A very basic inorganic Chemistry

BASIC CHEMISTRY CIVL270-Maraqa Units of Measurement Basic units and conversion factors Quantity SI Units Conversion Factor USCS Units Length m 3.2808 ft Mass kg 2.2046 lb Temperature o C 1.8(oC)+32 Area m2 10.7639 ft2 Volume m3 35.3147 ft3 Velocity m/s 2.2369 mi/hr Flow rate m3/s 35.3147 ft3/s kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 Density Appendix A in the textbook contains conversion factors o F Prefixes CIVL270-Maraqa Quantity Prefix Symbol 10-9 nano n 10-6 micro 10-3 milli µ m 10-2 centi c 10-1 deci d 10 deka da 102 hector h 103 kilo k 106 mega M 109 giga G Periodic Table Source: http://www.webelements.com/ Appendix B in the textbook contains atomic weights of elements What is Concentration? The mass (or volume) of solute per unit mass (or volume) of solution + = Solute Solvent •Solid •Liquid •Liquid •gas •gas Solution Commonly Used Units of Concentration  For liquid mass of solute volume of solution mass of solute mass of solution  example example mg L mg = ppm kg For dilute aqueous solution mg/L= 1ppm For gases volume of solute volume of solution example ppm (by volume) mass of solute volume of solution CIVL270-Maraqa example mg m3 The relation between ppm and mg/l for gaseous solutions depends on pressure, temperature and molecular weight The ideal gas Law: P V=n R T Pressure Volume Gas constant 0.082 (L.atm/K.mol) (see Appendix C) Temperature (K=273+oC) Number of moles To convert from ppm to mg/m3 for gases use mg ppm × molecular weight 273.15 K P (atm) = × × m3 22.414 T (K ) atm Example 1.2 Convert ppm CO to mg/m3 at atm and 25oC Solution CIVL270-Maraqa mg × 28 273.15 K atm = × × = 10.3 m 22.414 (273 + 25) K atm Other Concentration Units Molarity (M) = moles of solute volume of solution (L) Moles of solute = mass of solute Molecular weight mass of solute/L Normality = equivalent weight Equivalent weight = CIVL270-Maraqa MW equivalent number Kinetics xA yC + zD The rate of change of A with respect to time, if the reaction is irreversible, takes the form: d[A] = −k[A]a dt Concentration Reactions take time to reach equilibrium This time could be very short or very long C A Time Constant determined experimentally Reaction rate constant Many reactions rates in the environment are modeled d[A] = −k[A]a dt as first-order (i.e a=1): CIVL270-Maraqa D [A ] = [A o ]e − kt Stoichiometry Consider the following balanced chemical reaction a X+ b Y cZ The equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction is defined as: [ Z ]c ; [ ]= molar concentration K= a b [ X ] [Y ] If the chemical is in the solid state or pure liquid then its [ ]=1 If the chemical is in the gaseous form, then its [ ]= its partial pressure (P) In-Class Exercise (Example 2.2 modified) M of C6H12O6 are completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O Find the amount of oxygen required to complete the reaction Solution: The balanced reaction is: 1C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 1C6H12O6 M requires 6O2 M M requires ?O2 M O2 = 6x2= 12 M = (12 M)(32 g/mol) = 384 g/L Note: K for the above reaction is written as [ H 2O(l ) ]6 [CO2 ( g ) ]6 PCO K= = [O2 ( g ) ]6 [C6 H 12O6 ( aq ) ] PO62 [C6 H12O6 ( aq ) ] CIVL270-Maraqa Reactions Transform Chemical  Coordination partner transfer Oxidation-reduction Transfer Biological Aerobic degradation Volatilization Anaerobic degradation Sorption Ion exchange Sedimentation CIVL270-Maraqa Example Coordination Partner Transfer Reactions Acid-base rxns H2O H+ + OH  Solubility product CaCO3 (s)  [ H + ( aq ) ][OH − ( aq ) ] K w= = [ H + ][OH − ] = 10 −14 at 25o C [ H 2O( l ) ] Ca 2+ (aq) (aq) + CO Solubility of gases CO2(g) CIVL270-Maraqa CO2(aq) 23 (aq) K H= 2− K sp= [Ca 2+ ][CO3 ] = × 10 −9 [CO2 ( aq ) ] PCO2 = 0.033 (mol / L.atm) Solubility Product (Ksp) Solubility of Gases (KH) Equilibrium Equation Ksp at 25oC T(oC) CO2 O2 CaCO3 = Ca2+ + CO3 2- 5×10-9 0.0764 0.00218 CaSO4 = Ca 2+ + SO4 2- 2×10-5 10 0.0532 0.00169 Cu(OH)2 = Cu 2+ + 2(OH)- 2×10-19 15 0.0454 0.00152 Al(OH)3 = Al 3+ + 3(OH)- 1×10-32 20 0.0391 0.00138 25 0.0333 0.00126 Ca3(PO4)3 = 3Ca 2+ CaF2 = Ca 2+ + 2F- CIVL270-Maraqa + 4PO4 3- 1×10 -27 3×10-11 In-Class Exercise (Example 2.9) Find the solubility of fluoride ions in water caused by the dissolution of CaF2 Solution CaF2 (s) Ca 2+ (aq) + 2F-(aq) Ksp=[Ca2+][F-]2= 3x10-11 Assume [Ca] = s [F]= 2s (s)(2s)2=3x10-11 s= 2x10-4 mol/L [F]= 2(2x10-4)= 4x10-4 mol/L = (4x10-4 mol/L) (19 g/mol) (103 mg/g) = 7.6mg/L CIVL270-Maraqa Organic Chemistry Organic compounds contain carbon except compounds such as CO, CO 2, CO3 Organic compounds compounds Organic Aliphatic Aliphatic Cyclic Cyclic Saturated Saturated (Paraffins) (Paraffins) Unsaturated Unsaturated (Olefins) (Olefins) Aromatic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds that contain H and C Alkanes (single bond): Methane (CH ), Ethane (C H ) , Propane (C H ), Butane (C4H10), Pentane (C5H12), Hexane (C6H14), Heptane (C7H16), Octane (C8H18), Nonane (C9H20), Decane, (C10H22) etc Alkenes (double bond): Ethene (C2H4), Propene (C3H6), etc Alkynes (triple bond): Ethyne (C2H2), Propyne (C3H4), etc } Examples CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 Butane 2-methylpropane CH3 CH3 C Cl H CH3 CH2 CH3 CH Those compounds have the same chemical formula (C4H10) but different structure They are called isomers CH3 Cl C 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane Cl Cl Cl C C F F F 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC) C H 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) Cl H Cl Cl C C Cl H Trichloroethylene (TCE) Examples H H C C C H C = C C CH3 H CH3 Benzene 1,2-dimethyl benzene (o-xylene) H H CH3 CH3 Methyl benzene 1,3-dimethylbenzene (Toluene) CH3 (m-xylene) CH3 CH3 1,4-dimethylbenzene (p-xylene) CIVL270-Maraqa Organic Compounds with Functional Groups •Alcohols: contain (-OH) group attached to aliphatic H H-C -OH Methanol H •Phenols: contain (-OH) group attached to aromatic OH Phenol •Aldehyde: contain O C-H group O H-C-H Formaldehyde CIVL270-Maraqa •Ketones: •Ethers: contain group with carbon atom attached to carbon atoms contain(-O-) group O -C - O H3C-C-CH3 acetone •Carboxylic acids: contain O -C -OH group O -C-OH H3C-O-CH3 Dimethyl ether •Amines: contain (-NH2) group H3C-CH2-NH2 Benzoic acid CIVL270-Maraqa Ethyl amine Organic Compounds of Environmental Concern      Trihalomethanes (THMs): These compounds are present in chlorinated waters BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): naphthalane, anthracene, etc Polychlorinated Biphynels (PCBs) Pesticides: Example dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) CIVL270-Maraqa [...]