2ND EDI T ION ENERGY IN T HE 21ST CENT URY This page intentionally left blank 2ND EDI T ION ENERGY IN T HE 21ST CENT URY J OHN R F ANCHI Texas Christian University, USA C HRISTOPER J F ANCHI WITH World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ENERGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (2nd Edition) Copyright © 2011 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher Desk Editor: Tjan Kwang Wei ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-981-4322-04-1 981-4322-04-0 978-981-4324-54-0 (pbk) 981-4324-54-X (pbk) Printed in Singapore To the pioneers energy n in the eemerging g e y iindustry t – forr thee benefit of future fu e generations e ns This page intentionally left blank PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Many events that affect global energy production and consumption have occurred since the first edition of this book appeared in 2005 For example, the price of oil has ranged between US$30 per barrel and US$150 per barrel, and the demand for energy has been affected by a worldwide economic recession The second edition updates data and expands material based on recent events The first edition of this book has been used at the text in an introductory energy course for a general college student population This experience motivated the reorganization and addition of topical material, and inclusion of activities to enhance the value of the second edition as a textbook Most of the statistics presented in the book are from either the United States Energy Information Administration (www.eia.doe.gov) or the International Energy Agency (www.iea.org) The IEA is supported by industrialized nations, including the United States The U.S EIA is based in Washington, D.C., and the IEA is based in Paris, France These data sources have been selected because they are widely used by policy makers We want to thank students, guest speakers, and colleagues in academia and industry for their comments and suggestions Kathy Fanchi was again instrumental in preparing this book for publication John R Fanchi August 2010 vii This page intentionally left blank PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION My interest in energy began in the 1970’s when I obtained degrees in physics from the Universities of Denver (B.S.), Mississippi (M.S.), and Houston (Ph.D.) I did some work in geothermal storage of solar energy as a post-doc in 1978, and then spent many years in the energy industry helping develop oil and gas reservoirs I became a full time academic in 1998 when I joined the faculty of the Colorado School of Mines as a professor of petroleum engineering In the transition from industry to academia, I wanted to find out how long a college graduate today could expect to continue a career in the extraction of fossil fuels After studying several forecasts of energy production, I was convinced that fossil fuels would continue to be an important part of the energy mix while other energy sources would increase in importance To help prepare students to function as energy professionals, I developed an energy course at the Colorado School of Mines and published the textbook Energy: Technology and Directions for the Future (Elsevier – Academic Press, Boston, 2004) I realized as I was developing the energy course that much of the material in the textbook is suitable for a general audience This book, Energy in the 21st Century, is a non-technical version of Energy: Technology and Directions for the Future Energy in the 21st Century was written to give the concerned citizen enough information about energy to make informed decisions Readers who would like more detailed information or a more complete list of references should consult the