English Advanced pronunciation in use

SS:!:UId AUS1I3AINfi tlDUrHRWVJ ::: ""':,:"'" s6UIMa 11 UI 11 e asn WOOJssel) pue Apnls-JlaS asn UI lUJ to) ��D:»[u] D1llUJ(Q)J]cd] l!{] i � � rffi lUl3] • Co ntents Acknowledgements About this book Sect ion A Gett i ng started Accents (1 ): Va rieties of Engl ish Accents (2): Engl ish as an i nternational language Finding out about pron unciation (1): dictiona ries Finding out a bout pronunciation (2): online resources Pronunciation in slow and fast speech (1) Pron unciation in slow and fast speech (2) 10 12 14 16 18 Sect ion B Pronunciation of words a n d phrases Co n so n a n t c l u sters play, grow, splash Consonant clusters at the beginning of words jump, next, glimpsed Consonant clusters at the end of words abstract, next Friday Consonant clusters within and across words 20 22 24 Stress in word s a n d p h ses 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 , contro ' versial and controVERsial Word stress and pro m i nence ' comfort and ' comfortable S u ffi xes and word stress (1) ac' celerate and ac ,cele ' ration Suffixes and word stress (2) ex' treme and ex' tremity Suffi xes and word stress (3) dis' organised and , recon' sider Prefixes and word stress (1) ' subway and ' super, power Prefixes and word stress (2) ' news , paper and , absolute ' zero Stress in compound nouns ' hair-, raising and , hard- 'working Stress in compound adjectives and in abbreviations ,closed-circuit 'television and ' sell-by date Stress in longer compound nouns ' dream of and ' live for One-stress phrasal verbs , hang a ' round and , look ' up to Two-stress phrasal verbs 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 Stressed a n d u nstressed syl l a b l es 21 22 23 24 some, the, from, ete Wea k forms of function words Well, YOU it then! Prominent function words calcu/u/late and calcu/;)/late Vowels i n unstressed syllables i n content words listen, bottle, politician, etc Syllabic consonants 48 50 52 54 Fo reign word s 25 deja vu, angst, tsunami Foreign words in Engl ish 56 Sect ion C Pronunciation i n conversat ion Featu res of fl u e n t speech 26 27 28 29 30 31 one�evening, stop�now, go�away, ete Li nking sounds I'll get it, These're mine Contracted forms I m not sure, Not sure, 'm not sure Ell ipsis and 'near el l i psis' lasi; night, I haven'i; seen her Leaving out consonant sounds (1): It I ' an old car, a bottle o� water Leaving out consonant sounds (2): IdJ, Jh/, 11/, Jvl average, novelist, happening Words that lose a syllable English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 58 60 62 64 66 68 O rga n i s i n g i nfo r m a t i o n i n co n ve rsation 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 II we stuck a picturell of an elephant/I Break ing speech into units II It's BLUElI DARK bluell Prominent words i n speech units (1) II I've always been terrified of SPIders !! Prominent words in speech units (2) II I'll beLIEVE it when I SEE it/I Fixed phrases and idioms i n speech units she's got an ESSay to write Non-prominence on final 'empty' content words I can't STAND the stuff Non-prominence on final vague expressions Just help yourSELF; Throw it to ME Prominence i n reflexive and personal pronouns 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 Into n a t i o n in tel l i ng a s k i n g a n d a ns w e r i n g 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 I'm quite busy 11 at the moment III Fal ling and rising tones They taste great 11, these biscuits III Tails Great film 11, wasn't it II? Question tags What I don't understand Bill is how it got there 11 Cleft sentences Finding out or making sure ? Questions (1) Wasn't it terrible II? Are you crazy II? Questions (2) 'I paid €200,000 for it.' 'How much Ill ? ' Repeat questions Although I was tired Ill, I couldn't get t o sleep 11 Comparisons a n d contrasts 'You were asleep i n the class! ' ' I WASn't asleep 11.' Contradictions You couldn't carry it upSTAIRS for me BIll? Requests and reservation On the whole l1li, it went very well Attitude words and phrases (1) She just forgot, presumably II? Attitude words and phrases (2) How embarrassing 11:51! Exclamations 84 86 88 90 �2 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 Into n at i o n i n m a n a g i n g co nve rsa t i o n 52 53 Mhm, Right, I see Keeping conversation going O n top o f that 1!i.'l2J; Anyway 11 Adding information and changing topic 10 12 Sect ion D Pronunciation i n formal sett i ngs 54 55 56 58 59 60 Before she left schooVl she started her own business D i viding prepared speech into units (1) One of the paintingsll he left to his sister D ividin g pre pare d speech i nt o units (2) Lima - a s I'm sure you know � is the capital of Peru Pron unciation of inserts We expected profits to drop, but they W rose Step-ups - contrasts and new topics The headteacher, Mr W Lee, will be talking to parents Step-down s - adding i n formation and ending topics Small, medium, and large Tones in a series of s i m i l a r items 'Politicians are the same all over ' Level tone i n quoting and b u i l d i ng suspense - Sect ion E El E2 E3 E4 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 Reference The phonemic alpha bet: Practice Consonant clusters: Further practice Word stress: further practice Clossary further reading Key Key to phonemic and other symbols English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 128 132 136 140 143 144 192 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Frances Amrani for guiding the project, and Roslyn Henderson and Alyson Maskell for their invaluable suggestions and their attention to detail in editing the material I also wish to thank the following reviewers for their suggestions in the early stages of writing: Barbara Bradford, Kent, UK lan Chitty, Melbourn, UK David Deterding, Singapore Amanda Lloyd, Cambridge, UK Andrea Paul, Melbourne, Australia Dolores Ramirez Verdugo, Madrid, Spain A number of people have provided inspiration and information, and also specific advice on the pronunciation of non-native English speakers Thanks in particular to Richard Cauldwell, Frances Hotimsky, Philip King, Gerard O'Grady and Dorota Pacek I have drawn extensively for information and ideas on a wide variety of teaching materials and reference works, and I acknowledge the part they have played in shaping the book In particula r, I wish to acknowledge Hahn, L D & Dickerson, W B ( 999) Speechcraft: Workbook for academic discourse Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (Units 40 & ) for the analysis of stress adapted for Unit 12 At home, thanks to Ann, Suzanne, and David for their support and willingness to listen Martin Hewings 2007 The author and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyrighted material in English Pronunciation in Use Advanced Jones, D (2006 ) Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 7th edn Edited by P Roach, J Setter and J Hartman Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2005 ), 2nd edn Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Development of this publication has made use of the