Introduction to environmental impact assessment

Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment 2nd edition The Natural and Built Environment series Editors: Professor Michael J.Bruton, The Residuary Body for Wales Professor John Glasson, Oxford Brookes University Methods of environmental impact assessment Peter Morris & Riki Therivel (editors) Public transport Peter White Planning, the market and private housebuilding Glen Bramley, Will Bartlett, Christine Lambert Housing policy in Britain and Europe Gavin McCrone & Mark Stephens Partnership agencies in British urban policy Nick Bailey (with Alison Barker and Kelvin MacDonald) British planning policy in transition Mark Tewdwr-Jones (editor) Urban planning and real estate development John Ratcliffe & Michael Stubbs Controlling development Philip Booth Development control Keith Thomas Landscape planning and environmental impact design, 2nd edition Tom Turner Introduction to environmental impact assessment, 2nd edition John Glasson, Riki Therivel, Andrew Chadwick Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment Principles and procedures, process, practice and prospects 2nd edition John Glasson Riki Therivel Andrew Chadwick © John Glasson, Riki Therivel, Andrew Chadwick 1994, 1999 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention No reproduction without permission All rights reserved First published in 1994 by UCL Press This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” UCL Press Limited is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group UCL Press Limited 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE and 325 Chestnut Street, 8th Floor Philadelphia PA 19106–1598 USA The name of University College London (UCL) is a registered trade mark used by UCL Press with the consent of the owner British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available ISBN 0-203-97960-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN - (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBNS: 1-84142-002-6 (Print Edition) HB 1-85728-945-5 (Print Edition) PB Contents Preface to the first edition viii Preface ix Acknowledgements x Abbreviations xi PART Principles and procedures Introduction and principles 2 Origins and development 26 UK agency and legislative context 52 PART Process Starting up; early stages 80 81 Impact prediction, evaluation and mitigation 122 Participation, presentation and review 154 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision 184 PART Practice An overview of UK practice to date Environmental impact assessment and projects requiring planning permission 10 Environmental impact assessment of projects not subject to planning control 11 Comparative practice 205 206 236 271 313 PART Prospects 365 12 Improving the effectiveness of project assessment 366 13 Widening the scope: strategic environmental assessment 385 Appendices 411 Author index 460 Subject index 468 Preface to the first edition There has been a remarkable and refreshing interest in environmental issues over the past few years A major impetus was provided by the 1987 Report of the World Commission on the Environment and Development (the Brundtland Report); the Rio Summit in 1992 sought to accelerate the impetus Much of the discussion on environmental issues and on sustainable development is about the better management of current activity in harmony with the environment However, there will always be pressure for new development How much better it would be to avoid or mitigate the potential harmful effects of future development on the environment at the planning stage Environmental impact assessment (EIA) assesses the impacts of planned activity on the environment in advance, thereby allowing avoidance measures to be taken: prevention is better than cure Environmental impact assessment was first formally established in the USA in 1969 It has spread worldwide and received a significant boost in Europe with the introduction of an EC Directive on EIA in 1985 This was implemented in the UK in 1988 Subsequently there has been a rapid growth in EIA activity, and over three hundred environmental impact statements (EISS) are now produced in the UK each year EIA is an approach in good currency It is also an area where many of the practitioners