textbook Energy: Technology and Directions for the Future I want to thank my students and guest speakers for their comments during the preparation of my energy course Tony Fanchi helped prepare many of the figures in the book, and Kathy Fanchi was instrumental in the preparation and production of the book Even though there are many more topics that could be discussed, the material in Energy in the 21st Century should expose you to a broad range of energy types and help you develop an appreciation of the role that each energy type may play in the future John R Fanchi ix 346 Energy in the 21st Century Feder, T., 2009, “JET gets new wall to prep for ITER,” Physics Today, December 2009, pages 24-25 Geller, H., 2003, Energy Revolution, Island Press, Washington Gold, T., 1999, The Deep Hot Biosphere, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, New York Goldemberg, J., 2008, “The Brazilian biofuels industry,” Biotechnology for Biofuels, published May 2008, doi:10.1186/1754-6834-1-6, http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/1/1/6, accessed January 2010 Goswami, D.Y., F Kreith, and J.F Kreider, 2000, Principles of Solar Engineering, George H Buchanan Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Graw, K-U., 2008, Wiley-VCH, “Energy Reserves from the Oceans,” Renewable Energy, Edited by G Wengenmayr and T Buhrke, editors, pages 76-82 Hayden, H.C., 2001, The Solar Fraud: Why Solar Energy Won’t Run the World, Vales Lake Publishing, LLC, Pueblo West, Colorado Hodgson, P.E., 1999, Nuclear Power, Energy and the Environment, Imperial College Press, London, United Kingdom Hubbert, M.K., 1956, “Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels,” American Petroleum Institute Drilling and Production Practice, Proceedings of the Spring Meeting, San Antonio, pages 7-25 Huntington, S.P., 1996, The Clash of Civilizations, Simon and Schuster, London IER website, 2010, “Levelized Cost of New Electricity Generating Technologies,” study posted 12 May 2009, by the Institute for Energy Research, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/, accessed January 4, 2010 International Rivers, 2009, “China’s Three Gorges Dam,” http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/china/three-gorges-dam, accessed December 27, 2009 References 347 IPCC, 2007, IPCC Climate Change 2007 report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/ wg1/en/faq-2-1-figure-1.html, accessed January 8, 2010 ITER, 2009, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, 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Chemistry and Physics, 83rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida Lilley, J., 2001, Nuclear Physics, Wiley, New York Lovelock, J., 2009, The Vanishing Face of GAIA, Basic Books, New York Manwell, J.F., J.G McGowan, and A.L Rogers, 2002, Wind Energy Explained, Wiley, New York 348 Energy in the 21st Century Marcum, E., 2009, “TVA Realigns Top Management,” knoxnews.com, posted December 5, 2009, accessed December 5, 2009 Mathews, J.N.A., 2009, “Superconductors to boost wind power,” Physics Today (April), pages 25-26 McKay, D.R (correspondent), 2002, “Global Scenarios 1998-2020,” Summary Brochure, Shell International, London McVeigh, J.C., 1984, Energy Around the World, Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom Mills, R., 2009, “The Myth of the Oil Crisis,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, pages 16-17 (October) Morrison, P and K Tsipis, 1998, Reason Enough to Hope, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, especially Chapter Murray, R.L., 2001, Nuclear Energy: An Introduction to the Concepts, 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the 2009 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, May 