Ngữ pháp tiếng anh căn bản

Các dạng ngữ pháp tiếng anh thường gặp trong các kỳ thi tuyển sinh THCS, THPT và các kỳ thi tiếng anh đầu vào cao học. Đây là tài liệu sưu tầm, không phải do tác giả soạn nên có nhiều hạn chế, mong xem và bổ sung.

NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Các thành phần đứng sau động từ To Be : a Be + Adj Ex : I am clever Adj ⇒ Verb + ing ( nghĩa chủ động) or Verb + ed (nghĩa bị động ) + Noun EX: a boring lecture or a bored man b Be + Noun phrase c Be + preposition : be at home, be in class d Be + V-ing Ex : I am learning English e Be + V3/ed Ex : The dog was killed by this man f Be + to + V1 Ex : To learn English well is to try your best NOUN PHRASE ( làm chủ từ túc từ câu ) GỒM : a A/An … + Adj + Noun Ex : She is a nice girl ( tính từ đứng trước danh từ ) b A/An… + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly) Ex: an extremely nice girl Ex: a completely right test Adverbs of degree ( trạng từ mức độ ): extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty Adverb of manner ( trạng từ thể cách ) : Adj + ly c A/AN .+ ADJ – ADJ – ADJ - + SINGULAR NOUN EX: A four – month – old baby A one – eye man d Noun phrase + Preposition ( in, on, at, with, for, … ) + Noun phrase Ex : The leg of the table is terrible The legs of the table are terrible NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Short Adj – est One of the Most + long Adj + Noun(s/es) + V-S/es ( is/was) + First, second + Adj Ex: One of the nicest girls in my class/ of all (girls) is Mary ( Một …… ) Mary is one of the nicest girls in my class/ of all (girls) Cách dùng “ there” : - There + be +( not )+ any + singular uncount noun/ plural noun → There is/was + ( not ) + any + danh từ số → There are/were ( not ) + any + danh từ số nhiều → There has (not ) been + danh từ số → There have ( not ) been + danh từ số nhiều Cách dùng “ neither either” a Neither + Noun + nor + Plural noun + Plural verb + O Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today b Neither + Noun + nor + Singular noun + Singular verb + O Ex: Neither Jack nor Bill is going to the beach today c Either + Noun + or + Plural noun + Plural verb + O Ex: Either John or his friends are going to the beach today d Either + Noun + or + Singular noun + Singular verb + O Ex: Either Jack or Bill is going to the beach today V-ing + N + Singular verb = Vs/es + O ( V-ing: Gerund as Subjects) Ex: Writing many letters makes her happy NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH a A number of + Plural noun + Plural verb (A number of=Many) Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic b The number of + Plural noun + Singular verb Ex: The number of days in a week is seven a S (person) + need + to-infinitive + O Ex: His friend needs to learn English well b S (person) + need + someone + to-infinitive + O V- ING c S ( an inanimate object as S: Vật vô tri, vô giác) need + Ex: The grass needs cutting or The grass needs tobe cut to be + V 3/ED d S + Be + in need of + Noun ( be in need of = need ) Ex: He is in need of money S + used to +V1 + O (thường thường: thói quan khứ) Ex: When he was young, he used to swim once a day (past time habit) 10 a S + be + used to +Ving+ O ( quen với, BE chia khứ tùy ý Chủ từ người) Ex: Mary is used to reading books everyday b S + be + used to + V1 … ( Khi Chủ từ vật - bị động , nghĩa “ … Được dùng để ….” c S + get + used to +Ving+ O (dần dần làm quen với, từ từ quen với ) Ex: Mary gets used to swimming everyday 11 Would rather than .: thích a S + would rather + V1 + Noun + than + V1 / Noun Ex: Peter would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Note: Hình thức phủ định - Would rather + V1 Would rather not + V1 12 Prefer to : thích a S + prefer + Noun + to + Noun Ex: He prefers football to tennis b S + prefer + Ving + O + to + Ving + O Ex: He prefers playing football to watching film 13 a S + would like + to V1 + O (would like: thích) = want to + V1 Ex: I would like to visit Japan b S + would like + someone + to V1 + O = want + someone + to V1 + O had better 14 S+ ought to + V1 + O ( nên làm … lời khuyên ) should be supposed to ( had better ≠ had better not ) Ex: You should study harder now 15 Cách dùng động từ “ Must” : a S + must + V1 ( nguyên mẫu không chia) + O ( phải : no choice) Ex: You must study tonight b S + must + be + N ( có lẽ : not sure) Ex: He must be a doctor c S + must + be + V-ing ( … có lẽ ……) Ex: She must be freezing now d S + must have + V3/D + O.( có lẽ : kết luận hợp lý khứ) NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Ex: It must have rained last night (It probably rained last night) 16 Cách dùng động từ “ Have” : a S + have + Noun phrase Ex: He has a new car b S + have to + V1 + O .