have limited experience This text provides a comprehensive introduction to the various dimensions of EIA It has been written with the requirements of both undergraduate and postgraduate students in mind It should also be of considerable value to those in practice—planners, developers and various interest groups EIA is on a rapid “learning curve”; this text is offered as a point on the curve The book is structured into four parts The first provides an introduction to the principles of EIA and an overview of its development and agency and legislative context Part provides a step-by-step discussion and critique of the EIA process Part examines current practice, broadly in the UK and in several other countries, and in more detail through selected UK case studies Part considers possible future developments It is likely that much more of the EIA iceberg will become visible in the 1990s and beyond An outline of important and associated developments in environmental auditing and in strategic environmental assessment concludes the text Although the book has a clear UK orientation, it does draw extensively on EIA experience worldwide, and it should be of interest to readers from many countries The book seeks to highlight best practice and to offer enough insight to methods, and to supporting references, to provide valuable guidance to the practitioner For information on detailed methods for assessment of impacts in particular topic areas (e.g landscape, air quality, traffic impacts), the reader is referred to the complementary volume, Methods of environmental impact assessment (Morris & Therivel, 1995, London, UCL Press) JOHN GLASSON RIKI THERIVEL Oxford Brookes University ANDREW CHADWICK Preface The aims and scope of this second edition are unchanged from those of the first edition But, as noted in the first preface, EIA is on a rapid learning curve, and any commentary on the subject must be seen as part of an ongoing discussion The worldwide spread of EIA procedures and practice is becoming increasingly comprehensive In the European Union, there is now ten years’ experience of the implementation of the pioneering EIA Directive, and an amended directive will become operational in 1999 There has also been considerable interest in the development of the EIA process, in extending the scope of activity, and also in assessing effectiveness Reflecting such changes, this revised edition updates the commentary by introducing and developing a number of issues which are seen as of growing importance to both the student and practitioner of EIA The structure of the first edition has been retained, plus much of the original material, but variations and additions have been made to specific sections In Part (principles and procedures), a significant addition has been the incorporation of the amendment to the EC EIA Directive and consideration of the implications for EIA practice In Part (discussion of the EIA process), many elements have been updated, including screening, assessment of significance, participation, presentation, review and the overall management of the process We have made very substantial changes to Part (overview of practice), drawing on the findings of several major international and UK reviews of EIA effectiveness While there is general consensus on the utility of EIA, there is also concern about some weaknesses in the procedures and practice to date The more detailed studies of UK practice for new settlements, roads and electricity supply have been updated, and the important area of waste disposal projects has been added Major changes have also been made to the chapter on comparative practice, with more discussion of emerging EIA systems and the role of international funding institutions, such as the World Bank Part of the book (prospects) has also been substantially revised to reflect some of the changing prospects for EIA including, for example, more consideration of cumulative impacts, socio-economic impacts, and public participation, plus possible shifts towards more integrated environmental assessment Similarly, in the final chapter, there is a substantial update of the developing principles, procedures and practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment Additions to the Appendices include the