Reading skill Tuyệt kỹ làm bài đọc hiểu tiếng anh (P1)

1-11 Reading Skills Author’s Purpose In learning new reading skills, you will use special academic vocabulary Knowing the right words will help you to demonstrate your understanding while reading your anchor book Academic Vocabulary Word Meaning Example Sentence convince v Related words: convinced, convincing to cause someone to agree Lawyers convince the jury by providing relevant facts establish v Related words: established, establishing to create or prove The players must establish the rules of the games before they begin achieve v Related word: achiever to carry out successfully To achieve success you must be patient and persistent The author’s purpose is the author’s reason for writing The most common purposes are to inform, to entertain, to persuade, and to reflect The chart below lists some of the tools authors use to communicate their purpose in expository texts and literature For example, in the novel Animal Farm, George Orwell used the theme the danger of the few having power over the many to persuade his readers of the misuse of political power in a dictatorship Expository Texts Literature 62 Lesson 1-11 facts/details figurative language technical language word choice sentence structure imagery characters imagery setting word choice theme genre Directions Read the following e-mail Underline clues in the text that tell you what the author’s purpose is Note whether the purpose is to inform, entertain, persuade, or reflect Then answer the questions Cezar’s b’day Link Real L t o ife Sasha, All set for Cezar’s b’day party tonight Cake = great (IMHO)1 Decorations = took me four hours, but also great BTW2 Still need help so feel free to come early Directions: Route 134 West to Exit 4A Take right off exit while reading your anchor book Take third left onto Evergreen Street Take first right onto Prospect Place We’re #401A in the brick building on the left CUL8R3 ; ) Aamir IMHO – In my humble opinion BTW – By the way CUL8R – See you later Identify What is the author’s purpose for writing this e-mail? Establish What is the relationship between the author and Sasha? What details tell you this? Evaluate An e-mail is an informal way of communicating What aspects of the e-mail identify it as informal? Which aspects are culture-specific? Author’s Purpose 63 in business Guiding Question: Does the author of this memo express a truth that one cannot argue against? Background The following memo was written by an employee of a business Read this memo closely to determine the author’s purpose Link MEMO March 23 To: Todd Barker, Director of Facilities Management while reading your anchor book From: Maria Furtado, Human Resources RE: Changing from polyfoam products to paper in the company cafeteria I am an employee of this company in the human resources department I am writing with regard to the polyfoam that is currently being used as trays, bowls, and plates in the cafeteria I suggest that we switch from polyfoam to paper By switching from polyfoam to paper we would be helping the environment, thereby eliminating unnecessary litter in our waste disposal site Paper is recyclable; polyfoam is not Also, paper products are less expensive than polyfoam, thereby saving the company a lot of money Please consider my proposal for switching from polyfoam products to paper products in the company cafeteria I can be reached at extension 2431 Thank you very much 64 Real L t o ife Thinking About the Selection Memo Identify The author’s purpose is different from the message, or theme What is the author’s purpose for writing this memo? What is the message? Evaluate Did Maria an effective job of achieving her purpose? If so, explain If not, what could she have done differently? Identify What text features are part of a memo? Interpret Rewrite the memo in the format of an e-mail, making sure to convey a friendly tone Remember to include a greeting and closing while reading your anchor book Write Answer the following questions in your Reader’s Journal Does the author of this memo express a truth that one cannot argue against? Explain two different ways of responding to this memo Apply With a partner, write a memo from the perspective of a character in your Anchor Book to a character with whom he or she is in conflict Your teacher may ask you if you would like to Ready for a Free-Choice Book? choose another book to read on your own Select a book that fits your interest and that you’ll enjoy y As you read, think about how your new book compares with your Anchor Book Author’s Purpose 65 1-12 Literary Analysis Setting and Mood Literary Terms while reading your anchor book ▶ The setting g of a literary work is the time and place of the action The setting can also serve a more important function For example, if a character is struggling against a force of nature, the setting is the source of the story’s conflict ▶ Mood is the overall feeling that a literary work conveys to the reader Details of setting help establish the mood A story set in an old, decaying castle on a dark, stormy night might convey a gloomy, frightening mood Directions Read the following passage Underline details of setting that help convey the mood Then, answer the questions that follow from The Land I Lost by Huynh Quang Nhuong I was born on the central highlands of Vietnam in a small hamlet on a riverbank that had a deep jungle on one side and a chain of high mountains on the other Across the river, rice fields stretched to the slopes of another chain of mountains There were fifty houses in our hamlet, scattered along the river or propped against the mountainsides The houses were made of bamboo and covered with coconut leaves, and each was surrounded by a deep trench to protect it from wild animals or thieves The only way to enter a house was to walk across a “monkey bridge”—a single bamboo