Cambridge International Corpus ( CIC) The CIC is a computerized database of contemporary spoken and written English, which currently stands at billion words It includes British English, American English and other varieties of English It also includes the Cambridge Learner Corpus, developed in collaboration with the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations Cambridge University Press has built up the CIC to provide evidence about language use that helps to produce better language teaching materials Audio recording by James Richardson, AVP studios, London Illustrations by Jo Blake, Mark Draisey, Julian Mosedale and David Shenton Cover design by Dale Tomlinson Designed and typeset by Kamae Design, Oxford English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) About th is boo k English Pronunciation in Use Advanced gives students of English practice in pronunciation to help improve both speaking and listening Although it has been written so that it can be used for self-study, it will work equally well in a class situation with a teacher It will be particularly useful for students whose English is adequate for most social, professional or educational purposes, but who want to work further on pronunciation to improve their understanding and ensure that they are easily understood both by native and non-native English speakers The focus is primarily on improving pronunciation in communication rather than practising individual sounds ' or words Orga n isation There are 60 units i n the book Each unit looks a t a different point o f pronunciation Each unit has two pages The page on the left has explanations and examples, and the page on the right has exercises The 60 units are divided into four sections • • • • Section A introduces accents in different varieties of English, resources for independent study of pronunciation and differences between pronunciation in slow and fast speech Section B is about pronunciation in words and phrases, including consonant clusters and stressed and unstressed syllables, and pronunciation of foreign words Section C is about pronunciation in conversation, including how intonation contributes to meanmg Section D is about pronunciation in formal settings, including professional contexts such as giving business or conference presentations After the 60 units there is a fifth section, Section E, which contains the following: • Exercises to practise the phonemic alphabet • Further practice of consonant clusters • Further practice of word stress • Glossary • Further reading At the end of the book there is a Key with answers To accompany the book, there is a set of five CDs, available separately or as part of a pack A CD-ROM is also available for use on a computer On the CD-ROM additional practice exercises are provided on all of the units (different from those in the book) The CD-ROM can be bought separately or as part of a pack Add i t i o n al equi pme n t needed A CD player is needed to listen to the recorded material that goes with this book It will also be useful for students to have equipment to record their o wn voices The symbol At indicates the CD track number for recorded material, i.e CD A, track English Pronunciation in Use Intermediate and English Pronunciation in Use Advanced It is not necessary to have worked on English Pronunciation in Use Intermediate (see Section E5 Further reading) before using this book However, to practise pronunciation of particular letters and sounds, it is recommended that students use English Pronunciation in Use Intermediate, where additional practice of stress and intonation can also be found Both books have the same format of explanations and examples on the left page and exercises on the right page in each unit English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Usi ng the book There is no fixed order in which the units should be worked through However, it will be useful to the units in Section A Getting started first to provide some background to later units In addition, it will be useful to study the basic units on intonation (Units 32-34 on breaking speech into units and highlighting information, and Unit 39 on falling and rising tones) before doing later units which focus on intonation Phonemic symbols It is not necessary to understand phonemic symbols to use this book Where phonemic symbols are used, example words are given and/or the words are found on the recording However, being able to understand phonemic symbols is a useful skill to have in order to make use of the information about pronunciation in dictionaries The phonemic symbols used in this book are listed on page 92 and there are exercises to practise the phonemic alphabet in Section El Pronunciat i o n i n speaki ng and l iste n i ng Although the focus of the book is pronunciation in speaking, it also gives the opportunity to practise listening to speech at conversational speed and in a variety of English accents Where an explanation refers to a feature of pronunciation that is particularly relevant to understanding English, rather than one that students should necessarily try to include in their own speech, this is shown with the sign /1����+��+"'�::;7 Where an explanation is particularly relevant for Ir r-0r I,s.,L OWl,:! J\ " developing advanced f1u ��i, thi� i shown with the sign � ; � Accen ts of Engl ish used i n the recordi ng For a model of pronunciation to copy when speaking, we have used the accent of English sometimes referred to as 'BBC English' However, in work or travel a wide range of English accents might be heard To help prepare for this, a number of accents are found on the recording These include both native-speaker varieties of English (from the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Jamaica, India and various parts of Britain) and non-native speaker varieties of English (from China, Spain, Poland and Japan) In the Key, information can be found about where speakers come from on the recordings for the exercises More about BBC English and other varieties of English can be found in Units and Usi n g the further pract ice mater ial After working through Units 7, and on consonant clusters, further practice can be found in Section E2 Consonant clusters After working through Units 1 , 12 and on suffixes and word stress, further practice can be found in Section E3 Word Stress The glossary In Section E4 Glossary, explanations can be found of terms used in this book Most of these are specific to the subject of pronunciation Usi ng the recordi ng When working with the recording, a track should b e played as often as necessary When doing an exercise, it may be necessary to press 'pause' after each sentence to give time to think or write an answer When instructed to repeat single words, there is space on the recording to so, but to repeat whole sentences the recording will have to be paused each time In some exercises, special instructions are given on how to use the recording To help you further improve your pronunciation and understanding of spoken English, it is important to listen to as much English as