( phải = must) Ex: He has to call his insurance agent today c S + have + V3/ed …… Ex : He has done his homework for 15 minutes 17 S + be + different from + Noun ≠ S+ be the same as … Ex: Their teacher is different from ours 18 Cách dùng “ enough” : a S + be + Adj + enough + for someone to + V1 Ex: It is not cold enough for you to wear a heavy jacket b S + action verb + Adv-ly + enough + for someone to + V1 Ex: She speaks English quickly enough for me to catch up = understand c S + V + enough + Noun… Ex: Do you have enough sugar for the cake? 19 Cách dùng “ too” : a S + be + too + Adj + for someone + to + V1 ( ….quá ……không thể … ) b S + action verb + too + Adv-ly + for someone to + V1 20 Cách dùng “ so … that …và such …… that” : a S + V + so + Adj/ Adv-ly + that + S + V ( .quá .) Ex: The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more  Tính từ động từ to be đứng trước NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Trạng từ thể cách động từ thường hành động đứng trước b S + V + so + many/ few +plural count noun + that + S + V S + V + so + much/ little +singular uncount noun + that + S + V Ex: He had so many children that they formed his own baseball team Ex: The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat c S + V + such + a/an +Adj + singular count noun + that + S + V ( ) Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors S + V + such +Adj + non- count noun + that + S + V Ex : This is such difficult homework that he never finishes it d S + V + such +Adj + plural count noun + that + S + V Ex: These are such difficult problems that he never finished them 21 Cách dùng “ because” : a Because + S + V + O, S + V + O Ex: Because there was a traffic jam, the students arrived late b Because of = In light of = due to = thanks to + N/noun phrase, S + V + O Ex: The students arrived late because of the traffic jam 22 Cách dùng “ so that = in order that/ to = in order to ” : a S + V + + so that/ in order that + S + V ( để ) Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test b S + V + + to/ in order to + V1 + ( ….in order for + someone to + V1) Ex: He studied very hard to pass the test 23 S + be + scared of + Ving + O = be afraid of ( e sợ … ) Ex: She is scared of living on her own in such a big city 24 a S + reminds + someone + of + Noun /Ving ( nhắc nhở việc ) NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Ex: That picture reminds me of the time when we loved each other b S + reminds + someone + to + V1 ( nhắc nhở làm việc ) Ex : She reminds him to learn English c S + reminds + someone + that + S + V … ( nhắc nhở …… ) 25 a S + be aware of + Noun / Ving ( nhận thức … ) b S + be aware of + Wh/H- words + S + V … c S + be aware that + S + V ……… ( Noun clause ) ( nhận thức … ) 26 S + accuse + Someone + of + Noun / Ving ( buộc tội, tố cáo … ) 27 S + apologize to + Someone + for + Noun / Ving 28 ( xin lỗi việc ) It takes/took somebody + time + to infinitive (Ai để làm ) 29 Time clause: Mệnh đề trạng từ thời gian: Áp dụng phương thức cho mẫu câu dưới: * The present time phối hợp với The present time ( Hiện – Hiện ) * The future time phối hợp với The present time ( Tương lai – Hiện tại) * The past time phối hợp với The past time ( Quá khứ - Quá khứ ) a Since ( từ )+ S + V2/ED + O ., S + have/has + V3/ED + O Khác với : It + be + time + since + S + V2/ED .( Since bỏ đi) b When ( khi) + S + V2/ED + O ., S + had + V3/ED + O ( had + V3/ed dùng V2/ed, was/were + V-ing ) c As soon as ( khi)/ Once(một khi)+ S + have/has + V3/ED + O, S + will + V1 + d While + S + be + V-ing …, S + be + V-ing …/ V2/ed e After + S + have/has + V3/ED …, S + Vs/es or w ill + V1 … Af ter + S + had + V3/ED …, S + V2/ED … NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH f B e f o r e S + Vs/es … , S + have/has + V3/ED… Before + S + V2/ed …, S + had + V3/ED … 30 It + be + the short Adj-est/ the most + long Adj + S + have/has + ever + V3/ED ( …….nhất ) Ex : It is the most important thing he has ever done 31 Noun Clause ( mệnh đề danh từ với that ): S + say/believe/know/rumour… (that) + S* + V… = It is said/believed/known/rumoured/reported that + S + V Người ta nói/tin/đồn/báo cáo - Hoặc S* + be + said/ + tobe + a/an… + adj + noun 32 S + object / confess / look forward + to + noun phrase/ Ving ( phản đối / thú tội/ mong chờ … ) 33 S + find / find out + that + S + V nhận thấy 34 S + happen + to-infinitive tình cờ 35 It was not until + time + that + S + V2/ED .thì It was not until + S + had + V3/ed + that + S + V2/ED 36 The only/first/last … + Noun + who/which + V (usually V2/ED) + be + Noun The