stick that spanned the trench At night we pulled the bridges into our houses and were safe There were no shops or marketplaces in our hamlet If we needed supplies—medicine, cloth, soaps, or candles—we had to cross over the mountains and travel to a town nearby We used the river mainly for traveling to distant hamlets, but it also provided us with plenty of fish 66 Lesson 1-12 About the Author Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exe-8107 Describe Look back at the details you underlined Briefly describe the setting of the passage Analyze Describe the overall mood of the passage Which details of setting are most important in conveying this mood? Analyze What does the setting tell you about when and where the action in the passage takes place? Use details to support your answer Apply Imagine a setting that makes you feel a certain way How would this place look, smell, and sound? What different tastes and textures might someone experience in this setting? Use the chart to list these sensory details while reading your anchor book Sight Sound Smell Taste Touch Describe On a separate sheet of paper, use the images from your chart to write a brief description of the setting you have imagined Revise your description to make the setting and mood more vivid by substituting specific nouns and verbs Setting and Mood 67 understand the setting and mood Guiding Question: What does this story express that is true for everyone? from The Day It Rained Cockroaches while reading your anchor book by Paul Zindel Background Paul Zindel was born in New York City, but he moved to many different places during his childhood The Day It Rained Cockroaches tells of an event that left a lasting impression on him during one of these moves Vocabulary Builder Before you read, you will discuss the following words In the Vocabulary Builder box in the margin, use a vocabulary building strategy to make the words your own kerchiefs aghast emblazoned As you read, draw a box around unfamiliar words you could add to your vocabulary Use context clues to unlock their meaning About anything else you’d ever want to know about my preteen existence you can see in the photos in this book However, I don’t think life really started for me until I became a teenager and my mother moved us to Travis, on Staten Island When we first drove into the town, I noticed a lot of plain wood houses, a Catholic church, a war memorial, three saloons with men sitting outside on chairs, seventeen women wearing kerchiefs on their heads, a one-engine firehouse, a big redbrick school, a candy store, and a butcher shop with about 300 sausages hanging in the window Betty shot me a private look, 68 Lesson 1-12 Marking n the t Te T xt Setting and Mood As you read, underline key words and phrases that describe the setting and mood In the margin, make notes about how the author is trying to help you visualize the place and feeling of the events that take place Vocabulary Builder kerchiefs (ku ur´chifs) n Meaning Marking n the t Te T xt Vocabulary Builder aghast ( gast´) adj Meaning while reading your anchor book signaling she was aghast Travis was mainly a Polish town, and was so special-looking that, years later, it was picked as a location for filming the movie Splendor in the Grass, which starred Natalie Wood (before she drowned), and Warren Beatty (before he dated Madonna) Travis was selected because they needed a town that looked like it was Kansas in 1920, which it still looks like The address of our new home was 123 Glen Street We stopped in front, and for a few moments the house looked normal: brown shingles, pea-soup-green-painted sides, a tiny yellow porch, untrimmed hedges, and a rickety wood gate and fence Across the street to the left was a slope with worn gravestones all over it The best-preserved ones were at the top, peeking out of patches of poison oak The backyard of our house was an airport I mean, the house had two acres of land of its own, but beyond the rear fence was a huge field consisting of a single dirt runway, lots of old propellerdriven Piper Cub-type planes, and a cluster of rusted hangars This was the most underprivileged airport I’d ever seen, bordered on its west side by the Arthur Kill channel and on its south side by a Con Edison electric power plant with big black mountains of coal The only great sight was a huge apple tree on the far left corner of our property Its trunk was at least three feet wide It had strong, thick branches rich with new, flapping leaves It reached upward like a giant’s hand grabbing for the sky “Isn’t everything beautiful?” Mother beamed “Yes, Mom,” I said Betty gave me a pinch for lying “I’ll plant my own rose garden,” Mother went on, fumbling for the key “Lilies, tulips, violets!” Mom opened the front door and we went inside We were so excited, we ran through the echoing empty rooms, pulling up old, soiled shades to let the sunlight crash in We ran upstairs and downstairs, all over the place like wild ponies The only unpleasant thing, from my point of view, was that we weren’t the only ones running around There were a lot of cockroaches scurrying from our invading footfalls and the shafts of light “Yes, the house has a few roaches,” Mother confessed “We’ll get rid of them in no time!” “How?” Betty asked raising an eyebrow “I bought eight Gulf Insect Bombs!” “Where are they?” I asked Mother dashed out to the car and came back with one of the suitcases From it she spilled the bombs, which looked like big silver hand grenades “We just put one in each room and turn them on!” Mother explained Setting and Mood 69 Marking n the t Te T xt ᭣ Critical Viewing Does this picture capture the mo of the story? Why or w ᭢ Good to Know! Cockroaches can survive on very little food They will eat the glue from the back of postage tamps when little s available while reading your anchor book She took