4-7, 2009 Poupee, K., 2009, “Japan eyes solar power station in space,” Discovery News, http://news.discovery.com/space/japan-solar-space-station html, posted November 9, 2009; accessed December 23, 2009 Ramage, J and J Scurlock, 1996, “Biomass,” Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, edited by G Boyle, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom Ristinen, R.A and J.J Kraushaar, 1999, Energy and the Environment, Wiley, New York Schollnberger, W.E., 1999, “Projection of the World’s Hydrocarbon Resources and Reserve Depletion in the 21st Century,” The Leading Edge (May), pages 622-625 Schollnberger, W.E., 2006, “Who Shapes the Future Mix of Primary Energy? What Might it Be?” OIL GAS European Magazine, Volume 32, Number 1, pages 8-20 Serway, R.A and J.S Faughn, 1985, College Physics, Saunders, Philadelphia Shepherd, W and D.W Shepherd, 1998, Energy Studies, Imperial College Press, London, U.K Silberberg, M., 1996, Chemistry, Mosby, St Louis Solar Spaces, 2009, http://www.solarpaces.org/Tasks/Task1/solar_tres.htm, accessed December 30, 2009 Sørensen, B., 2000, Renewable Energy: Its physics, engineering, environmental impacts, economics & planning, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London, U.K SPE Definitions, 2009, Development_of_Definitions.pdf, Society of Petroleum Engineers, http://www.spe.org/, accessed December 6, 2009 350 Energy in the 21st Century SPE-PRMS, 2007, Society of Petroleum Engineers, http://www.spe.org/ industry/reserves/docs/Petroleum_Resources_Management_ System_2007.pdf, accessed December 6, 2009 TVA, 2009, Tennessee Valley Authority, http://www.tva.gov/sites/ kingston.htm, accessed December 6, 2009 UN HDI, 2009, United Nations Human Development Index, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/, accessed November 25, 2009 US-Canada Blackout Report, 2004, “Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations,” U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, https://reports.energy.gov/BlackoutFinal-Web.pdf, accessed January 1, 2010 US Census website, 2010, United States Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html, accessed January 8, 2010 US EIA website, 2001, Annual Energy Review 2001, Appendix F, United States Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.doe.gov/ US EIA website, 2002, Table 11.1, United States Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.doe.gov/ US EIA website, 2008, Annual Energy Review 2008, United States Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.doe.gov/ US EIA website, 2009, United States Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.doe.gov/ US EIA website, 2010, International Energy Statistics, United States Energy Information 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Development), Brundtland, G., Chairwoman, 1987, Our Common Future, Oxford University Press WCI, 2009, World Coal Institute, accessed December 15, 2009, http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/coal-seam-methane/coal-bed-methane/ WEC, 2007, 2007 Survey of Energy Resources, World Energy Council, data from mid-2005, http://www.worldenergy.org/, accessed December 20, 2009 Weisz, P.B., 2004, “Basic Choices and Constraints on Long-Term Energy Supplies,” Physics Today (July), pages 47-52 Wengenmayr, G., 2008a, Wiley-VCH, “Flowing Energy,” Renewable Energy, Edited by G Wengenmayr and T Buhrke, editors, pages 2225 Whittaker, M., 1999, “Emerging ‘triple bottom line’ model for industry weighs environmental, economic, and social considerations,” Oil and Gas Journal, pages 23-28 (20 December) Wigley, T.M.L., R Richels, and J.A Edmonds, 1996, “Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations,” Nature (18 January), pages 240-243 352 Energy in the 21st Century Wiser, W.H., 2000, Energy Resources: Occurrence, Production, Conversion, Use, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, New York WNA, March 2001, “Radioactive Wastes,” World Nuclear Association, http://www.world-nuclear.org/, accessed December 30, 2009 WNA, September 2009, “Supply of Uranium,” World Nuclear Association, http://www.world-nuclear.org/, accessed December 30, 2009 Yergin, D., 1992, The Prize, Simon and Schuster, New York INDEX Canada · 13, 14, 38, 44, 62, 66, 82, 110, 111, 115, 116, 174, 211, 250 Cape Wind · 161, 162 CAPEX · 272, 290 carbon capture and sequestration · 80, 287, 289, 304 cash flow · 218, 278-280, 282 catalyst · 77, 83, 97, 126, 202, 210, 229, 263, 310 cathode · 224, 225, 228, 229, 240 CCS · 80, 97, 286, 287, 289, 290 cell · 224, 225, 228, 229, 231, 246, 319 chain reaction · 101, 102, 108, 117, 119 Chaos · 298 Chernobyl · 120, 121, 124, 314 China · 36, 37, 44, 62, 66, 67, 81, 113, 178, 179, 181, 217, 271, 285, 293, 299, 306, 310 chromosphere · 128 civilization · 2, 16, 297-303, 310, 313 cleat · 35, 42-45 climate change · 40, 54, 96, 200, 212, 214, 217, 230, 305, 308, 309, 312, 324 closed system · 40, 186 closed-cycle · 186 coal gas · 35, 42-45, 47, 63-65, 243 gasification · 207, 210, 227 mine · 181, 243 seam · 35, 38, 43-45, 55 coalbed methane · 42 coal-fired · 3, 16, 40-42, 45, 80, 179, 181, 203, 204, 274, 287 coalification · 33, 34, 42, 45 cogeneration · 80, 97, 317, 318 combined cycle · 80, 286, 287 combustion fossil fuels · 39 internal · 7, 15, 201, 222, 228, 317, 318 A abiogenic theory · 51, 53, 54 absorption · 127, 135, 218, 227 activation energy · 40, 226 active solar · 127, 134, 135 Alaska · 79, 91, 92, 94, 96, 167, 260 albedo · 122, 129, 130 algae oil · 207, 210 alternating current · 41, 176, 244, 248, 252, 264, 265 anaerobic · 33, 202, 208, 209, 218 anode · 224, 225, 228, 229, 240 API Gravity · 60, 62 Arab Oil Embargo · 86, 87, 97 Arctic · 55, 79, 88 asthenosphere · 26 atomic mass · 99 atomic number · 10, 124 Australia · 13, 14, 36, 44, 111, 299 B bacteria · 34, 52, 53, 195, 209, 218, 227 Barnett · 75-77 base load · 220, 264 Battle of Currents · 243, 244 Binding energy · 100 biofuel · 127, 201-203, 205, 233 biogenic theory · 51, 53, 54, 68 biomass · 2, 19, 127, 195-211, 213, 218, 219, 227, 243, 286, 319 biomass conversion · 207-210 biopower · 203 Bissell · 16 blackout · 250, 253, 261 Brazil · 61, 111, 205, 206 C CAES · 234-238, 240 353 354 Energy in the 21st Century completions · 73 composition · 10, 34, 35, 42, 46, 48, 49, 52, 180, 181, 212, 213 compressed air energy storage · 234, 235, 237 concentrating solar power · 137, 140, 141, 143, 147 conduction · 147 conductors · 145, 234, 254 conservation · 3, 4, 134, 302, 317-319 containment building · 106, 107, 125 failure · 120-122 control rod · 117, 121 convection · 128, 137, 147 conventional gas · 80 conventional oil · 47, 63, 89, 303 coolant · 106, 117, 120, 121, 125, 136 crust · 26-28, 32, 53, 108, 110, 187, 188 CSP · 137, 140, 143 D dam · 2, 19, 176-181, 185, 193, 212 decarbonization · 21-24, 229 deforestation · 15, 40, 199, 243, 296 Denmark · 14, 89, 152, 159-161, 164 desorption · 42, 43 direct cost · 273, 274 current · 234, 243, 244, 250-252, 259 dish concentrator · 140, 141, 147 distillation · 202 distribution system · 7, 241, 251, 252, 259 dose equivalent · 101 Drake · 16, 70, 126 drilling · 16, 17, 65, 70, 71, 73-78, 82, 97, 187, 275, 278, 280, 303, 304 E economic indicators · 278, 280 economics · 13, 47, 206, 217, 229, 230, 266, 271, 276, 277, 302, 303, 306, 324 economies of scale · 206, 276, 277 economy · 1, 15, 22, 23, 26, 47, 86, 87, 162, 179, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238-240, 