only/first/last … + Noun + to + V1 + O + be + Noun ( Active ) ( reduced ) The only/first/last + Noun + to + be V3/ed + O + be + Noun ( Passive )( reduced ) 37 S + spend/waste + time + Ving + or Time + be spent + Ving … … 38 S + apologize to + Someone + for + keeping + someone + waiting Xin lỗi để đợi NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH 39 It + be + stupid = silly = foolish/shy/ careless / unfair + of + someone + to + Sth Ai thật khờ/ e thẹn/ bất cẩn / không công đễ làm 40 S + be tire of = be bored with = be fed up with+ SO + Ving Không thích làm 41 S + be + busy = busy with + Ving 42 S + find/found = make + it + adj + to + V1 / Ving nhận thấy thật để 43 S + see / watch+ someone/living things + V1/Ving 44 S + see/ watch + Something + V3/ED (by ) 45 Let + someone + V1 + something = allow/ permit + someone + to+ V1 + something ( cho phép làm … ) 46 a S + know how to + V1 ( biết làm ) b S + learn to / how to + V1 ( học cách làm ) c S + teach + SO + how to + V1 ( dạy làm ) d S + get/ learn + something + from + someone ( học hỏi từ ) e S + explain + something + to + someone ( giải thích cho hiểu ) 47 S + be + capable/ incapable + of + noun/ V_ING = be able/ unable + to + V1 48 S + V + from + time/place + to + time/place 49 S+ prevent = stop/ protect + someone + from + noun/ V_ING ( ngăn chặn/ bảo vệ khỏi … ) 50 Quantity words + of + Adj clause ( both of, most of, many of, much of, some of ) EX : I read a number of articles Most of them were very useful I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH 51 Like ≠ Unlike + Noun/Noun Phrase, S + V + O ( giống như/ không giống ) S + not only + V + .+ but also + V + = not only ……….but …… as well 52 S + either + V + or + / … neither …………….nor S + V + + whether + S + V + + or not both … and / between ….and … 53 S + V + + without ( mà không cần … ) + Noun / Ving Ex : She cannot live without money Ex: I cannot stand her looking at me without closing her eyes 54 Vị TRÍ ĐỨNG CỦA TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ THỂ CÁCH TRONG CÂU : - Action Verbs + Adv-ly Ex : I slept soundly - Action Verbs + O + Adv-ly Ex: I pass the exam successfully - Adv-ly + Action Verbs + O Ex : I successfully pass the exam - Auxiliary verb ( do/does/ did/ have ….) + Adv-ly + main verb Ex: have recently been - Action Verbs + Adv-ly + Preposition (giới từ ) Ex : think carefully of - A/An… + Adv-ly + Adj + Noun Ex: a very good student 55 CLAUSE WITH “IT” : Mệnh đề với “ It” a IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO + V1 …… EX: It is important to be punctual for appointments b IT TAKES/TOOK + SOMEONE + TIME PHRASE + TO + V1 …… EX: It takes him a long time to learn a language c IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause) EX: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state d IT WAS + PROPER NAME/ S PRONOUN + who + V2/ed 10 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH EX: It was Jack who did most of the work It was she who came to class with this news e IT + BE + THE FIRST/SECOND….+ time + S + HAVE/HAS + V3/ED + O Ex: It is the first time I have seen you f IT + BE + TIME FOR ME/ YOU … TO + V1 Ex: It is time for him to get married g IT + BE SAID/BELIEVED… that S + V + O Ex: It was said that he was a superman 56 Cách dùng “ Make” a S + MAKE(S)/ FIND + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO + V1 ( Nhận thấy … thật … để … ) b S + MAKE(S)/ DRIVE + SOMEONE + ADJ ( Khiến, làm, chọc … … ) c S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1 ( Khiến, làm, chọc … … ) 57 INVERSIONS: ĐẢO NGỮ : trợ động từ đứng trước chủ từ a Not only/ No longer/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/ Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly/ + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb ( Auxiliary verbs : do/does/did …… ) EX: Not once was he on time b Only in (on, at, by, ) + noun phrase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V EX: Only in an emergency should you use this exit c Only if/Only because/Only until/Only when/Only after/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S + main V… EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final ( đảo ngữ vế sau ) d So + Adj or Participle (VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V 11 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for directions Đặc biệt lưu ý mẫu câu : • Hardly + had + S + V3/ed + O when S + V2/ed + O • No sooner + had + S + V3/ed + O + than S + V2/ed + O 58 PASSIVE VOICE : Câu bị động chủ từ vật S (things) + Be + V3/ED … By +… + O The + Noun ( things ) which + be + V3/ED …… + main verb…… The + Noun ( Person ) who + be + V3/ED …… + main verb…… * to be made to + V1 * be provided with + something 59 CAUSATIVE VERBS : động khiến, nhờ, muốn làm cho a S + HAVE/HAS + SOMEONE + V1 (VERB IN SIMPLE FORM) + O (ACTIVE) Ex: Mary had John wash the car b S + GET + SOMEONE + TO + V1 + O (ACTIVE) Ex: Mary got John to wash the car c S + HAVE/HAS/GET + SOMETHING + V3/ED (PASSIVE) Ex: Mary had the car washed by John d S + MAKE + SOMEONE + V1 + O .