one of the bombs, set it in the middle of the upstairs kitchen, and turned on its nozzle A cloud of gas began to stream from it, and we hurried into the other rooms to set off the other bombs “There!” Mother said “Now we have to get out!” “Get out?” I coughed “Yes We must let the poison fill the house for four hours before we can come back in! Lucky for us there’s a Lassie double feature playing at the Ritz!” 70 Lesson 1-12 Marking n the t Te T xt Vocabulary Builder emblazoned (em bla¯´z nd) v Meaning while reading your anchor book We hadn’t been in the house ten minutes before we were driving off again! I suppose you might as well know now that my mother really loved Lassie movies The only thing she enjoyed more were movies in which romantic couples got killed at the end by tidal waves, volcanos, or other natural disasters Anyway, I was glad we were gassing the roaches, because they are the one insect I despise Tarantulas I like Scorpions I can live with But ever since I was three years old and my mother took me to a World’s Fair, I have had nightmares about cockroaches Most people remember an exciting water ride this fair had called the Shoot-the-Chutes, but emblazoned on my brain is the display the fair featured of giant, live African cockroaches, which look like American cockroaches except they’re six inches long, have furry legs, and can pinch flesh In my nightmares about them, I’m usually lying on a bed in a dark room and I notice a bevy1 of giant cockroaches ading for me I try to run away but find out that someone has secretly tied me down on the bed, and the African roaches start crawling up the sides of the sheets They walk all over my body, and then they head for my face When they start trying to drink from my mouth is when I wake up screaming So after the movie I was actually looking forward to going back to the house and seeing all the dead cockroaches “Wasn’t Lassie wonderful?” Mother sighed as she drove us back to Travis “The way that brave dog was able to crawl hundreds of miles home after being kidnapped and beaten by Nazi Secret Service Police!” “Yes, Mom,” I agreed, although I was truthfully tired of seeing a dog movie star keep pulling the same set of tear-jerking stunts in each of its movies “Maybe we’ll get a dog just like Lassie one day,” Mother sighed When we got back to the house this time, we didn’t run into it We walked inside very slowly, sniffing for the deadly gas I didn’t care about the gas so much as I wanted to see a lot of roach corpses all over the place so I’d be able to sleep in peace But there were none “Where are all the dead cockroaches?” I asked We crept slowly upstairs to see if the bodies might be there I knew the kitchen had the most roaches, but when we went in, I didn’t see a single one, living or dead The lone empty Gulf Insect Bomb sat spent in the middle of the floor My sister picked up the bomb and started reading the directions One thing my mother never did was follow directions As Betty was reading, I noticed a closed closet door and reached out to turn its knob bevy y (bev´ e¯ ) a large number ting and Mood 71 Critical Viewing Why does the sound of music make the narrator think she is at the wrong door? Marking n the t Te T xt while reading your anchor book his back against it and fighting against the heavy spring that tried to swing it shut “Go on Up three flights Number nine.” I walked into an old, dim hallway and climbed up the wooden steps As I turned an angle on the stairs, I saw light burning fierce and bright from a window When I came to it, I looked out at the roof of the Chinese school next door Someone had thrown some old 45’s and a pair of sneakers down there If I were some kind of kid that felt sorry for herself, I would almost have said that was the way I felt: like some piece of old, ugly junk that was being kicked around on the discard pile while Barney was getting better I didn’t stay by the window long, though, because Phil was coming up the stairs and I didn’t want to act like his kids’ stories about Paw-Paw had scared me Anybody could be better than Phil the Pill and his family … I hoped I stopped by the numbernine room, afraid to knock It could not be the right place because I could hear “I Want to Hold Your Hand” coming through the doorway I scratched my head and checked the numbers on the other doors on the landing Phil the Pill was still a flight down, huffing and puffing up the steps with my duffel bag—it wasn’t that heavy; Phil was just that much out of shape “Go on Go on Knock, you little idiot,” he called up the stairwell I shrugged It wasn’t any of my business I knocked at the door I heard about six bolts and locks being turned Finally the door swung open and I saw a tiny, pleasant, round-faced woman smiling at me Her cheeks were a bright red Her gray hair was all curly and frizzy around her head eyeglasses perched on her nose She wearing a sweater even on a hot da black slacks, and a pair of open-hee “Paw-Paw?” I asked “Hello Hello.” She opened up her arms and gave me a big hug, almost crushing me It was funny, but even though it was like I said—Barney and me never went in much for that sentimental stuff like hugging and kissing—I suddenly found myself holding on to her Underneath all ᭤ 81 while reading your anchor book 82 the soft layers of clothing I could feel how hard and tough she was She patted me on the back three times and then left me for a moment to turn down her radio It really was her old, white, beat-up radio playing rock music “Hey, how about a hand?” Phil puffed as he finally got to the landing Paw-Paw shuffled out to the landing in her slippered feet and made shooing motions “You can go home now We can all right by ourselves.” Phil heaved his shoulders up and down in a great sigh and set the bag down “Now, Momma—” “Go on home.” she said firmly “We need time by ourselves.” I saw that Phil