you can The internet provides access to a wide range of sources of spoken English, and in Unit you can find suggestions on some that you might find useful English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Accents (1): Varieties of Eng lish Although we commonly talk about 'English pronunciation' (including in the title of this book), obviously not all speakers of English pronounce it in the same way Even between countries where English is the first language of the majority of the population there are considerable differences, and we can distinguish between the pronunciation of 'British English', 'American English', 'Australia n English', 'South African English', and so on : � �[i� 'IID� ';�;' ��+�;+"'/ ., ?,Across these varieties of English, there may be differences in how vowels and consonants are pronounced,howwords are stressed, and in intonation For example, listen and notice differences �or listMi"'q,) between standard British English (Br) and American English (US) pronunciation in these sentences (you will hear British English first): Tha t's be tter I n US It I is 'fla pped' so that it sou nds l i ke Idl (a nd often tra nscribed in dictiona ries as I!f) when it comes between two vowels I ' m p i cki n g u p th e ca r n e xt Tuesday • • ca r Iko:1 i n Br and Iko:rl i n US I n Br,lrl is pronounced only when it is fol lowed by a vowel, while i n US it is a lso pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word Tuesday Itju: -I i n Br a n d Itu: - I i n US The sou nds Itj /,/nj /, Idj /, etc a re not used i n US = = Wha t's you r a d d ress? Some words a re stressed differently in Br and US, including a'ddress (Br) and 'add ress (US) I we n t o u t beca use I was hot and wa n ted some fresh a i r Some spea kers of US (a nd a lso Austra l ia n and New Zealand Eng l ish) use a 'high risi ng' tone for statements where most spea kers of Br would use a fa l l i ng tone A3.' ,.�Within Britain and the US there are also many regional accents For example, listen and notice / { 1t1.tporttl;.t/ differences in pronunciation in these sentences, said first by a speaker of 'BBC English' (see Unit 2) and �or liste i q) then by a speaker from the city of Birmingham in England (you will hear BBC English first): See you ton i gh t The second vowel i n 'tonig ht' is pronounced Iml i n BBC Engl ish but 1';)11 (as i n 'boy') i n a Birm i n g h a m accent A re those you r b ro th e r's? The vowel in 'those' is pronounced I:ml in BBC Eng l ish but more l i ke laul (as i n 'now') i n a Birm i n g h a m accent The first vowel in 'brother's' is pronounced IAI (as in 'buf) in BBC Eng l ish but lul (as in 'would') in a Birm i n g h a m accent She was s m o ki n g The last sou nd i n ing words is IIJI i n BBC Engl ish, but IIJgl i n a Birm i n g h a m accent, i.e the -g is pronounced - Section E5 Further reading gives suggestions on where you can find more information about pronunciation in national and regional varieties of English English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Section A Getting started Exercises 1 A4 Listen You w i l l hear spea kers from Brita i n , the USA, Ca nada, Austra l i a a n d South Africa ta l ki n g about what they e njoy d o i n g i n their spa re time Which of these accents a re you m ost fa m i l i a r with? Is there one you fi n d easi er to u n d e rsta n d than the others? AS Here i s a text rea d a l o u d fi rst by a B ritish Eng l ish spea ker a n d then a n American Eng l ish spea ker Liste n as m a ny times as you need a n d n ote d i fferen ces i n pronunciation that you observe, focusi n g on the u nd e r l i ned words A few a re done for you (It is n o t necessa ry t o use phonemic sym bols i n t h i s exercise, but a l ist ca n be fou n d on p a g e 92 if y o u want t o refer t o it.) the fi rst vowel is more 'open' i n US I was reading i n a magazine the other day about how common - 1.3 is now Some e research as found that over fur:t.¥ percent of the population sa id ' nyoo' (/nj u:/l in Br a n d ' noo' (/nu:/l i n U S is ovelWeight Most people in the survey said the d the fi rst vowel is d i fferent 10:1 ( l i ke 'ca r') i n B r a n d lrel ( l i ke 'hat') i n US esi her drive than walk and that it's better to spend leisure time at home than outside That's understandable in the winter, I guess, but el everyone can build some exercise into their daily schedule? the fi rst vowel is d i fferent 1::>:1 ( l i ke 'or') in Br a n d lul ( l i ke 'put') in US; a l so the 'r' is pro n o u n ced in US - You w i l l hear fou r more people ta l k i n g a bout what they enjoy d o i n g i n their spa re time They a re from northern E n g l a n d , Scotl a n d , Wa les a n d N o rthern I re l a n d Listen as m a ny times as you need a n d write brief n otes a b o u t w h a t they say northern England: Scotland: Wales: Northern Ireland: Now read the tra nscri pts i n the Key Are there particu l a r featu res of their pro n u nciation that you had problems u nd e rsta n d i n g ? I n what ways is their pro n u nciation d i fferent from BBC E n g l ish - that is, British E n g l ish spoken without a reg i o n a l accent (see U n it 2)? Follow up: Record yourself reading one of the extracts i n exercise 1.1 (These are written down in the Key.) Compare your reading and the version on the record ing What are the main differences in pronunciation that you notice? English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Accents (2): Eng lish as an international lang uag e In this book you w i l l use British In particu lar, you w i l l use the va riety that has come to be known as 'BBC Eng l ish: BBC Engl ish is the pronu nciation used by spea kers such as newsreaders Engl ish as a model for pronu nciation and a n nou ncers on television and radio, including the World Service Some of these spea kers have reg ional accents from the U n ited Ki ngdom, such as Scottish, Welsh or Northern I rish accents, but the accent you w i l l hea r in this book is typica l of those with an Engl ish accent This accent is taken as the 'model' beca use it is a widely broadcast and respected va riety, and for most people is easi ly understood you w i l l hea r a wide va riety of Engl ish accents � ;l�l:(I�por�?u\-r �$!fml� �or lis-re.tl.inq Recorded material used m a i n ly for l istening i ncl udes spea kers with different Engl ish accents Some have Eng l ish as their first language (e.g from Austra lia a n d the U n ited States), while others have Engl ish as a second or foreign language (e.g from Japan and Pola nd) This w i l l help prepa re you to understa nd d ifferent pronu nciations of Eng l ish I nformation a bout where spea kers come from is g iven i n the Key The use of English has spread far beyond those countries where it is used as a first language In some countries, such as India, Malawi, the Philippines and Singapore, English is an important second language for many speakers, and has often become the language used in official contexts such as courts, parliament and higher education More recently, many other countries, such as Brazil, China, Thailand �� -.