246, 258, 266, 276, 290, 308, 319 efficiencies · 135, 139, 203 Egypt · 16, 84, 85 elasticity · 269, 270, 290 electric grid · 151, 153, 164, 259, 261, 262 electrolysis · 222, 224-226, 232, 240 end use efficiency · 282, 290 energy balance · 131, 202, 217 carrier · 220, 221, 226, 233 conservation · 3, 134, 302, 317, 318 density · 19, 183, 198, 199, 212, 213, 222, 223, 230, 240, 312 industry · 56, 292, 308, 319 intensity · 293, 294, 310 production · 9, 10, 21, 22, 168, 169, 193, 195, 236, 292, 302, 313, 325 storage · 131, 136, 143, 145, 167, 220, 221, 233-235, 237, 240 environment · 1, 20, 33, 50, 52, 55, 95, 112, 117, 121, 169, 275, 308 environmental impact clean energy sources · 316 combustible materials · 211 Index drilling · 75 hydroelectric dam · 180 nuclear energy · 116 tidal energy · 185 wind · 169 enzymes · 96, 209 equilibrium · 268, 306 Era · 31, 70, 71 ERCOT · 260 ethanol · 196, 198, 201, 202, 205, 206, 219 European Union · 113, 142, 163, 164, 165, 262, 299, 305, 324 exergy · exothermic reaction · 39, 40, 44 exploration · 55, 88, 303, 308 F fermentation · 201, 202, 208, 227 Fermi · 102 fissile material · 106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 124 flicker · 169, 171 forecast based on supply · 313 climate · 309 energy mix · 318 historical trends · 21 Hubbert's oil supply · 91 net present value · 284 nuclear energy · 313 quality of life · 14 renewable energy · 316 scenarios · 292 validity · 324 fossil energy · 26, 39, 46, 54, 276, 277, 314, 316, 324 fracture · 35, 42, 65, 75-77, 95 France · 14, 20, 71, 89, 97, 113-116, 123, 165, 185, 299 free energy · 142 frequencies · 135 frequency · 62, 144, 252 355 friction · 176 fuel cell · 167, 222, 228-232, 234, 240, 319 G Gaia · 308, 309, 311 gas-fired · 80, 97, 236 gasification · 203, 204, 207, 210, 218, 226, 227 gas-to-liquid · 68, 207, 209, 210 Gaussian curve · 93, 321, 322, 325 generator biopower · 203 capital expense · 279 coal-fired power plant · 40 cogeneration · 317 hot, dry rock · 192 hydroelectric · 175, 248 shaft · 151, 153, 175, 248 three-phase alternating current · 253 wave energy · 183 wind turbine · 40 geologic formation · 47, 217 time scale · 31, 32 trap · 53 geopolitics · 291, 296, 303, 311 geothermal energy · 21, 187-189, 191-194 heat pump · 188, 189, 194 power · 188, 191, 212, 219 Germany · 81, 82, 89, 102, 103, 114-116, 141, 164, 171, 235, 236, 271, 299, 302, 310 global warming · 212, 214, 217 gravity · 60 Great Britain · 115, 263, 285 greenhouse effect · 122, 215, 216, 218 gases · 40, 98, 123, 169, 200, 202, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 219, 223, 314, 316 356 Energy in the 21st Century GTL · 209 Gulf of Mexico · 67, 79, 96, 186 H half-life · 118 Hawaii · 91, 92, 104, 182, 187, 204, 260 heat exchanger · 106, 136, 139, 189, 190 pump · 188, 189, 194 transfer · 136, 139, 143, 147, 186, 191 heavy oil · 55, 59-62, 88 high voltage direct current · 250, 259 Hindenburg · 230, 232, 239 Holland · 89, 156, 166 Hoover Dam · 176, 177, 180, 248, 249 horizontal drilling · 65, 75-77 Hot, Dry Rock · 192-194 household · 4, 255, 256, 257, 262, 265, 266, 289 Hubbert · 91-93, 97, 321, 326 Human Development Index · 11, 24, 163, 312, 325 HVDC · 250, 251, 259 hybrid · 113, 186, 220, 221, 238, 239, 262 hydrate · 63, 64, 68, 69 hydraulic fracture · 95 hydroelectric · 2, 21, 25, 126, 172-175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 193, 194, 211, 235, 246, 247, 248, 259, 264, 273, 276, 286, 290, 316 hydrogen economy · 23, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238, 240 hydropower · 19, 172-174, 177, 182, 183, 185, 193, 259, 271 hydrosphere · 173, 219 I Iceland · 14, 188 India · 6, 36, 81, 113, 217, 293, 306, 310 indirect cost · 273, 274, 281, 289 Indonesia · 66, 83 inertial confinement · 112 inner core · 187 insulation · 132-134, 137 insulator · 187 intangible cost · 273, 275, 290 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor · 113 Iran · 18, 23, 66, 81-83, 86, 296, 301 Iraq · 18, 66, 83 isotope · 100, 108, 109, 111, 112, 122, 124 Israel · 83-86, 296 ITER · 113, 114, 123 J Japan · 13, 14, 81, 82, 103, 113-116, 130, 217, 271 K kinetic energy · 1-3, 106, 148, 175, 176, 248 Korea · 81, 115, 116, 271, 301 Kuwait · 18, 66, 81, 90 Kyoto Protocol · 217, 219, 305, 306, 316 L lasers · 112, 131 levelized cost · 286-288, 290 life cycle analysis · 281-283, 289, 290 costs · 281, 282 Index lifeboat ethics · 295, 296, 310 lifetime · 127 load · 220, 229, 240, 246, 258, 264 luminosity · 128 M Macroeconomics · 266 magma · 26, 188, 192 magnetic confinement · 112 Malaysia · 66, 299 Manhattan Project · 103 mantle · 26, 30, 53, 68, 187, 188 mechanical energy · 3, 7, 24, 148, 157, 175, 176, 182, 183, 194, 234, 235, 240, 248, 264 metamorphic rock · 29, 45, 48 methane hydrate · 63, 64, 68 Mexico · 299 Middle East · 16, 18, 67, 68, 79, 83, 85, 90 migration · 31, 53, 155, 169, 212, 219 mining · 38, 45, 62, 109, 110 model · 230, 297, 298, 300, 310, 319 Mutual Assured Destruction · 104, 124 N net present value · 278, 280, 284, 286, 289 New Zealand · 299 North America · 67, 253, 259, 260, 265, 299 NOx · 39, 40, 42, 214 nuclear fission · 2, 20, 89, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 113, 116-120, 123-125, 239, 313, 314, 324, 325 force · 102 357 fuel · 108, 113, 117, 119, 120 fusion · 98-100, 111-114, 116, 122-125, 127, 227, 292, 314, 324, 325 power · 101, 104, 114, 116, 118, 120, 123, 124, 236, 238, 239, 273, 275, 287, 290, 301, 314, 324 reactor · 105, 106, 113, 120, 121, 257 weapon · 1, 103, 105, 109, 114, 115, 121, 122, 124, 301, 315, 324 winter · 122, 124 nuclei · 31, 98-100, 102, 106, 108, 111, 112, 124, 229 nucleons · 100 nucleus · 2, 98-102, 124, 222 O ocean thermal · 185, 186 offshore wind · 159-165, 170, 263 oil crisis · 18, 83, 86, 87, 94, 270, 271, 276, 277, 296, 303 price · 18, 83, 84, 86-89, 93, 97, 270, 271, 296, 303, 304 Oklo · 119, 120 OPEC · 18, 83, 84, 86, 90, 271 OPEX · 272, 289, 290 orbital · 128 oscillating water column · 183, 184 OTEC · 186, 193, 194 outer core · 187 oxidation · 225 P parabolic trough · 139 paradigm · 297, 298, 310 passive solar · 132-134, 146, 317 358 Energy in the 21st Century peak load · 220, 246, 264 oil · 69, 70, 92, 273, 303, 304, 321 peat · 33, 51 penstock · 175, 176, 193, 248 permeability · 47, 49, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 76, 77, 303 petroleum · 18, 21, 47, 48, 52-54, 56, 57, 60, 68, 75, 79, 83, 84, 192, 270, 271, 303, 319 photocell · 145 photoelectric effect · 144-146 photon · 99, 100, 144 photosphere · 128 photosynthesis · 2, 127, 146, 195, 210, 218, 219, 234 photovoltaics · 144-146 pipe · 71, 72, 74, 176, 189, 197 plasma · 112, 125 plate tectonics · 28 platform · 75, 77, 78, 96, 143, 242, 278, 279 pollution · 95, 123, 126, 140, 199, 316 population control · 295 density · 159 global · 213, 312 growth · 214 resettling · 179 world · 14, 94, 166 porosity · 29, 45, 65 potential energy · 1-3, 175, 182, 183, 193 pressurized water reactor · 106, 107, 120, 124 prime mover · 73, 175, 248 product substitution · 89, 269, 277 Q Qatar · 15, 18, 66, 82 quality of life · 4, 11-14, 20, 40, 163, 166, 266, 293, 296, 301, 312, 325 R radiation biologically harmful · 108, 117 dose · 101 electromagnetic · 135, 144 energy · 101 infrared · 135, 136, 215 solar · 122, 127, 129, 130, 135, 137, 215 zone · 128 radioactive decay · 100, 187 waste · 108, 117-119, 122, 123, 314 radioactivity · 99, 101, 102, 121, 123 Rance River · 185 Real Options · 283, 284, 290 reduction · 