amended EC Directive, World Bank EIA procedures, environment impact statement review proformas There is an expanded bibliography of key references JOHN GLASSON RIKI THERIVEL ANDREW CHADWICK Oxford 1998 Dedicated to our families Author index 463 Grayson, L 397 Greene, G et al 192 Green, H et al 133, 152 Haeren, J.van 333 Hall, E 36, 230 Hancock, T 163 Hansen, P.E & S.E.Jorgensen 133 Hart, S.L 23 Harvey, N 345 Harvey, N & M.McCarthy 345 Headicar, P & B.Bixby 298 Health and Safety Commission Hertfordshire County Council 415–17 Hill, M 151 Hinson, P 313 Hirji, R & L.Ortolano 352 HMG (Her Majesty’s Government) 13 HMSO (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office) 40, 144 Holling, C.S 140, 194 Holmberg, J & R.Sandbrook 11 Holstein,T 391–2 Hopkinson, P.G et al 282, 286, 289, 299 Horberry, J & G.Muscat 353 House of Lords 42–4, 162 Howells, G.D & K.M.Gammon 312 Hughes, J & C.M.Wood 225 Hydro-Québec 168–9 IAIA (International Association for Impact Assessment) 7, 193, 389 IEA (Institute of Environmental Assessment) 196, 216, 223 Iglesias, S 355 Institute of Environmental Assessment and Landscape Institute 132 Jacobs, M & R.Levett 397 Jahiel, A.R 358 Jain, R.K et al 109, 161 Jendroska, J & J.Sommer 359, 362–3 Jones, C.E 225, 228, 230, 234, 237–8, 240–41 Jones, C.E & C.M.Wood 184, 277 Jones, C.E et al 23, 128, 225–6 Jones, J.M 269 Jones, T 333 Journal of American Institute of Planners 133 Kakonge, J.O & A.M.Imevbore 352 Kent County Council 411, 413 Kenyan, R.C 177 Kirkby, J et al 11 Kitson, T & R.Harris 275 Author index 464 Kobus, D & N.Lee 230, 232, 234, 237–8, 240, 242 Koning, H 333 Kristensen, P et al 133 Kunzlik, P 293 Lancashire County Council 411 Land Use Consultants 262–3 Lane, P and Associates 388 Ledgerwood, G et al 335 Lee, N 101, 137, 148, 297 Lee, N & D.Brown 228, 231–4, 240, 295, 297, 314 Lee, N & R.Colley 179–80, 228, 233, 269, 271, 297, 314, 454–5 Lee, N & R.Dancey 230, 232 Lee, N & J.Hughes 407 Lee, N & F.Walsh 294 Lee, N & C.M.Wood 43–4, 194 Lee, N et al 226, 228, 234, 237–9, 241 Legore, S 32 Leopold, L.B et al 112, 116 Leu, W.-S et al 226, 240 Lewis, J.A 135 Lewis, M 300 Lichfield, N 22, 146 Lichfield, N et al 144–6 Local Govemment Management Board 397, 411 Loewenstein, L.K 133 Maclaren, V.W & J.B.Whitney 141 Macpherson, G 285, 287, 289 Macrory, R 185 Manners, G 314 Manning, M 311, 315–16, 318 Marstrand, P.K 98 McCormick, J 160 McDonald, G.T & L.Brown 391 McDonic, G 179 McHarg, I 123 McLaren, D.E 353 McMahon, N 269 McNab, A 164, 171 MHPPE (Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment) 330, 423 Mills, J 101, 199, 230 Mitchell, J 155 Mollison, K 163 Moreira, I.V 39 Morris, R & R.Therivel xi, 108–9, 152 Munn, R.E 3, 109, 132, 138 Mylrea, K.R 275 NAO (National Audit Office) 282, 292, 294–7, 299–302, 307 National Institute for Health and Environment 422 Author index 465 National Power 319 Nelson, P 230 Netherlands Commission for Environmental Impact Assessment 327, 333 NRA (National Rivers Authority) 419–21 Nuclear Electric 208–9 O’Carroll, P.et al 108 ODA (Overseas Development Administration) 39, 367 Odum, E.P et al 120 Odum, W 386 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 284 Okaru, V.& A.Barannik 352 O’Riordan, T 9, 11, 14, 382 O’Riordan, T & W.R.D.Sewell 44 O’Riordan, T & R.K.Turner 161 Orloff, N 29, 31 Ortolano, L 356, 359 Parker, B.C & R.V.Howard 112 Parkin, J 141, 151 Parkinson, P 391 Partidario, M.R 179, 423 Pearce, D.W 11, 145 Pearce, D.W & A.Markandya 147 Pearce, D.W et al 12, 145, 299 Peterson, E et al 386 Petts, J 268–70, 272–3 Petts, J & G.Eduljee 87, 267–8, 270, 272, 275–6 Petts, J & P.Hills 42, 217 Pinfield, G 411 Preston, D & B.Bedford 21 Pritchard, G et al 226–7, 230, 234, 239, 241 Project Appraisal 390 Province of British Columbia 339–41 Radcliff, A & G.Edward-Jones 218, 226, 230, 240, 269–71 Rau, J.G & D.C.Wooten 109, 133, 137–8 RCEP (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution) 292–3, 298, 302 Read, R 166 Redclift, M 11 Reid, D 11 Rendel Planning 100 Richey, J.S et al 152 Robson, A et al 312 Roe, D et al 327, 367 Rowan, S.P 269 RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) 295, 297 Rumble, J & R.Therivel 418 Rzeszot, U & C.Wood 362–3 Author index 466 SACTRA (Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment) 76 Sadler, B 8, 