must have had some fine speech all prepared, probably warning Paw-Paw about me and warning me about ingratitude He was not about to give up such an opportunity to make a speech “Now Momma—” “Go on You’re still not too old for a swat across the backside.” Phil ran his hand back and forth along the railing “Really, Momma You oughtn’t—” “Go on,” Paw-Paw raised her hand Phil gulped The thought of having a former district president of the lawyers spanked by his own mother must have been too much for him He turned around and started down the steps He still had to get in the last word though “You mind your Paw-Paw, young lady You hear me?” he shouted over his shoulder I waited till I heard the door slam “Do you know what those buzzes stand for?” “Do you?” Her eyes crinkled up “It stands for SOS But where did you learn it?” “When I worked for the American lady, her boy had a toy what you call it?” She made a tapping motion with her finger “Telegraph?” “Yes It’s a good joke on such a learned man, no?” Her round red face split into a wide grin and then she began to giggle and when she put her hand over her mouth, the giggle turned into a laugh I don’t think that I had laughed in all that time since Barney’s accident a month ago It was like all the laughter I hadn’t been able to use came bubbling up out of some hidden well—burst out of the locks and just came up Both of us found ourselves slumping on the landing, leaning our heads against the banister, and laughing Finally Paw-Paw tilted up her glasses and wiped her eyes “Philip always did have too much dignity for one person Ah.” She leaned back against the railing on the landing before the stairwell, twisting her head to look at me “You’ll go far.” she nodded “Yes, you will Your eyebrows are beautifully curved like silkworms That means you’ll be clever And your ears are small Lesson 1-13 Marking n the t Te T xt Marking n the t Te T xt while reading your anchor book and close to your head and shaped a certain way That means you’re adventurous and win much honor.” “Really?” She nodded solemnly “Didn’t you know? The face is the map of the soul.” Then she leaned forward and raised her glasses and pointed to the corners of her eyes where there were two small hollows, just shadows, really “You see those marks under my eyes?” “Yes.” I added after a moment, “Paw-Paw.” “Those marks, they mean I have a temper.” “Oh.” I wondered what was to happen next She set her glasses back on her nose “But I will make a deal with you I can keep my temper under control if you can the same with your love of adventure and intelligence You see, people, including me, don’t always understand a love of adventure and intelligence Sometimes we mistake them for troublemaking.” “I’ll try.” I grinned I went and got my bag then and brought it inside Paw-Paw’s place and looked around, trying to figure out where I’d put it Her place wasn’t more than ten by fifteen feet and it was crowded with her stuff Her bed was pushed lengthwise against the wall next to the doorway leading out to the landing To the right of the door was another doorway, leading to the small little cubicle of a kitchen, and next to that door was her bureau The wall opposite the bed had her one window leading out to the fire escape and giving a view of the alley, which was so narrow that it looked like we could have shaken hands with the people in the apartment house across from us Beneath the window was a stack of newspapers for wrapping up the garbage Next to the window was a table with a bright red-and-orange-flower tablecloth PawPaw pulled aside her chair and her three-legged stool and told me to put my bag under the table A metal cabinet and stacks of boxes covered the rest of the wall and the next one had hooks from which coats and other stuff in plastic bags In the right corner of the old bureau were some statues and an old teacup with some dirt in it and a half-burnt incense stick stuck into it The rest of the top, though, was covered with old photos in little cardboard covers They filled the bureau top and the mirror too, being stuck into corners of the mirror or actually taped onto the surface Next to the photos were the statues One was about eight inches high in white porcelain of a pretty lady holding a flower and with the most patient, peaceful expression on her face To her left was a statue of a man with a giant-sized, bald head And then there were eight little statues, each only about two inches high “Who are they?” I asked “Statues of some holy people,” Paw-Paw said reluctantly Theme 83 while reading your anchor book 84 There was something familiar about the last statue on PawPaw’s bureau It was of a fat, balding god with large ears, who had little children crawling over his lap and climbing up his shoulders “Hey,” I said “Is that the happy god?” Paw-Paw looked puzzled “He’s not the god of happiness.” “But they call him the happy god See?” I pulled Barney’s little plastic charm out of my pocket and pointed to the letters on the back Paw-Paw didn’t even try to read the lettering Maybe Barney had already shown it to her long ago “He’s not the god of happiness He just looks happy He’s the Buddha—the Buddha who will come in the future He’s smiling because everyone will be saved by that time and he can take a vacation The children are holy people who become like children again.” “What about the others, Paw-Paw?” “I don’t have the words to explain,” Paw-Paw said curtly, like the whole thing was embarrassing her I sat down by the table on the stool, which was painted white with red flowers “Sure you I think your English is better than mine.” “You don’t want to know any of that stuff.” With her index finger Paw-Paw rubbed hard against some spot on the tableclo “That stuff’s only for old people If I tell you any more, you’ll laugh at it like all other young people do.” There was bitter hu and anger