22, 36, 42, 109, 122, 225, 276, 292, 306, 308 relativity · 144 reserves coal · 36, 37 defined · 36 gas · 44, 57, 66-68, 90 oil · 57, 66-68, 90, 130 uranium · 20, 36, 109-110 reservoir management · 70, 77 resource pyramid · 55, 56, 68 risk analysis · 283, 284 rock cycle · 29, 30, 45, 48 Rockefeller · 18 roof overhang · 132, 133, 146 Russia · 36, 37, 44, 61, 62, 66, 81, 82, 105, 111, 113-116, 285, 299 Index S safety · 44, 79, 121, 130, 256, 257, 313, 314, 324 San Onofre · 107 Saudi Arabia · 18, 66, 81, 86, 93, 293, 322 scenarios · 23, 291, 292, 310, 312, 318, 319, 326 Schollnberger · 318, 319, 321, 323, 326 sedimentary rock · 29, 35, 48, 49, 51, 108-110 SEGS · 139, 140 seismic · 70, 95, 97, 180, 303 semi-conductor · 145 sequestration · 80, 217-219, 287, 289, 304, 316 Seven Sisters · 18, 24 shale gas · 47, 63-65, 68, 76, 77, 82, 95 oil · 47, 61, 62 Smart Grid · 261, 262 solar collector · 136 constant · 128 electric · 127, 137, 139, 144, 146, 220, 238, 279 flux · 129 heat collector · 135-137, 139, 146 intensity · 140 power · 130, 135, 137-139, 141-143, 145, 212, 235-238, 263, 264, 271, 273, 276, 278, 289 power tower · 137, 138, 140-143, 235 thermal · 140, 141, 286 Solar Electric Generating System · 139, 279 South America · 18, 67, 205, 299 Soviet Union · 103-105, 297, 300 spaceship ethics · 295, 296, 310 359 Spain · 142, 143, 147, 164, 235, 264, 300 Spindletop · 17, 71 star · 104, 127, 128 submersible pump · 43, 73 Super Grid · 262-264, 324 superconductivity · 221 supply and demand · 88, 266-269, 272, 306, 313 sustainable development · 20, 24, 230, 292-295, 310, 325 synfuels · 195, 207, 210, 211, 219 T tar sand · 47, 61, 62, 88, 211 tectonic plate · 28-31, 45 Tennessee Valley Authority · 41, 174, 175, 246 thermal conductivity · 133, 134 decomposition · 226, 240 Three Gorges Dam · 178-181, 193, 194 Three Mile Island · 120, 314 three-phase electricity · 253, 254 tidal energy · 184, 185 tide · 49, 173, 182, 184, 185, 193, 194 tight gas · 47, 63-65, 77 tokomak · 112, 125 transformer · 248-250, 254, 255, 264 transmission line · 163, 248-254, 261, 264 system · 246, 250, 252, 253, 259, 263 triple bottom line · 294 turbulence · 158, 159, 170, 176 Turkey · 299 TVA · 41, 42, 246 360 Energy in the 21st Century U Ukraine · 36, 82, 105, 111, 115, 116, 120, 314 unconventional gas · 47, 63, 65, 75 United Arab Emirates · 18, 66, 81 United Kingdom · 13, 62, 82, 112, 115, 159, 160, 164, 184, 190, 208 United Nations · 11-13, 20, 24, 83, 84, 292, 301, 305, 312, 314, 325 V volatile organic compound (VOC) · 40 volcanoes · 185 voltage · 224, 226, 229, 243, 244, 249-252, 254, 255, 259, 264, 265 wind energy · 2, 21, 89, 126, 127, 148, 150, 152, 153, 163, 167, 169, 170, 227, 233, 237, 258, 259, 263, 277, 316, 324 farm · 157-161, 164-167, 169, 170, 212, 219, 220, 236-238, 258, 259, 263, 273-276, 316 park · 157 power · 127, 148-149, 151-152, 156-157, 159, 163-167, 287 turbine · 148, 150-159, 161-163, 165, 166, 169, 170, 258, 275-277 windmill · 148-152, 170, 241 WIPP · 119 wood · 6-8, 15, 24, 25, 70, 149, 195, 196, 198-200, 241, 243, 247, 258, 290, 312 work function · 144 World War II · 83, 86, 105, 115, 124, 152, 262, 296, 297, 319 W Waste Isolation Pilot Plant · 119 water cycle · 172, 173 wave · 160, 162, 182-185, 194 wave energy · 183, 184, 194 Y yaw · 154, 170 Yucca · 118, 119, 124 [...]