37, 192–3, 215–16, 225, 235, 338, 351, 383–4 Sadler, B & R.Verheem 401, 406, 422 Salter, J.R 187, 293 Sassaman, R.W 111, 130 Schaenman, P.W 110 Scottish Development Department 40 Scottish Office 303 Sheail, J 312, 317 Sheate, W.R 64, 227, 272, 275–6, 291, 295, 298, 300–2, 315–16 Sheate, W.R & M.Sullivan 282–6, 289–90, 294, 297–8, 310 Simpson, M 284–5, 287 Sinkule, B.J & L.Ortolano 358–9 Sippe, R 235, 237 Skolimowski, P 11 Skutsch, M.M & R.T.N.Flowerdew 121 Smith, L.G 336, 339 Solomon, R.C et al 120 Sorensen, J.C 121–2 Sorensen, J.C & M.L.Moss 108–9 Stakhiv, E 21 State of California 37, 88, 405 Stevens Committee 41 Stover, L.V 120 Street, E 272, 316 Suter, G.W 133 Swaffield, S 44 Tarling, J.P 239–40 Thanh, N.C & D.M.Tam 352 Therivel, R 246, 412, 414 Therivel, R & M.R.Partidario 401 Therivel, R et al 8, 24, 272, 314–16, 318, 401–2, 404, 422 Thomas, I 345 Thor, E.C et al 121 Tinch, R 302 TNO 101 Tomlinson, P 43–4, 139, 179 Tomlinson, P & S.F.Atkinson 198 Treweek, J.R et al 295–8 Tromans, S 282–6, 294 Turner, R.K & D.W.Pearce 11 Turner, T 31, 162, 400 UKELA/IEA 272, 274–7 UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) 4, 7, 333, 445 UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 39, 101–2, 104–6, 367 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development 11 US Agency for International Development 111 US Environmental Protection Agency 133 USHUD (us Department of Housing and Urban Development) 405 Author index 467 Vanclay, F & D.Bronstein Van de Gronden, E.D et al 333 Von Neuman, J & O.Morgenstern 151 Voogd, J.H 139–40 VROM 101, 132, 137–8 Ward, S 245 Wathern, P 23, 109, 353 Weaver, AvB et al 86–7 Weiss, E.H 174 Welles, H 352, 356 Wenger, R.B & W.Huadong 358–9 Wenger, R.B & C.R.Rhyner 117 West, C et al 353 West Australian Environmental Protection Authority 141 Westman, W.E 133, 161, 165–7 Weston, J 58, 161, 180, 182–5, 190, 218, 225–6, 230, 234, 239, 241, 272, 275, 277 Weston, J et al 182 White House 36 Williams, G & A.Hill 164 Williams, R.H 44 Wilson, E 303 Winpenny, J.T 144, 146–7 Wood, C.M 44, 216–17, 219–20, 235, 402 Wood, C.M & J.Bailey 346 Wood, C.M & C.E.Jones 171, 182, 228, 237–8 Wood, C.M & N.Lee 101 Wood, D.A 300 Wood, G 200 World Bank 39, 365–6, 382, 469–72 Zambellas, L 230–31 Subject index accuracy of predictions 138–40, 198–200 actors involved in EIA 23, 55–60 affected parties 57 afforestation and EIA 64, 78 Agenda 21 12 airports and EIA, case study of 345–6 alternatives comparison of 94–5 consideration of in EIA 92–5, 293–4, 307–9, 316 types of 93–4 UK regulatory requirements 92–3 Annex I and II projects 45–8, 65, 434–41 Annex III of EC Directive 85/337 45–8, 72, 291, 297–8 auditing 191–2, 198–200 definitions of 198 environmental impact auditing 192 environmental management auditing 192 findings from 198–200 types of 192, 198–200 Australia, EIA system 341–7 Austria, EIA system 445–6 baseline data 19, 105, 107–8 baseline studies 104–8 BATNEEC 234, 273–6 Belgium, EIA system 446–7 bio-physical impacts 19–20 BPEO 234, 273 British Columbia, EIA system 339–41 Brundtland Report 11 California, EIA system 37, 88–9, 195–6, 405–6 Canada, EIA system 335–41 carrying capacity 393 CEC, see Commission of the European Communities Central Electricity Generating Board 201, 311–12, 318 checklists 110–11 Subject index 469 China, EIA system 355–9 Commission of the European Communities Action Programmes on the Environment 12, 42, 44, 407 complaints to 186–7, 293, 315 Directive 85/337 on EIA 42–50, 186–7, 289–91, 445–52 EIA procedures for non-EU countries 367–8 environmental policy 12 Member States’ EIA systems 48–50, 445–52 proposed Directive on SEA 409–10 views on EIA 382 community impact evaluation 146 comparative systems of EIA 38–9, 48–50, 326–30, 445–52 in developed countries Australia 341–7 Canada 335–41 Japan 347–51 the Netherlands 330–35 in developing countries 351–9 in Eastern Europe 351–3, 359–63 in EU Member States 48–50, 445–52 in international funding institutions 363–8 competent authority 45, 47, 179, 184–7, 224 challenging decision of 184–7 consequential impacts 298, 309–10 consultation examples of 256–8 pre-EIS submission 225–7 post-EIS submission 234–5 see also public participation consultees 74, 171–2, 240–41 see also statutory consultees contingent valuation 147–8 cost-benefit analysis 