-�-" and Russia, have recognised the importance of English as an international language of communication, and encouraged its teaching in schools and colleges In each country, the English spoken is influenced by other languages widely used there, and each variety is different in features of its grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation The widespread use of English as an international language means that much of the interaction in English that now goes on around the world is between· speakers who don't have English as a first language For example, when German and Spanish politicians meet to discuss policies of the European Union, their chosen language of communication might well be English The same might apply when Saudi Arabian and Japanese people meet to business il1);!J:",��-�at_ / lt1Apor-r?ln-r �or Iis-!-e.ninq) ;:7The consequence of this is that there is an enormous variety of accents of English in addition to those of v./ "-'"'''' ""'''''�'M�_''_'''��/ 'British English', 'American English', 'Australian English' and so on, and you may be more likely to speak to peopl e with 'Indian En glish', 'Singaporean English' or 'Russian English' pronunciation It would be impossible, however, to learn to 'switch' your pronunciation each time you w"ere talking to a speaker with a variety of English different from your own - to use an Australian English pronunciation with an Australian, or Chinese English pronunciation with a Chinese person Consequently, it is useful to 'model' your pronunciation on one variety - but also recognise that this is just one of many equally acceptable varieties 10 English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Section A Getting started Exercises 2.1 A7 You w i l l hear spea kers w i t h i n ternati o n a l accents o f Eng l ish from five cou ntries ta l ki n g a bout their fa m i l ies Where you th i n k they a re fro m ? Listen a n d write the n a m e of the cou ntry i n the spa ce Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker is from Poland is from India China is from is from Spain is from Japan Poland India Now check you r a n swers i n the Key Which of these accents you fi n d easi est to u ndersta nd a n d w h ich most d i fficu lt? Ca n y o u say why? Wh ich o f these E n g l ish accents is closest t o you r o w n ? 2.2 AS Listen You w i l: hear the sa me text read th ree ti mes: fi rst by a spea ker of BBC E n g l ish, seco nd by a spea ker of J a m a ica n E n g l ish, a n d t h i rd by a Pol ish spea ker of Eng l ish They a re ta l k i n g about m ovi ng i n to a new h ouse a n d some of the t h i n g s they have had to buy Here a re som e notes on how the pro n u n ciation i n pa rt of the rea d i n g by the speaker of Jam a ican E n g l ish is d i fferent from that i n the rea d i n g by the spea ker of BBC E n g l ish the vowel is cl ose to li:1 a n d sou n d s l i ke 'pl eets'; lell in BBC Eng l ish the fi rst vowel is cl ose to 101 (as in ' h ot'); h:1 i n BBC E n g l ish Also, 'I' is not pronou nced the vowel is cl ose to II�/, a n d sou nds l i ke 'cheers'; le�1 i n B B C E n g l ish Now d o the sa m e for this part of the text read by the Po l ish spea ker of Eng l ish the vowel is close to lu:1 (as in 'too'); I�ul in BBC E n g l ish L:.: �e ad'-J had cutlery and cups and saucers, and � �� r gave me some new I es and my br I had to get quite a lot of furniture, too I didn't need a new bed, but I bought a nice old wooden table and some c s for sitting room I had to quite a lot of decorating I've wallpapered the bedroom and painted the bathroom so fgr, but there's still quite a lot to But I'm in no hurry and I'm really enjoying it It's great having my own place at last Are there a ny accents of E n g l ish that a re of particu l a r i nterest or i m porta nce to you ? Practise l iste n i n g t o people with th ese accents as m u c h as possi ble If you have access t o the i n ternet, you cou l d reg u l a rly l i sten to Eng l ish l a n g uage broadcasts where you w i l l hear th ese accents For exa m p l e, for New Zea l a n d accents, try http://www rad ionz.co nz/; for Swed ish accents of Eng l ish, Radio Stockhol m has a weekly Eng l ish n ews broad cast (at http ://www.sr.se/rs/red/i n d_eng ht m l) where m a n y of the spea kers a re Swed ish (For more i n formation, see U n i t 4.) Follow up: Record you rself reading the text in exercise 2.2 Practise a few times before recording Then write out the text again, and make notes on it, hig h lighting differences between you r pronunciation and that of the speaker of BBC Eng lish (Alternatively, you cou l d get a friend or teacher to make notes for you.) English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) I I U n it 50 50 50.2 sadly: a ,I¥ b ,I¥ luckily: a ,I¥ b ,I¥ frankly: a ,I¥ b ,I¥ strangely enough: a ,I¥ b A: A: A: A: = = = = = = = = ,I¥ Basically &3 B: essentially B Apparently &3 B: on the whole B apparently B B: Actually &3 Presumably I13B: actually a Follow-up Here are some example incorrect statements about a friend, and possible corrections 'He's a civil engineer ' 'He's a structural engineer, actually ' 'He lives i n Paris ' 'Actually liD , h e lives i n Geneva ' 'He's married ' 'He's divorced, actually Ill ' U n it 51 51 (Speaker A = Scotland) fJ B'!J (enthusiastic) (Speaker A = Japan) convenient horrified fJ fJ useless fJ I!SI (enthusiastic) bizarre exhausting e:5I (enthusiastic) stunning The responses o n the recording are given first Other possible responses are i n brackets A: He reckons United are going to win B: That's riDICulous e:s1 ! (NO WAY 1i:'!:Si) ! you're KIDding 12!Sl ! ) A : I crashed my car again B : You IDiot 1Z'Sl (You're KIDding 1!1S1 ! ) A : Go on, lend me the money B : No WAY 1Z'Sl ! (You're KIDding 1i!:'SI ! [ = I don't believe you're asking me] ) A: Jane has left Adam B: you're KIDding e::sJ (NO WAY e::sJ ! That's riDICulous 1I!.'5l ! [both I think you're wrong] ) A: He's bought a Porsche B: A PORSCHE 1i!SI ! (NO WAY !!!SI ! That's riDICulous !!!SI ! [both I think you're wrong] ) = 51 4 10 A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Karen says she wants t o b e a vet B : REAlly! 1!3 I thought the homework was easy B: REAlly ? III The builders say they'll be finished by tomorrow B: REAlly? 11 Lee's going to work in Nepal B: REAlly! ESiI Crossing the river shouldn't be a problem B: REAlly? 11 I passed my driving test B: REAlly! 1!3 Paul and Nickie are getting married B: REAlly! If'Z5iI My sister's planning to cycle across the country B: REAlly? a I plan to lose five kilos in the next month B: REAlly ? 11 There's a fox in the garden B: REAlly! Ii!i!iiI Follow-up Here are some example demands from a teacher or boss, and responses expressing surprise 'I want you to start work/school at ' clock tomorrow ' 'FIVE 1CIil ! ' 'The whole lesson/meeting will be conducted i n Spanish.' 'SPANish Ell ! ' 'You should answer all one hundred questions.' 