in her voice I should have left her alone, I guess; but we had been getting close to one another and suddenly I’d found this door between us—a door that wouldn’t open I wasn’t so much curious now as I was desperate: I didn’t want Paw-Paw shutting me out like that “I won’t laugh, Paw-Paw Honest.” “That stuff’s only for old people who are too stupid to learn American ways,” she insisted stubbornly “Well, maybe I’m stupid too.” “No.” Paw-Paw pressed her lips together tightly; and I saw that no matter how much I pestered her, I wasn’t going to get her to tell me any more about the statues on her bureau We’d been getting along so great before that I was sorry I’d ever started asking questions We both sat, each in our own thoughts, until almost apologetically Paw-Paw picked up a deck of cards from the table “Do you play cards?” “Some,” I said “Draw poker Five-card stud Things like that.” Paw-Paw shuffled the cards expertly “Poker is for old men who like to sit and think too much Now I know a game that’s for the young and quick.” “What’s that?” “Slapjack.” She explained that each of us took half of a deck and stacked it in front without looking at it Then we would take turns taking the top card off and putting it down in the middle Whenever a jack appeared, the first one to put her hand over the pile of cards Lesson 1-13 Buddhism was founded in the fifth century B.C.E by Siddartha Gautama, who became known as the Buddha Marking n the t Te T xt Marking n the t Te T xt while reading your anchor book got it She then mixed the new cards with all the cards she still had in front of her The first one to get all the cards won the game It would sound like the advantage was with the person who was putting out the card at that time, but she was supposed to turn up the card away from her so she couldn’t see it before the other player Paw-Paw had played a lot of card games, since she lived by herself, so she seemed to know when the jacks were going to come up For a while all you could hear was the slap-slap-slapping of cards and sometimes our hands smacking one another trying to get the pile And sometimes I’d have more cards and sometimes PawPaw would Eventually, though, she beat me She shuffled the deck again “You’re a pretty good player,” she grudged “Not as good as you, though.” Paw-Paw shuffled the cards, tapping them against the table so the cards in the pack were all even “We used to play all the time Your mother, Phil, everyone We’d hold big contests and make plenty of noise Only when Phil got older, he only wanted to play the games fancy Americans played like—what’s that word for a road that goes over water?” “A bridge? Phil wanted to play bridge.” “Yes.” Paw-Paw put the deck on the table I wandered over to the bed The radio was in a little cabinet built into the headboard of the bed I lay down on the bed and looked at the radio dial “Do you like rock music, Paw-Paw?” “It’s fun to listen to,” Paw-Paw said, “and besides, Chinese Hour is on that station every night.” “Chinese Hour?” “An hour of news and songs all in Chinese.” Paw-Paw slipped the cards back carefully into their box “They used to have some better shows on that station like mystery shows.” “I bet I could find some.” I started to reach for the dial “Don’t lose that station.” Paw-Paw seemed afraid suddenly “Don’t worry, Paw-Paw I’ll be able to get your station back for you.” It was playing “Monster Mash” right then I twisted the dial to the right and the voices and snatches of song slid past and then I turned the dial back to her station, where “Monster Mash” was still playing “See?” “As long as you could get it back,” Paw-Paw said reluctantly I fiddled with the dial some more until I got hold of Gunsmoke It’d gone off the air three years ago but some station was playing reruns Paw-Paw liked that, especially the deep voice of the marshal It was good to sit there in the darkening little room, listening to Marshal Dillon inside your head and picturing him as big and tall and striding down the dusty streets of Dodge City And I got us some other programs too, shows that Paw-Paw had never been able to listen to before Theme 85 ᭣ Good to Know! Physicists were developing innovative ideas for radio technology as early as the 1860s It was not until the 1920s that commercial radio appeared while reading your anchor book Marking n the t Te T xt Don’t get the idea that Paw-Paw was stupid She just didn’t understand American machines that well She lived with them in a kind of truce where she never asked much of them if they wouldn’t ask much of her “It’s getting near eight,” Paw-Paw said anxiously It was only when I got the station back for her that she began to relax “I was always so worried that I would not be able to get back the station, I never tried to listen to others Look what I missed.” “But you have me now, Paw-Paw,” I said “Yes,” Paw-Paw smiled briefly, straightening in her chair “I guess I do.” Vocabulary Builder After you read, review the words you decided to add to your vocabulary Write the meaning of words you have learned in context Look up the other words in a dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, or electronic resource 86 Lesson 1-13 Vocabulary Builder truce (tr— oos) n Meaning Thinking About the Selection from The Grass Harp and from Child of the Owl Analyze How are Paw-Paw’s cultural and religious beliefs different from the narrator’s? How does this difference affect their ability to communicate? Compare The Grass Harp and Child of the Owl have similar themes, yet the ways in which their themes are revealed differ in each selection What is the theme of these selections? What details from each selection are used to express the same theme? Analyze The same themes that appear across literary texts are universal themes Characters in these texts often share similarities What issues, experiences, and emotions the