141, 144–8, 285–6, 299 costs of EIA 23, 239–40 Council on Environmental Quality 29–35, 152 cumulative impacts 272, 294, 303, 315–16, 386–8, 403 decision-making and EIA 8–9, 75, 180–87, 235–8 judicial review of 184–6 Delphi technique 133, 148, 152 Denmark, EIA system 447 Department of the Environment guidance on EIA 63, 65 views on EIA 41–4, 78–9, 382–3 Department of Transport guidance on EIA 287–91, 299–302 implementation of EC Directive 85/337 on EIA 289–91 road appraisal framework 284–9 see also trunk roads developers, role in EIA 56–7 development plans, EIA of 411–18 Subject index 470 distribution of impacts 36, 118, 145, 148–52, 193–4 drainage projects and EIA 64, 77 EARP (Environmental Assessment and Review Process) 335–6, 338 EC Directive 85/337 42–7 amendments to 47–8 compliance with in UK 60, 64, 184–7 differences in implementation between Member States 48–50, 445–52 implementation of in UK 60–64, 167–71, 186–7, 215–16, 224–7, 289–91 legislative history 42–4 procedures 45–7 EC Directive 97/11/EC 47–8 Annexes to 434–44 text of 428–33 UK implementation of 78–9 eco-management and auditing 394–6 EIA, see environmental impact assessment EIA commissions 331–3 EIS, see environmental impact statements Electricity & Pipelines Works (AEE) Regulations 64, 77–8, 312–13 electricity supply industry and EIA 64, 77–8, 311–12, 333–5 current issues in 314–20 monitoring of impacts 200–9 overhead transmission lines 313 projects requiring EIA 312–13 wind-power 313 energy projects and EIA, see electricity supply industry and EIA environment, dimensions of 18–19 Environment Agency 234, 272–7, 319, 414, 418–21 environmental audit/auditing 192, 394–8 and baseline data 105 implementation of 396–7 use of by industry 394–6 use of by local government 396–7 standards and regulations 394–6 environmental baseline 104–8 data sources 19, 105, 107–8 studies 104 environmental capital 11 environmental consultants 58–9, 232, 239–41 environmental data, types and sources of 19, 105, 107–8 environmental evaluation system 118–20 environmental impact assessment comparative systems of, see comparative systems of EIA costs and benefits of 23, 239–41 current issues in 22–4 and decision-making 8–9, 75, 180–87, 235–8 definitions of 3–4, 7–8 development of in UK 39–42 of development plans 411–18 directive, see EC Directive 85/337 Subject index 471 guidance 63, 65, 299–302 implementation of in UK 60–64, 167–71, 186–7, 215–16, 224–7, 289–9 and the land-use planning system 39–40 and major projects 39–40 management of 86–8 methods 22–3 see also prediction origins and development of in the European Union 42–8 in the UK 39–42 in the USA 28–37 worldwide 37–9 participants 23, 55–60 and planning permission 75 of policies, plans and programmes, see strategic environmental assessment and pollution control 273–6, 319 possible changes in 383–93 presentation 172–8 procedures, see regulations on EIA as a process 4–6 and project authorization 75, 180–3 and public inquiries 183–4 purposes of 8–14 quality of 23, 227–33 regulations, see regulations on EIA scope of 22, 72, 90–92 screening 65–7, 71–2, 88–90, 224–5 and sustainable development 9–13, 44, 411–18 types of projects requiring 45–6, 65, 68–72, 88–90, 224–5, 312–13 in the UK, see United Kingdom uncertainty in 138–40, 318–19 worldwide spread of 37–9 see also comparative systems of EIA environmental impact auditing 192 see also auditing environmental impact design 391–2 environmental impact statements 6–7 clarity of 174–8, 299 collections and listings of 216, 223, 484 contents and scope of 72–3, 90–92, 172–4 non-technical summary 6, 173 numbers prepared in the UK 216–23, 267 presentation of 176–8 quality 23, 227–33 determinants of 231–33 for electricity industry projects 314 perspectives on 230–31 for road schemes 295–7 studies of 228–30 for waste disposal projects 269–71 review, review criteria 179–81, 233–4, 319–20 Lee and Colley review package 454–5 Oxford Brookes University review criteria 456–70 environmental impacts, nature of 19–21 environmental interest groups, growth of 57 environmental management auditing 192 Subject index 472 environmental management systems 394–8 Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 394–6 implementation of 396–7 links with EIA 397–8 standards and regulations on 394–6 