'All one HUNdred &i!l!I ! ' 78 English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) = U n it 52 A : So it'll go past those trees B: MHM � A : across that footpath B: YEAH � A : and down across the top o f that field B: RIGHT SI, and who owns that? A: All the fields around here are part of a big farm B: uHUH � A : Belongs to the farmer who lives i n that white house B: RIGHT � A : O f course, h e won't be happy about the plans B: WON'T he f!il2!I ? A: No, I doubt that he'll want to sell any of his land B: oKAY SI So what'll happen then ? A: I suppose the council could force him to sell B: REALly f!il2!I ? A: But that wouldn't be popular with the local community B: I SEE SI U n it 53 (Speaker A = Jamaica) Otherwise Ii!l Worse still � Well SI Besides &I (Speaker A = China) By the way &I Better still 521 Well &I Anyway &I (Speaker A = Spain) Example answers In that case 521, I'll take a couple of days off work Incidentally SI, have you seen Mona recently ? Besides SI, I don't really enjoy jazz Look SI, I keep telling you it's not for sale In that case f!il2!I by the same token 521 Follow-up 'then again' (or 'there again' ) is usually used to add a new thought that is different or opposite to what has j ust been said For example: A: I doubt that Fran will want to walk to work B: Then aGAIN 521 , she might b e happy t o get some fresh air English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 79 U n it 54 'j 10 The ship was launched // in September 942 if and destroyed a month later Property prices will increase if as long as interest rates // remain low The bird is often heard if but seldom // seen in the wild They took what they could carry if and left the rest // of their belongings behind Why students drop out // of university if is a complex issue Thieves made off /I with the painting if despite security guards in the building Most people also speak French if which is taught // from the age of six Who gave the order // to shoot if is to be investigated further Women /I who are pregnant if should avoid alcohol He claimed // he was innocent if but the j ury disagreed Possible speech unit boundaries are shown These are used in the recording Complementary therapy,!/ which focuses on the whole person,!/ is becoming more widely used.!/ It considers a patient's physical symptoms// and also takes lifestyle into account.!/ Most practitioners believe// that the body seeks a state of balance.!/ What complementary therapy does// is help people achieve this balance.!/ Treatment not only relieves the disease// but also promotes general wellbeing.!/ How complementary therapy works// is still not entirely clear.!/ Recent research// has compared it with traditional medicine.!/ In one study conducted in Canada// a group of patients// who had severe back painl/ were treated either with complementary// or traditional treatments'!/ Patients who had complementary treatments// showed faster rates of improvement U n it 55 The most likely speech unit boundaries i n the green parts are given These are used on the recording The relevant rule from section B is also given The whole hasis of Gold berg's a n a l ysis// h a s been cal led into question (b) M o s t of her ll1one) // she left to children's charities (d) (iv) I n the fi rst h a l f o f th is yea r// our sales have fallen by 25 per cent (d) (i) As a resu l t// w o m e n a re h a ving fewer children than in the 990s (d) (ii) Collectivel y// the mem bers of the orga n isation// were k n own as 'The Followers' ( a ) and (b) U n h a ppi l y for h i s fa m i l y// he was n e v e r seen again (a) To concl ude// a l l these factors suggest the need for job cuts (d) (iii) The two compa n ies// a l though i n competition// h a ve agreed to cooperate on the project (c) 80 English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Possible speech unit boundaries are shown These are used in the recording Ever since the industrial revolution// we have dumped waste// into the air.!/ Consequently,!/ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels// are now a third higher// than in pre-industrial time.!/ The process may,!/ it has to be said,!/ have started long before,!/ when we first burnt down trees// to make way for agriculture.!/ However,!/ over the last few decades// the rate of increase// has grown rapidly.!/ Although its precise nature is unclear// there is an obvious relationship// between levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere// and higher global surface temperatures.!/ The impact of higher temperatures/! is difficult to assess,!/ but there will certainly be a different worldl/ as humans and other living organisms// try to adapt to change.!/ These changes,!/ which will affect us all,!/ include drought and extreme weather.!/ Southern Europe,!/ for example,!/ already has long periods// without rainfall.!/ And in the Americas and Asia// powerful hurricanes// and typhoons// have recently killedl/ more people// than in severaV! decades.!/ Of course,!/ some scientists dispute the evidence.!/ But these people,!/ as we all know,!/ represent industries// having vested interests// - their business,!/ they believe,!/ would be damagedl/ by limits on carbon emissions.!/ But among the wider scientific community// the argument is about the speed of change,!/ not whether change is taking place.!/ U n it 56 I n a number o f countries// New Zealand for instance// attempts are being made to harness geothermal energy The city of Chester// originally a Roman settlement// was a major military stronghold by the time of the English Civil War in the 7th century At the top of the hill are the Three Witches// as they used to be calledl/ which is a curious rock formation A large group of protestors// nearly three thousandl/ were in the audience when the president began his last speech Gregor's final noveV! by far his most entertaining// was written when he was in his nineties Prominent syllables in the inserts are in capital letters Karl Huzel - from our GERman SISter company - will be talking to us after my presentation The countries of the European Union - with the exCEPtion of FRANCE - have all approved the new regulations on working conditions Our latest model - the Dc6 - was released in April this year The new research and development unit - to be BASED in DUBlin - will be opened later this year Follow-up Here are three examples, with inserts, from the field of astronomy The estimated total number of asteroids in the solar system - many of which are very small - is greater than half a million The science of measuring the brightness of stars - known as photometry - dates back more than 2000 years The generally accepted theory of sunspots - proposed by Babcock in - suggests that they are caused by changes in the sun's magnetic field English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 181 U n it 57 57 57.2 82 The step-ups on the recording are marked, but other places for step-ups are possible She always said it was her best film, although the critics m hated it (' ID critics ' would also be possible, contrasting 'her' and 'the critics' ) Rather than a military solution, we should b e looking for a m political one Some plastics are easy to produce, but ID difficult to dispose of (' difficult to ID