... contributors to the energy mix by the end of the 20th century Other energy sources – identified as wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and waste in Figure 1-6 – were beginning to make an appearance in the global energy mix at the beginning of the 21st century They do not appear in the figure because their impact was negligible in the last half of the 20th century One of the factors that supported the selection... motion, and kinetic energy is the energy of motion Forms of energy include energy of motion (kinetic energy) , heat (thermal energy) , 1 2 Energy in the 21st Century light (radiant energy) , photosynthesis (biological energy) , stored energy in a battery (chemical energy) , stored energy in a capacitor (electrical energy) , stored energy in a nucleus (nuclear energy) , and stored energy in a gravitational... above the table The potential energy is energy associated with the position of the book in a gravitational field When you drop the book, the energy of position is transformed into energy of motion, or kinetic energy When the book hits the table, some of A Brief History of Energy Consumption 3 the kinetic energy is transformed into sound (sonic energy) , and the rest of the kinetic energy is transformed into... the energy of motion, or kinetic energy, of the steam Flowing steam spins a turbine in a generator The mechanical energy of the spinning turbine is converted to electrical energy in the generator In a real system, energy is lost so that the efficiency of electrical energy generation from the combustion of coal is less than 100% A measure of the energy that is available for doing useful work is called... fuels in the energy mix at the end of the 20th century is being replaced by a move toward sustainable energy Sustainable energy is the mix of energy sources that will allow society to meet its present energy needs while preserving the ability of future generations to meet their needs This definition is a variation of the concept of sustainable development introduced in 1987 in a report prepared by the. .. Another way to reduce energy use is to turn off the light when it is not needed In this case, we are conserving energy by changing our behavior Energy conservation is achieved by adopting a behavior that results in the use of less energy An improvement in energy efficiency or conservation can be viewed as increasing 4 Energy in the 21st Century energy supply because improving energy efficiency or conservation... Index 353 ABOUT THE AUTHORS John R Fanchi is a Professor in the Department of Engineering and Energy Institute at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas where he teaches courses in energy and engineering Previously, Fanchi taught petroleum and energy engineering courses at the Colorado School of Mines, worked in the technology centers of four energy companies, and has been President of the International... the economy, society, and the environment Our understanding of each of these issues will help us on our journey to energy independence We begin by defining energy and reviewing our history of energy consumption 1.1 WHAT IS ENERGY? Energy is the ability to do work It can be classified as stored (potential) energy, and working (kinetic) energy Potential energy is the ability to produce motion, and kinetic... into energy of position (potential energy) when the book rests on the table top Energy transformation is needed to produce commercial energy As an illustration, suppose we consider a coal-fired power plant Coal stores energy as chemical energy Combustion, or burning the coal, transforms chemical energy into heat energy In steam power plants, the heat energy changes water into steam and increases the energy. .. different energy sources to 2008 United States energy production and consumption as percent of total values shown in Table 1-2 Fossil fuels were the dominant contributor to the United States energy mix in 2008 This provides a snapshot of the United States energy mix The data in Appendix B shows that the relative contribution of energy sources to the United States ener- Energy in the 21st Century 10