... CIVL270-Maraqa Organic Chemistry Organic compounds contain carbon except compounds such as CO, CO 2, CO3 Organic compounds compounds Organic Aliphatic Aliphatic Cyclic Cyclic Saturated Saturated (Paraffins) (Paraffins) Unsaturated Unsaturated (Olefins) (Olefins) Aromatic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds that contain H and C Alkanes (single bond): Methane (CH ), Ethane (C H ) , Propane (C H... 12O6 ( aq ) ] PO62 [C6 H12O6 ( aq ) ] CIVL270-Maraqa Reactions Transform Chemical  Coordination partner transfer Oxidation-reduction Transfer Biological Aerobic degradation Volatilization Anaerobic degradation Sorption Ion exchange Sedimentation CIVL270-Maraqa Example Coordination Partner Transfer Reactions Acid-base rxns H2O H+ + OH  Solubility product CaCO3 (s)  [ H + ( aq ) ][OH − ( aq )... Compounds with Functional Groups •Alcohols: contain (-OH) group attached to aliphatic H H-C -OH Methanol H •Phenols: contain (-OH) group attached to aromatic OH Phenol •Aldehyde: contain O C-H group O H-C-H Formaldehyde CIVL270-Maraqa •Ketones: •Ethers: contain group with carbon atom attached to carbon atoms contain(-O-) group O -C - O H3C-C-CH3 acetone •Carboxylic acids: contain O -C -OH group O -C-OH... Dimethyl ether •Amines: contain (-NH2) group H3C-CH2-NH2 Benzoic acid CIVL270-Maraqa Ethyl amine Organic Compounds of Environmental Concern      Trihalomethanes (THMs): These compounds are present in chlorinated waters BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): naphthalane, anthracene, etc Polychlorinated Biphynels (PCBs) Pesticides: Example dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane... 2(OH)- 2×10-19 15 0.0454 0.00152 Al(OH)3 = Al 3+ + 3(OH)- 1×10-32 20 0.0391 0.00138 25 0.0333 0.00126 Ca3(PO4)3 = 3Ca 2+ CaF2 = Ca 2+ + 2F- CIVL270-Maraqa + 4PO4 3- 1×10 -27 3×10-11 In-Class Exercise (Example 2.9) Find the solubility of fluoride ions in water caused by the dissolution of CaF2 Solution CaF2 (s) Ca 2+ (aq) + 2F-(aq) Ksp=[Ca2+][F-]2= 3x10-11 Assume [Ca] = s [F]= 2s (s)(2s)2=3x10-11 s=... ] K w= = [ H + ][OH − ] = 10 −14 at 25o C [ H 2O( l ) ] Ca 2+ (aq) (aq) + CO Solubility of gases CO2(g) CIVL270-Maraqa CO2(aq) 23 (aq) K H= 2− K sp= [Ca 2+ ][CO3 ] = 5 × 10 −9 [CO2 ( aq ) ] PCO2 = 0.033 (mol / L.atm) Solubility Product (Ksp) Solubility of Gases (KH) Equilibrium Equation Ksp at 25oC T(oC) CO2 O2 CaCO3 = Ca2+ + CO3 2- 5×10-9 0 0.0764 0.00218 CaSO4 = Ca 2+ + SO4 2- 2×10-5 10 0.0532 0.00169... 4 2 6 3 8 Butane (C4H10), Pentane (C5H12), Hexane (C6H14), Heptane (C7H16), Octane (C8H18), Nonane (C9H20), Decane, (C10H22) etc Alkenes (double bond): Ethene (C2H4), Propene (C3H6), etc Alkynes (triple bond): Ethyne (C2H2), Propyne (C3H4), etc } Examples CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 Butane 2-methylpropane CH3 CH3 C Cl H CH3 CH2 CH3 CH Those compounds have the same chemical formula (C4H10) but...In-Class Exercise (Example 2.2 modified) 2 M of C6H12O6 are completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O Find the amount of oxygen required to complete the reaction Solution: The balanced reaction is: 1C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 1C6H12O6 M requires 6O2 M 2 M requires ?O2 M O2 = 6x2= 12 M = (12 M)(32 g/mol) = 384 g/L Note: K for the above reaction is written as [ H 2O(l ) ]6 [CO2 ( g ) ]6... They are called isomers CH3 Cl C 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane Cl Cl Cl C C F F F 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC) C H 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) Cl H Cl Cl C C Cl H Trichloroethylene (TCE) Examples H H C C C H C = C C CH3 H CH3 Benzene 1,2-dimethyl benzene (o-xylene) H H CH3 CH3 Methyl benzene 1,3-dimethylbenzene (Toluene) CH3 (m-xylene) CH3 CH3 1,4-dimethylbenzene (p-xylene) CIVL270-Maraqa Organic... benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): naphthalane, anthracene, etc Polychlorinated Biphynels (PCBs) Pesticides: Example dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) CIVL270-Maraqa