dispose of' would also be possible, contrasting 'produce' and 'dispose of) Instead of a quick resolution to the war, their tactics ID prolonged it S Most people think he's French, but in fact he's from m Canada (' in m fact ' would also be possible, contrasting what 'most people think' and 'fact') The model weighs only four kilos, whereas the full-scale version will weigh four III thousand ( ' m full-scale version ' would also be possible, contrasting the 'model' and the 'full-scale version' ) Despite the President's personal popularity, his party III lost the election ( ' m party ' would also be possible, contrasting 'the President' and 'his party') The novel was all his own work - or he III claimed it was The area is a popular tourist attraction, and yet m completely unspoilt 10 Unlike most of our competitors, we've m actually made a profit this year (' a m profit ' would also be possible, contrasting 'a profit' with 'a loss', which is implied) In IDthis lesson, we're going to look further at the life of Napoleon As you'll remember, Napoleon was probably one of the greatest military leaders in history In the class IDlast week, we studied his earlier life, until about 808, and now we'll look at events from about 808 until his death m By 808, you'll recall, Napoleon had crowned himself Emperor of the first French Empire By this time he was in control of much of Europe, including Austria, Italy, Spain and Sweden However, in ID 809, Spain and Austria rose up against the French Although the French army defeated them, thousands of men were lost And in ID 12, ignoring repeated advice against it, Napoleon began his invasion of Russia In this campaign, over half a million soldiers in his army were killed, and by 14 Paris had fallen and Napoleon had abdicated Now IDwhat I'd like this half of the class to is read the account of the battle near Vienna in 809 in your textbooks starting on page 82 The m other half should study the maps and pictures of the invasion on the handout, and write a brief account of what you have observed English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) U n it 58 58 1 Michael Watson &3 , the ID reigning champion 1i2I , has been knocked out of the French Open Whitedown Hill El, 11 above the Trant Valley &::21 , is to be the location of a new wind farm Two sisters from France El, ID both in their seventies El, have become the oldest people to swim the English Channel A black woodpecker 11, a ID rare visitor to Britain &21, has been spotted on the east coast S The head of NATO in Europe 5:21, m Major Peter Alvin 5:21, has warned that its military equipment is becoming seriously outdated The tones used in the added information and the previous noun phrase are shown These tones begin on the previous prominent syllable Example: Large areas of the COUNtry 61, one of the 11 POORest in Asia 11, have been hit by drought Mr Abram IvANich &21, a m FORmer COMMunist &:21, has been elected president of Novistan The Nisota car factory in PERTH 61 , m emPLOYing over THREE thousand PEople 61 , is to close next year A statue of Sir Frank WHittle, �, I'D inVENtor of the JET engine &:21 , has been unveiled in his home town Over fifty thousand PEople &1, almost a m TENth of the popuLAtion 61, are now thought to have been infected with influenza S The city of St PEtersburg fi'2!J, ID PREviously LENingrad &2), is encouraging people to use public transport O n your m right we're passing the beautiful National Theatre, built i n the mid 800s and one of the most important Czech cultural institutions If you want to see opera or ballet in Prague, that's the place to I'D go We're m now passing under one of the best-known bridges in the world, the Charles Bridge It was built in the 3th century, and has 75 statues along its I'D sides Over on the m left, up on the hill, is Prague Castle, the home of Czech kings throughout the ages and now the seat of the President of the Czech I'D Republic You can ID also see the spires of Saint Vitus Cathedral, where most of the Czech kings are ID buried To your m right now is the Rudolfinum, a concert hall English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 83 U n it 59 59 1 Make sure you give three pieces of information on each page - your name ti , your student number ti and the date Ill When I was learning to drive my instructor made me say 'mirror B , signal e , manoeuvre SI ' every time I drove away Attempts on the mountain have been made this year by Japanese climbers 1i!!'.I , Swiss climbers Ii!!'.I and Brazilian climbers ti You'll remember that Trollope's first three novels in his Barsetshire Chronicles were The Warden fJi2J, Barchester Towers fi'2J and Doctor Thorne Ill S I want you to paint the squares the colours of the rainbow - red ea, orange B , yellow ea and so on Ill 59.2 She had a number o f j obs i n Berlin - II a s a waitress/I, booksel ler/I, m u sic teacher/I - but still found time to develop her career in the theatre , , Note that the last enrolment dates are 11 the 5th of llliY//, the 0th of J u l yll and the 0th of , August/I , A copy of the contract, II signed/I, sealed/I and d e l i ve red/I, will be on your desk tomorrow [Note: 'signed, sealed, and delivered' means that it is officially signed and completed] , ,1¥ , ,1¥ Don't forget that for this experiment you'll need II sa fety gla ssesll, p rotective c10thingll , and rubber gloves/I ,1¥ ,1¥ S To get to the bookshop II go down this street/I, tu rn left at the tra ffic l i gh ts/I and then cross , the squa rell Follow-up The last prominent syllable in each marked speech unit (where the tone starts) is in capital letters Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill,!1 that we shall pay any PRICE ,1¥ 11, bear any BURden ,1¥ 11, meet any HARDship ,1¥ 11, support any FRIEND ,1¥ 11, oppose any FOE ,1¥ 11, to assure the survival and the success of LIBerty ' 11 In passing this office to the Vice President, I also so with the profound sense of the weight of responsibility that will fall on his shoulders tomorrow and, therefore,!1 of the underSTANding ' 11, the PAtience ' 11, the coopeRAtion , 11 he will need from all Americans 84 English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) U n i t 60 She said that she was employed as: 'an environmental status assessment consultant' The managing director described the rise in oil prices as: 'a worrying and potentially damaging development' Apparently it was Picasso who said: 'Painting is j ust another way of keeping a diary ' The book describes the mobile phone as: 'the most significant electronic consumer device ever invented' Paraphrase Paraphrase Quotation Paraphrase Example sentences on the recording: We've developed a computer programme that can m actually a teach itself a new language The number of overweight people in the country has risen to an m incredible a 50 million Using the new treatment, the number of people missing work due to at backaches El was cut by half English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 85 Section E l A re ;) u e klQk clock bl�d blood st�nd stand h�nd hand klJd could