Environmental Protection Act 1990 272–5 European Court of Justice 186–7 European Economic Community, see Commission of the European Communities European Union, see Commission of the European Communities evaluation in the EIA process 140–44 methods 140–52 monetary valuation methods 141, 144–8 multi-criteria methods 148–52 of significance in EIA 140–44 see also weighting facilitators, role of in EIA 58 Finland, EIA system 447 forecasting, see prediction forestry projects and EIA, see afforestation and EIA France, EIA system 448 geographical information systems (GIA) 108, 200 Germany, EIA system 448–9 global impacts 35–6, 294–5, 318 goals achievement matrix 149, 151 Greece, EIA system 449 guidance on EIA, from UK government 63, 65, 299–302 Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) 172, 234, 272, 317, 319 highway projects and EIA, see trunk roads Highways (AEE) Regulations 62, 64, 76 Highways Agency, see Department of Transport impact identification checklist 110–11 matrix 112–18 methods 108–9, 124–5 network 121–2 quantitative methods of 118–21 impact magnitude 112–13, 116–17, 130, 132 impact prediction, see prediction impact significance, see significance impacts bio-physical 19–20 consequential 298, 309–10 distribution of 36, 118, 145, 148–52, 193–4 identification of, see impact identification indirect 297–8, 309–10 Subject index 473 mitigation of, see mitigation nature of 19–21 secondary 297–8 significance of 15, 65, 130, 132, 140–44, 258–9 socio-economic, see socio-economic impacts importance weighting, see weighting indicative criteria and thresholds 71, 79, 89-90, 224–5, 247–8, 292–3 indirect impacts 297–8, 309–10 Institute of Environmental Assessment 233 integrated environmental assessment 389–90 integrated pollution control 272–7, see also pollution control international funding institutions, and EIA EIA procedures 363–5 World Bank EIA procedures 365–6, 469–72 European Commission EIA procedures for non-EU countries 367–8 Ireland, EIA system 449 Italy, EIA system 450 Japan, EIA system 347–51 judicial review 184–6 land-use planning system and EIA 39–40 limitations of 39–40 Lee and Colley, EIS review package 179–80, 454–5 Leopold matrix 112, 114–16, 148 local government, views on EIA 383 local planning authorities and EIA 58, 75 Luxembourg, EIA system 450–51 magnitude of impacts 112–13, 116–17, 130, 132 major projects and EIA 39–40 life cycle of 15–17 nature of 14–17 management, of the EIA process 86–8 Manual of Environmental Appraisal 76, 291, 306, 391 contents of 287–9 critique of 295–6, 299–300 and treatment of alternatives 93, 95 updating and replacement of 300–2 mathematical models 133–5 matrices/matrix methods 112–18 mechanistic models 133–5 methods 22–3 of EIA, see prediction of impact identification, see impact identification of prediction, see prediction mitigation 152–7, 260, 298–9, 306–7 in the EIA process 155–7 Subject index 474 types of 152–5 monetary valuation 144–8, 299 monitoring 24, 191–2 in California 195–6 elements of 192–5 case study of 200-9 extent of in the UK 195–7 importance of 191–2 requirement for 194–5 of socio-economic impacts 200–9 motorways and EIA, see trunk roads multi-attribute/multi-criteria methods, of evaluation 148–52 multiplier model 135 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 28–9, 37 legal interpretation of 30–32 legislative history 29–30 EIA procedures 32–5 recent developments in 35–6 Netherlands, EIA system 194, 330–35, 406, 422–3 networks 121–2 new settlements case studies of EIA 252–66 and EIA 245–52 nature of 245–7 New Zealand, EIA in 406, 422–3 non-technical summary, importance of 6, 173 normative methods 133 North Sea oil and gas, and EIA 40–41 overlay maps 123–4 participants in EIA, roles of 23, 55–60 Peru, EIA system 353–5 physical models 136 Planning and Compensation Act 1991 60 planning balance sheet 145–6 planning gain 154 planning permission and EIA 75 Poland, EIA system 359–63 policies, plans and programmes, see strategic environmental assessment policy appraisal, see strategic environmental assessment pollution control implications for EIA 273–6, 319 overlaps with planning control 234, 272–7, 319 Portugal, EIA system 451 power stations and EIA, see electricity supply industry and EIA prediction accuracy of 138–40, 198–200 choice of