environmental Life-cycle Assessment of Products, Guide and backgrounds, CML/TNO/B&G, Leiden, Holland Heyde, M and Kremer, S (1999) LCA Packaging Plastics Waste LCA Documents Vol 2, No 5, EcoMed, Landsberg, Germany Hutterer, H and H Pilz (1998) Kosten-nutzen-analyse der Kunststofverwertung Monographien, Band 98 Federal Environment Agence, Wien, Austria Janz, J and W Weiss (1996) Injection of Waste Plastics into the Blast Furnace of Stahlwerke Bremen La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT Octobre 1996, p 1219-1226 TNO Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and Other Resins) STB – 99-55 Final 92 Martens, C-P., (1998), The German End-of-Life Vehicles Ordinance (Altauto Verordnung) European Environmental Law Review, August/September 19998 Mayne, N (1999) The Potential for Post-User Plastics Waste Recycling in Western Europe in the Period up to 2006 Conference Paper, APME, Brussels, Belgium Pohle, H (1997) PVC und Umwelt Eine Bestandsaufnahme Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany Prognos (1999) Mechanical Recycling of PVC Wastes Final Report Study for DG XI of the European Commission Basel/Milan/Lingby, November 1999 Rigo, H.G., A Chandler and W.S Lainer (1995) The relationship between chlorine in waste streams and dioxin emissions from waste combustor stacks The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, USA Rijpkema, L.P.M and J.A Zeevalking (1996) Specific processing costs of waste materials in a municipal solid waste incinerator Report TNO-MEP R96/248, TNO-MEP, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands Sas, H.J.W (ed., 1994), Verwijdering van huishoudelijk kunststofafval: analyse van milieu-effecten en kosten >'LVSRVDO RI PXQLFLSDO SODVWLF ZDVWH DQDO\VLV RI HQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFWV DQG FRVWV@ CE, Delft, the Netherlands Stuurgroep PVC en Milieu (1999), Various documents with information on a.o covenants and voluntary agreements on PVC recycling in the Netherlands made available to TNO-STB, Leidschendam, the Netherlands Tukker, A (ed., 1996a), Milieu-effectrapport Meerjarenplan Gevaarlijke Afvalstoffen 1997-2007 >(QYLURQPHQWDO ,PSDFW $VVHVVPHQW 0XOWL\HDU +D]DUGRXV :DVWH 0DQDJHPHQW 3ODQ @, Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment and the Inter-Provincial Union, the Hague, the Netherlands Tukker, A (1998), LCA Afgewerkte Olie >/&$ RQ :DVWH 2LO@ Report 98/63, TNO-STB, Delft, the Netherlands Tukker, A (1999), LCA on the use of waste oil in blast furnaces (draft, not yet public), TNO-STB, Delft, the Netherlands Tukker, A., G Annokkée, and J .A Zeevalkink (forthcoming) Nuttig toepassen of definitief verwijderen van sedimenthoudend scheepsafval >5HFRYHU\ YHUVXV ILQDO WUHDWPHQW RI VHGLPHQWFRQWDLQLQJ VKLSV ZDVWH@ (provisional title), draft project report for the Ministry of Environment including criteria for cement kiln incineration versus rotary kiln incineration, TNO, Delft, the Netherlands TNO Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and Other Resins) STB – 99-55 Final 93 VerpackV (1998) Verpackungsverordnung (VerpackV), German Ministry of Environment, Bonn, Germany, 1998 Weissman, R (1997) Recycling of Mixed Plastic Waste by the Texaco Gasification Process In: Hoyle, W and D.R Karsa, Chemical Aspects of Plastics Recycling The Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, the UK Udo de Haes, H.A., O Jolliet, G Finnveden, M Hauschild, W Krewitt, and R Mueller-Wenck (1999), Best Available Practice Regarding Impact Categories and Category Indicators in Life Cycle Impact Assessment Int J of LCA Vo 4., No 2, p 66 TNO Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and Other Resins) STB – 99-55 Final 94 $SSHQGL[ $ :DVWH VXSSO\ VFHQDULRV IRU SODVWLFV ZDVWH The approach of working out the scenarios is discussed in chapter of the report The following steps were taken: Appendix A1 gives the waste management situation for plastics waste by EU member state in the base year 1995, based on APME (1997) Appendix A2 (particularly table A2.2) recalculates for each waste stream, and for each EU member state, the percentage mechanical recycling, energy recovery, incineration (without energy recovery), landfill and chemical recycling in 1995, on the basis of Appendix A1 (Table A1.2) Appendix A3.1 gives the total plastics waste supply for 2000 by EU member state, using the 1995 data given in Appendix A1 and the waste growth factors per plastic waste category calculated in chapter 5, Table 5.5 Appendix A3.3 gives our estimates for feasible mechanical recycling per waste category per member state, and the legal recycling target per waste stream per member state Further explanation about the assumptions per waste stream is given in chapter The difference is a percentage of that waste potentially available for chemical recycling The percentages in Appendix A3.3 are multiplied by the waste volumes in Appendix 3.1, giving a theoretical amount of mixed plastics waste for chemical recyling in Appendix 3.2 Appendices A4 and A5 repeat this exercise for 2005 and 2010 Appendix A6 provides an extra scenario in 2010 for packaging waste and automotive waste, assuming that plastics will have to meet the same (high) recycling targets as other materials (see chapter 5) For packaging waste, it was assumed that half of the recycling target would be met by mechanical recycling The main text (chapter 5, tables 5.2-5.5 and chapter 6, table 6.3) condenses the results of the former Appendices They give the total MPW supply per category in the target years, the PVC waste supply (see Appendix B) and the theoretical percentage PVC per waste category, as well as the theoretical amount of MPW available in the EU for chemical recycling per waste category All data are in kton pure resin, unless stated otherwise 95 UhiyrÃ6 )ÃQr
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