characters of both excerpts share? Evaluate The Child of the Owl excerpt uses more contemporary language than the excerpt from The Grass Harp Identify and explain an example from each that shows this difference in style while reading your anchor book About the Author Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exe-8109 exe-8110 Write Answer the following questions in your Reader’s Journal Is your Anchor Book genre fiction or nonfiction? Interprett What is the theme of your Anchor Book, and how is it communicated through the genre? Support your response with details from the text Theme 87 1-14 Language Coach Grammar and Spelling Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun is used in place of a noun in a sentence Personal pronouns change their form, or case, depending on how they function in a sentence Learn More Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exp-8105 I, you, she, it, we, they Objective Case Pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, them Possessive Case Pronouns my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs Case When to Use Examples Nominative the pronoun is the subject of a verb They y make memory chips for computers Objective the pronoun is used as a direct or indirect object Keith took the computer apart and studied it Possessive to show ownership Jasmine enjoys playing with her computer Avoid errors in pronoun case If a pronoun is near the beginning of a sentence, it should probably be in the subjective case If a pronoun is near the end of the sentence, it is most likely an example of the objective case Directions Proofread the following passage Underline and correct the errors in pronoun case Me and her went to the movies I forgot me wallet, but she lent I some money She gave the ticket to I I will probably pay she back tomorrow The movie was great, but the previews of upcoming movies were better I can’t wait to see them 88 Lesson 1-14 Author’s Craft See who can find the most personal pronouns in the excerpt from The Day It Rained Cockroaches Label the pronouns as nominative, objective, orr possessive Reflexive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun reflects the action of the verb back to the subject A reflexive pronoun always ends with –selff or -selves Most domestic catss will groom themselves Learn More Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exp-8106 The reflexive pronoun themselves reflects the action of the verb groom back to the subject cats A reflexive pronoun always refers back to another word in the sentence (its antecedent) The reflexive pronoun should agree in number with the antecedent Mindy prides herselff on being a good skater Mindy is the antecedent Karen and I found two seats and made ourselves comfortable The antecedent of ourselves is the compound subject Karen and I Do not use a reflexive pronoun to take the place of a noun or pronoun INCORRECT CORRECT Dan, Lily, or myself will run the video camera Dan, Lily, or I will run the video camera Directions Underline the reflexive pronoun in each sentence Then, circle the antecedent Viewers of television owe it to themselves to choose shows wisely Usually a producer of a TV show will not willingly censor himself My sisters and I make ourselves viewing schedules Because the TV does not turn itself off, we limit our viewing to one hour per night You can make yourself smarter by choosing interesting, informative shows to watch Author’s Craft Rewrite two sentences from the selection “The Day It Rained Cockroaches” on page 68 so that they contain reflexive pronoun errors Then trade your sentences with a partner and correct your partner’s sentences Reflexive Pronouns 89 Language Coach continued Pronoun Agreement A pronoun usually stands for a noun or pronoun, which is called the antecedent Pronouns should agree with their antecedents in person, gender, and number Person tells whether the pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person) Learn More Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exp-8107 Number tells whether a pronoun is singular or plural I would like to write my report on penguins Penguins walk with a waddle because they have short legs and tall bodies Sometimes the antecedent of a pronoun is an indefinite pronoun Singular Indefinite Pronouns Example One of the penguins was feeding its baby anybody, anyone, anything, each, either everybody, everyone, everything, neither nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody someone, something Plural Indefinite Pronouns Example Many of the penguins were on their stomachs on the ice both, few, many Certain indefinite pronouns can be plural or singular Use the verb to identify whether the antecedent is plural or singular Plural or Singular Indefinite Pronouns Singular Example Some of the money remains unclaimed Plural Example Some of the children hide from the babysitter Directions Rewrite each sentence, correcting any errors in pronounantecedent agreement If a sentence is correct as written, write Correct 90 Each of the men took their uniform to the dry cleaners The ladies in the card club have postponed its next meeting Several of the homes had their roofs torn off during the storm Lesson 1-14 all, any, most some, none, more Spelling Tricky or Difficult Words Sometimes, when saying a word, people make the mistake of adding or subtracting syllables If this mistake leads them to mispronounce the word, they are likely to misspell the word as well Learn More Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exp-8108 If you say bev-er-age, you might spell “beverage” (correct) If you say bev-rage, you might spell “bevrage” (incorrect) If you say de-cath-a-lon, you might spell “decathalon” (incorrect) If you say de-cath-lon, you might spell “decathlon” (correct) The best solution to this problem is to look in a dictionary Check how to pronounce the