methods 137–8 dimensions of 129–32 Subject index 475 methods and models 132–8 uncertainty in 138–40 pressure groups, views on EIA 383 probability of impacts 139–40, 258–9 process flow charts 96–7, 99, 101–2 project design, and EIA 391–2 project EIA improving its effectiveness 383–93 limitations of 24, 294–5, 314–18, 386–7, 403–4 project screening, see screening projects dimensions of 14–17, 95–9 life-cycle of 15–17, 96 types of requiring EIA 45–6, 65, 68–72, 88–90, 224–5, 312–13 public consultation, see public participation public inquiries and EIA 183–4 public participation 74–5, 234–5, 387 advantages and disadvantages of 161–3, 166 components of 163–5 methods of 163–9 types of 165–7 UK procedures for 74–5, 167, 169–71 quantitative methods 118–21 regulations on EIA Eco-Management and Audit Regulations 394–6 Electricity and Pipelines Works (AEE) Regulations 64, 77–8, 312–13 Highways (AEE) Regulations 62, 64, 76 Town and Country Planning (AEE) Regulations 313 procedures 65–7, 72–5 projects covered by 65, 68–72 in the UK 60–62, 64, 75–8 regulators, role of in EIA 57–8 review in EIA 233–4 of EISS 179–81, 319–20 see also review criteria, for EISS review criteria, for EISS 179–81 Lee and Colley review package 454–5 Oxford Brookes University review criteria 456–68 risk assessment Rio Conference 11-12 roads and EIA, see trunk roads Schedule and projects, see Annex I and II projects scoping 22, 72, 90–92 and pre-submission consultation 225–7 Scotland, EIA regulations 76 screening 65–7, 71–2, 88–90, 224–5 thresholds 71, 79, 89–90, 224–5, 247–8, 292–3 Subject index 476 SEA, see strategic environmental assessment sensitivity analysis 140 significance 130, 132 assessment of 140–44, 258–9 definition of 15 determinants of 65, 141 Sizewell B power station 312 monitoring of impacts 200–9 socio-economic impacts of 200–9 social impact assessment, see socio-economic impact assessment socio-economic impact assessment see also socio-economic impacts socio-economic impacts 22, 318, 338–9, 347 examples of 19–20, 204–9 inclusion of in EIA 22, 389 monitoring of 200–9 prediction of 133–5 Sorensen network 121–2 Spain, EIA system 451–2 specified information, required in EISS 72–3 Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment (SACTRA) critique of road scheme EIA 291, 294–6, 299–300 role of in development of road scheme EIA 286–7 statistical models 135–6 statutory consultees 57, 74 consultation with 171–2, 234 role of in EIA 107 strategic environmental assessment 7–8, 24, 301, 309 case studies of 414–22 by UK central government 410–11 definitions of 401–3 of development plans 411–18 at the European level 407–10 existing systems of 405–7 need for 294–5, 316–18, 403–4 in the Netherlands 406, 422–3 in New Zealand 406, 422–3 problems with 404 proposed EC Directive on 409–10 at a sectoral level 414, 418–22 of structural fund applications 407–8 and sustainable development 422–4 in the UK by central government 410–11 by local government 411–18 at a sectoral level 414, 418–22 in the USA 405–6 sustainable development 9–13, 44, 422–4 sustainability, see sustainable development sustainability appraisal 411–18 Sweden, EIA system 452 Subject index 477 threshold of concern 110–11 thresholds, see screening Town and Country Planning (AEE) Regulations 313 procedures 65–7, 72–5 projects covered by 65, 68–72 trans-boundary impacts 352 transmission lines 313 see also electricity supply industry and EIA transport projects and EIA, see trunk roads trunk roads and cost-benefit analysis 285–6 and EIA 62, 64, 76, 284–9 case studies of 303–11, 349–51 critique of 291–301 guidance on 299–302 implementation of EC Directive 85/337 289–91 need for 290 recent developments in 300–3 timing of 293–4 treatment of alternatives 293–4, 307–9 treatment of mitigation 298–9, 306–7 environmental appraisal of 284–9 planning of 281–4 uncertainty, in EIA 138–40, 318–19 United Kingdom development of EIA in 39–42 EIA procedures 60–62, 64–7, 71–9, 92–3, 167, 169–72 EIA regulations, see regulations on EIA implementation of EC Directive 85/337 60–64, 167–71, 186–7, 215–16, 224–7, 289–91 United States of America, EIA system 28–37, 405–6 waste disposal projects and EIA concerns about the EIA process 269–77 extent of EIA activity 267 projects requiring EIA 267–8 studies of EIS quality 269–71 weighted matrix 95, 116–18 weighting 95, 116–18, 120–21, 148–51 wind-power projects and EIA 313 see also electricity supply industry and EIA World Bank, EIA procedures 365–6, 471–4 [...]