bM� butter 10 11 12 = = = = = = 10 11 12 � DfrJ - girl � dirt ffi±J 11 u 12 = = = = = (ha:m harm) (bi:t beat/beet; bu:t boot; b;):t bought) (p3 : S purse; pi: s piece/peace) (fu:d food; b:d ford) (t;):k talk/torque) (w;):m warm) (ha:t heart; h3:t hurt; hu:t hoot) (t3:O = turn; t;) : o torn) (ki:o keen) (P;):t port; pa:t part) (ku:l = cool; b:l curl; b:l = call) (h3:b = herb) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = - tool � noon � [lli] - verb � hurt ll f H }I ; H ll � l l ll �' H _ warn/worn , caught/court � Dill t - vase � farm 10 e = � ;) I slwt slipped t�st test s�n son g�s guess pr�t�kt protect stQP stop i: I a: 3: i: I u: I ;): 3: I i: I u: a: I u: I ;): ;): I a : I u: a: I i: I ;): a: I 3: I u : 3: I� I u: !I I a: 3: ;): I u: la: u: I � ; I ;): ;3I I a: I i: h_m b_t p_s Ld t_k w_m h_t t_n k_n p_t k_1 h_b A - draws/drawers _ neat � born/borne � seernlseam - part � calm � rno - whom , rude l°H�H - mean , peace/piece Ipen/ - Ipm/ /hId! - /hred! Isend! - Isrend! IgAlfl - Igolfl Ituk/ - ItAk! IrmJ/ - Iputl Ipret! - Ipa:tl 1f3:rnI - Ifa:rnI 10 11 12 Ifu :V - IfuV /h3:t! - /hAt! lod;)1 - 1;):d;)1 Iw;):ktl - IW3:ktl 13 Ifa:1 - 1f3:1 14 /hi :1 - /hu:1 Ipen/ pen /hId! hid Isrend! sand IgAlfl gulf ItAk! tuck Iputl put Ipretl pat 1f3:rnI firm 10 11 12 Ifu :V fool /hAt! hut lod;)1 = odder IW3:kt! worked 13 Ifa :1 far 14 /hi:1 = he = = = = = = = = English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) = = = = sport - spot cut - cot tea - two fat - fit hut - hurt hit - heat books - box heard - hard 10 11 12 man - men wrist - rest bird - bored pull - pool 13 look - luck 14 heart - hat spot = Ispot! cot = ikotl two = Itu:1 fat = Ifret! hut = /hAt! heat = /hi:tl box = !boksl heard = /h3:d/ 10 11 12 men = Imen! wrist = Inst! bored = !b:)!(1/ pull = Ipul/ 13 look = /luk/ 14 hat = /hretl e� I� aI eI :)1 b bea r beer buy bay boy d d a re dea r die day f fa i r fea r g �u au bow (= weapon) bow (= bend) dough foe gea r g uy gay go h hair here high hay hoe m mare mere my may mow p pea r pier pie pay r re rea r rye ray S sig h row (= move row (= a rg ument) say soy sow (= to plant sow (= a female seeds) tea r tea r (= p u l l apart) (= water how poor* through water) t u� tie toy pig) toe tou r* from the eye) * 'poor' can also be pronounced Ip':!:1 and 'tour' can also be pronounced It ':!:/, ' feo� ' spef'i ' hAIJ ;} ' md3"ri bi:tf dnIJ k , d3u : m ' V3: S;}ti I , ju:m ' v3:s�t i ' lee� I ' ieo� krre [ I krre3 ' s md3;} I ' SID� 3i:nZ I d3i:nZ ' sii:mD I ' sii:pm eIDk I OIIJk 10 11 12 kref ' si:3� bo:e jes oe� ' t re3� 13 14 15 16 17 10 11 12 13 14 SIIJ ' demd3"r�s ' fi:tf� ' dIkf"n"ri ':!:i'o�u 18 19 20 21 22 'j el�u ' ':!:e� j AIJ 'jU:3"i ' s�uid3� [eId I d3eId ' mef� I ' me3� 3u:st I ju:st ri:t [ I ri: d3 ,saue'i:st I , sautf'i:st ' tehvId3�n I 'tehvI3"n ' brAe� I 'brAo� English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 87 (e �J �l ;:,: s (t (s 11 88 f ;') f tJ m aI I: A k n s lJ ;') (k re aI n eI k t) o) k ) e;') � n ) m� t w 3: u Cou ntry 10 t f r re b [ 'tJam;') China rel ' d3I;')ri;') Algeria 'p;')ul;')nd Poland ' swi: d�n Sweden ' tJdi Ch i l e m;,)' leIzi;') Malaysia ' p;:,:tJ;')g�l Portugal ' swIts�l;')nd Switzerland rel' bemi;') Al ba n i a m;,)' lo:wi Malawi - - - - - - - - - - English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) t Ca pital city g d f j b c a h i e beI ' d3IlJ Beij i ng rel' d3I;')Z Algiers ' w;:,: s;:,: Wa rsaw ' stokh;')um Stockholm , srent i ' o:g;')u Sa ntiago , kwo:l;')' lumpu;,)f Kuala Lu m p u r ' hzb;')n Lisbon b3:n Berne t I ' ra:n;') Ti rana h ' lolJWeI Li longwe - - - - - - - - - - Secti o n E2 brand - bland (D); blouse - browse (D); blank (S); bend - blend (D); brink (S); breeze (S); broad - bored (D); brew (S); black; broom; 11 blushed; 12 bread; bow; 14 bought prank (S); pretty (S); proud (S); plane - pain (D); plod - prod (D); peach - preach (D); please (S); plays - praise (D); plan; 10 pot; 1 prawns; 12 pies; play; 14 present croak (S); crane (S); cloud - crowd (D); cash - clash (D); crutch (S); cost - crossed (D); claim - came (D); clown (S); cook; 10 clause; 1 crew; 12 climb; 13 keen; 14 cruel grammar (S); gory - glory (D); grade - glade (D); great - gate (D); groom (S); glean (S); glide - guide (D); gave (S); grazing; 10 glue; 1 grass; 12 gasped; going; 14 glow fragrant - flagrant (D); flame (S); four - floor (D); ford - fraud (D); flee - free (D); flesh ( S ) ; flee (S); frog ( S ) ; flatter; fruit; 11 flows; favour; flying; fright dug ( S ) ; tree - tea (D); tread - dread (D); tooth ( S ) ; train ( S ) ; down - drown (D); drip - dip (D); tied - tried (D); two; trap; 11 diving; drawer; 13 try; 14 died warmth ( S ) ; concerned - concern (D); fridge ( S ) ; thump ( S ) ; bomb ( S ) ; bet - bent (D); pinch ( S ) ; armed - arm (D); blame; change; 1 find; rooms; 13 trays; flame gulf - gull (D); coal ( S ) ; well - wealth (D); sale ( S ) ; hold ( S ) ; build ( S ) ; wolf - wool (D); kill - kiln (D); fell; 10 fuels; 1 called; 12 help; film; 14 shell eat ( S ) ; hunt ( S ) ; fell - felt (D); past - pass (D); let - left (D); packed - pack (D); paint ( S ) ; fat ( S ) ; guess; built; 11 goat; bell; meant; abolished led - lend (D); devised ( S ) ; bombed - bond (D); led - lend (D); begged - bed (D); raced - raised (D); harmed ( S ) ; gold - goal (D); wind; sewed; 1 bad; timed; wild; 14 describe clips - clicks (D); cats - caps (D); gaps ( S ) ; checks ( S ) ; lips ( S ) ; once ( S ) ; bakes ­ base (D); case - cakes (D); graphs; glance; 1 deaths; 12 sick; moss; maps youths ( S ) ; stars ( S ) ; bags ( S ) ; lies - lives (D); rains - raise (D); rides - rise (D); size - sides (D); cause ( S ) ; crimes; robes; 11 lawns; sells; cars; 14 size English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 89 Sect i o n E3 000 000 changeable fu nctional patronage pilg rimage 0000 a rriva l assemblage percentage advisable desi rable emotional enjoyable orig i n a l The exception i s 'original' (compare ' origin and o ' riginal ) 000 awkwa rd n ess colourless powerfu l 000 alertness d isg racefu l eventfu l rega rd l ess 000 0000 characterless deviousness 000 bea utify borrower dangerous m a rvel lous simplify 0000 abrasiveness assertiveness d i rectionless 0000 annou ncer beg i n ner anomalous ca lam itous d iversify intensify solidify The exception is 'solidify' (compare ' solid and so ' lidify) 00 000 a nxious ca utious spacious 000 g l a morous h u morous tremu lous 0000 a mbitious pretentious rel ig ious suspicious 000 cou rageous outrageous i n d ustrious laborious l uxurious mysterious rebe l l ious 0000 carn ivorous herbivorous incred u lous m i raculous 00000 insectivorous m iscella neous si m u lta neous In fast speech, -eous in 'miscellaneous' and 'simultaneous' might be said as one syllable (/-j ;:)s/), so would have the pattern 0000 English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 00 000 Chinese l a u n d rette tra i nee 0000 cohabitee evacuee exa m i nee interviewee auctioneer deta i nee d ivorcee journalese Ta iwanese 000 0000 provi ncial su bsta ntial torrential 0000 d ifferential infl u ential presidentia l 