word, as well as how to spell it For practice in recognizing correct spelling, read through your Anchor Book Say aloud tricky or difficult words to match their pronunciations to their spelling Directions Circle the letter of the sentence in which the underlined word is spelled correctly A In the winter, everyone enjoys a hot bevrage g B When I had the flu, the doctor told me to take asprin p C Most soda pop is basically y sugar water D Carla is a superb all-around athalete F It can be dangerous to drive in wintery y conditions G Saying that my younger brother is mischevous is putting it mildly H Some nutritionists say that small amounts of choclate are good for you J My sister is a talented amateur gardener g A My dad and I have basickly y different tastes in music B When we discuss this topic, the atmossfhere can grow pretty intense C My dad says that after listening to hours of my CDs, he has a headache and needs an aspirin p D I tell him that I feel the same way after listening to his opra p CDs Spelling 91 1-15 Writer’s Workshop Narration: Personal Narrative A personal narrative, or memoir, tells the story of a memorable event, time, or situation in the writer’s life Follow the steps outlined in this workshop to write a personal narrative about an event that had an effect on your attitude or helped you see the world differently Your personal narrative should feature the following elements ▶ A consistent first-person point of view ▶ A clear incident, event, or situation from your life Purpose To tell the story of a memorable event, time, or situation in your life Audience You, your teacher, and your classmates ▶ Relevant background information ▶ A central conflict, problem, or shift in perspective ▶ Vivid feelings you have about the experience ▶ Dialogue that helps reveal your and others’ personalities ▶ Error-free writing, including correct use of pronouns Prewriting—Plan It Out To choose a good topic to narrate, use any of the following strategies Free write List ideas about special times in your life Focus on getting ideas down — not worry about grammar and punctuation Instead, let one idea lead to another and jot dow details to help you remember each specific time Review your and choose a topic Make a chart In a chart like the one at right, list words and phrases that apply to each heading You may use some of these words and phrases when you write Refining Your Topic Peop le: M e, Ma Time tt, Pa : 5p.m t Place : base b Even ts: W all field e play Pat g ed the Bul ot hu ldogs r , Feeli Matt had t, ngs: Nervo to take ov e us, ex cited r Knowing why you want to tell your story and why it might in your audience can help you decide what to write ▶ If your purpose is to entertain your audience, focus on the funny, exciting, or moving parts of your story ▶ If your purpose is also to share a lesson you learned, focus on details that illustrate the message Be prepared to explain what you learned from your experience 92 Lesson 1-15 Drafting—Get It on Paper Before writing your draft, look over some of the techniques the authors in this unit and in your Anchor Book have used Shape your writing Make sure you address the important elements in your narrative Complete the graphic organizer below Narrative Elements Your Narrative Setting Conflict Climax Resolution Student Model: Shape Your Writing I remember the day my dad placed a glove in one of my hands and a bat in the other and told me the combination was an eight-letter word called baseball Ever since then, most of my memories have been related to the sport When I was eleven, I played in a game I’ll remember forever The student starts his draft by introducing the situation and hinting at the conflict Provide elaboration Describe the event, setting, situations, and people using rich details to create a vivid picture of the experience Dull: Matt caught the ball and threw it to first base Vivid: Matt made an awkward catch, then an even more clumsy lob toward first Create a vivid detail for your narrative: Describe your feelings Tell your readers how you felt by using a consistent first-person point of view As you draft, omit any information that is not appropriate or relevant to your topic Narration: Personal Narrative 93 Writer’s Workshop continued Directions Read the student model of a personal narrative below Pay attention to specific details, the conflict, and dialogue Chris Kleinhen, Palos Verdes, CA Baseball, a Sport I Love I remember the day my dad placed a glove in one of my hands and a bat in the other and told me the combination was an eight-letter word called baseball Ever since then, most of my memories have been related to the sport When I was eleven, I played in a game I’ll remember forever We were facing the West Torrance Bull Dogs We had a great team that year Our pitcher, Frank (The Smasher) was tough to hit The nicknames of other players—“Hot Glove,” “Fireball,” and “Maguire Jr.”—were earned with outstanding play during the season We had a team of stars The only one who had not earned a “star” nickname was Matt Nine starters took the field at five o’clock in the afternoon The small crowd of parents and friends made enough noise for a major-league game For most of the game, the two teams were evenly matched Then, in the last inning, Pat “The Runstopper” at third base was injured as one of the Bull Dogs accidentally rammed his ankle while sliding into third base We had two choices: forfeit the game or play Matt “You can it, Matt!” the coach said as he sent Matt out to take Pat’s place on third base “All right, Matt!” we encouraged from our places in the field as he trotted out nervously.The score was tied with two outs Unfortunately, the next ball took a sharp bounce toward third–and toward Matt Matt ran forward and made an awkward catch, followed by an even more awkward lob toward first Amazingly it made it there in time!