... overview of the growing area of environmental risk assessment and management Vanclay and Bronstein (1995) and others note several other relevant definitions, based largely on particular foci of specialization and including: demographic impact assessment, health impact assessment, climate impact assessment, gender impact assessment, psychological impact assessment and noise impact assessment Other more encompassing... and Industry EA environmental assessment EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community EES environmental evaluation system EIA environmental impact assessment EIR environmental impact report EIS environmental impact statement EMAS eco-management and audit scheme (CEC) EMS environmental management system EN English Nature EPA Environmental Protection Act ES environmental. .. benefit to them, since it can provide a framework for considering location and design issues and environmental issues in parallel It can be an aid to the formulation of development actions, indicating areas where a project can be modified to minimize or eliminate altogether its adverse impacts on the environment The consideration of environmental Introduction to environmental impact assessment 8 impacts... Summary of key issues; monitoring programme statement Part 2: Background to the proposed development 3 Preliminary studies: need, planning, alternatives and site selection 4 Site description, baseline conditions 5 Description of proposed development 6 Construction activities and programme Introduction to environmental impact assessment 6 Part 3: Environmental impact assessment topic areas 7 Land use,... dynamic rather than a static analysis Introduction to environmental impact assessment 18 The nature of impacts The environmental impacts of a project are those resultant changes in environmental parameters, in space and time, compared with what would have happened had the project not been undertaken The parameters may be any of the type of environmental receptors noted previously: air quality, water... to include socio-economic impacts more fully The trade-off between the adverse biophysical impacts of a development and its beneficial socio-economic impacts often constitutes the crucial dilemma for decisionmakers Coverage can also be widened to include other types of impacts only very partially covered to date Distributional impacts would fall into this category Lichfield and others are seeking to. .. of impact assessment and planningrelated tools” 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment An aid to decision-making Environmental impact assessment is a process with several important purposes It is an aid to decision-making For the decision-maker, for example a local authority, it provides a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action, and sometimes alternatives,... legislation refers to environmental assessment (EA), leaving out the apparently politically sensitive, negative sounding reference to impacts Much of the terminology is still at the formative stage This first chapter therefore introduces EIA as a process, the purposes of this process, types of development, environment and impacts and current issues in EIA 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment Definitions... very significant impacts on the environment The definition of significance with regard to environmental effects is an important issue in EIA It may relate, inter alia, to scale of development, to sensitivity of location and to the nature of adverse effects; it will be discussed further in later chapters Like a large stone thrown into a pond, a major project can create major ripples with impacts spreading... Bastille Opera, Musée d’Orsay and Great Arch) Many major projects are public-sector initiatives, but with the move towards privatization in many countries, there Figure 1.5 Broad variations in lifecycle stages between different types of project Introduction to environmental impact assessment 16 has been a move towards private sector funding, exemplified by such projects as the Mersey Barrage and the Channel