00000 ceremonial editorial ma nagerial adverbial ind ustrial remed ial In fast speech, -ial in 'averbial', 'remedial' and 'ceremonial' might be said as one syllable (I-j �I/), so would have the patterns 000 ( 'adverbial' and 'remedial') and 0000 ( 'ceremonial' ) , 000 add iction location 000 constructive explosive i m pulsive prog ressive 0000 00000 0000 eth nicity extrem ity authenticity elasticity m usica l ity accusation d i plomatic form u laic 0000 exploitative ind icative 00000 abbreviation cha racteristic 0000 0000 i l l ustrative i n n ovative a pprehensive i nconclusive i nteractive reproductive The exception is 'indicative' (compare ' indicate and in' dicative) , 000 000 appl iance complia nce defiant deterrent observa nce 000 government measu rement settlement experience i nha bita nt i n heritance magn ificent sig n ifica nt coherent pol l utant hesita nt ignorance neg l igence resident tolerant 000 0000 occu rrence resembla nce resista nt tri u m phant 000 achievement investment recruitment retirement 0000 correspondent independence obsolescence 0000 accomplish ment development embarrassment 0000 d isa ppointment enterta i n ment English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 191 Key to ph onem ic and oth er sym bols Vow e l s E26 Short vowels Lon g vowels Di phthon g s IT) � � @] OD @D @D @D @D @] @D @!J [ gu ] t au] � l eg ] l u g] DJ [ill pit, i t wet, e n d ca t, a pple ru n, u p hot, o pposite pu t, wou l d see, eat pa rt, a r m saw, a lways too, you her, ea r ly a go, doctor day, e i g h t my, eyes boy, jo i n low, o pen how, o u t nea r, here i r, where tau rist, su re happy, cosy influence, a n n u a l Co n s o n a nts E27 CliJ W CIJ []] 0iJ rn W DJ bee, about d o, sid e fat, safe g o, big h at, beh ind yet, you key, week l ed, a l l ow [BD W W CD IT] CD G m a p, lam p n ose, any pen, stop red, arou nd soon, us ten, last vet, l ive w et, sw i m � (ili] [ill [[) []] CD W ern l OO, loves g enera l , ag e hang , hoping th at, oth e r t h i n , bath sh ip, push meas u re, usual c h i n , catch Oth e r sym b o l s u sed in t h i s book /71 I�I fTI II I 1.1 III I I I 92 a glottal stop, as in l'fu?bo:V ( 'football' ) See Section E4 Glossary for more information shows that I:JI can be pronounced or not pronounced, as in l'rev�nd31 (average) shows that in BBC English Irl is pronounced when it is followed by a vowel sound but not when it is followed by a consonant sound, as in l'brAo:Jrl (brother) In some other varieties, such as North American English, Irl is always pronounced put before the syllable with main stress, as in fI ' ventl (elvent) put before the syllable with secondary stress, as in l,retm:Js ' fenk/ ( atmos ' pheric) shows a syllabic consonant, as in I' bnt ll I (bottle) See Section E4 Glossary for more information shows syllable divisions within a word, as in l'dIf :JI (differ) English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) [...]... ta lking to friends or relatives, or w h e n we a re ta lking a bout routine or fa m i l i a r topics In Units 5 and 6 we will introduce some of the changes in pronunciation that take place in fast speech when compared with slow, careful speech These include linking sounds, leaving out sounds and changing sounds These changes are looked at in more detail in Units 26 to 3 1 4Speech isbroken up into... saying 'present' for 'pleasant' or saying 'queue' for 'crew' • avoid leaving out one of the consonant sounds For example: saying 'poblem' for 'problem' or saying 'foo' for 'few' • avoid adding an extra vowel between consonants For example: saying 'tewin' for 'twin' or saying 'faree' for 'free' • avoid adding an extra vowel at the beginning of the word For example: saying 'estop' for 'stop' or saying... u nits as in the recording, making sure you ru n the words i n the u nits smoothly together In the Key you w i l l fi nd the extract with the speech u nits marked English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 17 Pronunciation in slow and fast speech (2) 4 / , 1n fast speech sounds that are found in words spoken slowly maybe missed out Listen and noti ce how the highlighted sounds are missed out in this conversation... clusters across the two words? Record yourself saying them, and l isten to the recording English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 25 , co ntro ' ve rsi a l a n d co ntroVERsi a l Word stress and prom inence In this book we use two terms that are related but different: stress and prominence Most dictionaries which give the pronunciation of words also indicate which syllable(s) have stress For example,... unstressed I-r-I in the prefix when they are used as a verb and a stressed I-i:-I in the prefix when they are used as a noun Compare: , = · Interest is li kely to decrease (/dr ' kri:s/) but: There has heen a decrease (/' di:kri:s/) in interest mj 1 - """':::::; 1 A66 Some words beginning re- have the same spelling but a different stress and meaning depending on whether re- means 'again' or not Compare:... ' kAvdl (= cover again) I, ri : ' kaunt l ( = count again) l, ri : ' L1 : 1ll1 ( = form again) l, ri : ' mu : kl ( = mark again) I, ri : ' s ;) : t l ( = sort again) I, ri : ' saml (= sign again) In ' kA vgl ( = get well) In ' kaontl (= describe) In ' f J : ml (= improve) In ' m u : kl ( =comment) In ' ZJ : t l ( = turn to) In ' zaml (= give up a job) Note : When re- means 'aga in' , the words a re... happen in words where a secondary stress comes before main stress Here are some more examples: , under' stand , disap ' pointing I UNderstand EVerything It was a DISappointing OUTcome Other words which often have stress shift include: • • • , alto ' gether, , inde ' pendent, , indi ' stinct, , medi ' ocre, , satis ' factory, , uni' versity, , week ' end, ,worth ' while some place names which have main... technical terms They also give more information about variation in pr onunciation For example, compare the information about the pronunciation of 'kimono' from CALD given in B with this entry from the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th edition (CEPD) Both CALD and CEPD give British and American English pronunciations CEPD shows also that in American English the last vowel is usually pronounced... example: saying 'estop' for 'stop' or saying 'escream' for 'scream' You can find more practice of consonant clusters at the beginning of words in Section E2 English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) Section B Pronunciation of words and phrases Exercises 7.1 A2� You w i l l hear som e short defi n itions After each d efi n ition, press 'pause', tick (.r) the word you t h i n k is be i n g defi ned a n d say... words sta rting with a particu lar consonant cluster English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) 21 .< � ) j u m p n ext g l i m psed Consonant cl usters at th e end of word s A26 There are many more combinations of consonant sounds possible at the end of English words than at the beginning (see Unit 7) There can be up to four consonant sounds in a final consonant cluster: Words with � 2 fi nal consonants