… As we jogged back in, the players called out, “Way to go, Matt!” “You came through in the clutch!” That’s when I realized the truth of something the coach is always telling us When you play as a team, everyone is a star 94 Lesson 1-15 Student Model Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exr-8102 Revising—Make It Better Check that you have elaborated on your ideas with sufficient supporting details Check for sentence variety Look over your paragraphs to see the patterns of sentences you have used When writing in the first person, you may find that many of the sentences begin with I Use the rubric below to help you revise your narrative, and consider reviewing your essay with a classmate or your teacher Editing—Be Your Own Language Coach Before you hand in your final draft, review it for grammatical errors Pay special attention to proper spelling and punctuation of plural nouns, along with pronoun agreement Publishing— Share It! A work is published for a specific audience Share your essay with friends or family, perhaps by creating a booklet or publishing it online Keep a log of your writing weaknesses and strengths and your goals to improve as a writer Work on developing your personal voice Reflecting on Your Writing Rubric for Self-Assessment Assess your essay For each question, circle a rating CRITERIA IDEAS Is your paper filled with rich details? RATING SCALE NOT VERY VERY ORGANIZATION How consistent is your organization? VOICE Does your writing draw the reader in? WORD CHOICE Do your words convey a message? SENTENCE FLUENCY Does your writing have an easy flow and rhythm with well-built, varied sentences? CONVENTIONS How correct is your grammar, especially pronoun agreement? Narration: Personal Narrative 95 [...]... electronic resource after reading your anchor book ᭣ Critical Viewing The collage on the left is an artist’s interpretation of the story What details from the text support the artist’s choices? Theme 77 Now that you’ve read an excerpt from The Grass Harp, read this excerpt from Child of the Owl and compare the central message, or theme, in both readings FROM of the while reading your anchor book by... details that will help you to determine the theme Write the theme at the end while reading your anchor book g p p main character, Collin, had become an orphan and is now living with two quirky old ladies with whom he forms an unbreakable bond Vocabulary Builder tantalizing (tan´ t l¯iz´i[ng]) adj Meaning Theme 75 while reading your anchor book 76 pretty sounds small girls make when playing alone I would... Comparing Theme Literary Works Literary Term while reading your anchor book The theme of a literary work is different from the topic A topic is the focus, while a theme is its unifying idea The message can be a lesson about life or an observation about people Often a work’s theme is implied—not stated directly in the text—so you will need to think deeply about your reading to identify the theme Read the table... something was going to go wrong with the insect bombs? Explain your response 4 Determine What is the author’s purpose for writing this story? About the Author Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: exe-8108 while reading your anchor book 1 Analyze What mood does the story convey? How do the characters and the setting help to create the mood? Write Answer the following questions in your Reader’s Journal 5 6 What... worry I’ll get more bombs,” Mother said comfortingly as she grabbed an old dishrag to knock the fluttering roaches off my back Betty calmly reached out her foot to crunch as many as dared run by her while reading your anchor book Vocabulary Builder 72 After you read, review the words you decided to add to your vocabulary Write the meaning of words you have learned in context Look up the other words in a... Lesson 1-13 Theme As you read, underline details that will help you to determine the theme Write the theme at the end Marking n the t Te T xt Vocabulary Builder momentary (mo¯’m n ter’e¯) n Meaning while reading your anchor book balconies, and others had decorations on them like curved tile roofs—one building had bright yellow balconies decorated with shiny, glazed purple dolphins—and there was a jumble... Barney and me had never talked much about stuff like this I knew more about race horses than I knew about myself—I mean myself as a Chinese I looked at my hands again, thinking they couldn’t be 79 while reading your anchor book 80 my hands, and then I closed my eyes and felt their outline, noticing the tiny fold of flesh at the corners Maybe it was because I thought of myself as an American and all Americans... Marking n the t Te T xt Vocabulary Builder swanky (swa[ng]‘ ke¯) adj Meaning Critical Viewing Why does the sound of music make the narrator think she is at the wrong door? Marking n the t Te T xt while reading your anchor book his back against it and fighting against the heavy spring that tried to swing it shut “Go on Up three flights Number nine.” I walked into an old, dim hallway and climbed up the wooden... It was funny, but even though it was like I said—Barney and me never went in much for that sentimental stuff like hugging and kissing—I suddenly found myself holding on to her Underneath all ᭤ 81 while reading your anchor book 82 the soft layers of clothing I could feel how hard and tough she was She patted me on the back three times and then left me for a moment to turn down her radio It really was... far.” she nodded “Yes, you will Your eyebrows are beautifully curved like silkworms That means you’ll be clever And your ears are small Lesson 1-13 Marking n the t Te T xt Marking n the t Te T xt while reading your anchor book and close to your head and shaped a certain way That means you’re adventurous and win much honor.” “Really?” She nodded solemnly “Didn’t you know? The face is the map of the soul.”