( BắT AI LÀM GÌ) Ex: The robber made the seller give him the money e S + LET + SO + V1 .( CHO PHÉP .) or Let S.O + not + V1 … Ex: The teacher let the student leave class early = S + ALLOW/PERMIT + SOMEONE + TO/NOT TO + V1 f S + WANT/NEED/FORCE… + SOMEONE + TO/NOT TO + V1 g S + HELP + + SOMEONE + V1 OR TO + V1 60 Cách dùng “ feel” : feel – felt –felt 12 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH a S + feel like + V-ing/ Noun phrase b S + feel + Adj 61 Cách dùng “ fall” thường thấy : fall – fell – fallen a fall + preposition b fall asleep c fall in love with someone 62 Hundreds / Thoundsands / Millions/ Billions + OF + Noun -s/es + plural V 63 Cách dùng “ allow” : a S + allows/ allowed + someone + to + V1 + something Cho phép làm … ( cụ thể ) b S + allows/allowed + Ving + cho phép làm … ( cho phép chung chung ) EX: The teacher allows speaking loudly in class c S + BE (NOT) + ALLOWED + TO + V1 Người không phép làm … EX: He is not allowed to smoke here 64 INFINITIVES : V1 a S + V + to V1 + O (infinitive as object of a verb) EX: She forgot to read the directions She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat b S + V + someone + to V1 + O EX: I need you to learn English harder c To V1 + O + singular V ( infinitive as subject of a verb) EX: To read the directions is important d To/ in order to + V1 + O, S + V + O (Purpose) EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessons e It + Be + Adj + (for someone) to V1 (infinitive after to be + Adj.) 13 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH EX: It is important to read the directions f S + be + the first……/the only/ the last + person + to V1 ( Active meaning ) EX: John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth g S + be + the first……/the only/ the last + person + to be + V3/ed ( Passive meaning) EX: Roberta was the first person to be asked to speak at the meeting 65 GERUNDS WITH PREPOSITION (in, on, at, about, with, without, ) + Ving a V-ing + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES (Simple present) + O (Gerund as subject of a verb) EX: Playing chess is enjoyable b S + V + preposition +VING + Noun Phrase (Gerund as Object of a Verb) EX: He enjoy playing chess c S + V + Noun + preposition + VING +Noun (Gerund as Object of a Preposition) EX: He passes the time by playing chess d S + V + PREPOSITION + my /your/our/their/his/her/ +VING + EX: We objected to her cutting class last week e S + V + PREPOSITION + proper name’s +VING + EX: We objected to Alice’s cutting class last week f Ving + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O ≠ Not + Ving + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O Cách hình thành V-ing : Giới từ + VING EX: Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house By listening, he quickly picked up the language Noun + preposition + V-ing : - Choice of (lựa chọn)/ Possibility of ( Khả năng)/ excuse for (xin lỗi)/ reason for( lý do)/ intention of (xu 14 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH hướng)/ method for (of) (phương thức) EX: She has no excuse for behaving in that matter Be +Adj + Prep + VING - Accustomed to (quen với)/afraid of (sợ)/amazed at (ngạc nhiên)/interested in (quan tâm)/ fond of (thích)/tire of(chán) = be bored with = be fed up with/ tire from(mệt)/ good at (giỏi về)/bad at (dở về)/successful in(thành công)/capable of (có thể)/Busy with (bận rộn)/excited about (hồi hộp)/ against/be or get + used to/ keen on/ strong in/ weak at … - EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday Verbs định + Giới từ + V-ing: - Approved of: Chấp thuận - think of = think about : Nghĩ - Give up: Từ bỏ - depend on = count on = rely on = base on = focus on - Be better off: tốt = concentrate on: lệ thuộc vào - succeed in: thành công- - Put off: Dập tắt, trì hoãn - insist on: nài nỉ, đòi- - Worry about: Lo lắng - Gerund sau thành ngữ cố định: - Object to : phản đối - take to: quan tâm - Look forward to: mong chờ, ngóng mong - confess to : thú tội, thú nhận - It’s no use: công, lợi - can’t help: Không tránh khỏi, không - It’s worth: xứng đáng - can’t stand = can’t bear: không chịu - keep on = go on = carry on: tiếp tục = hate - It’s no worth: Không xứng đáng - can’t resist: Không thể chống lại - There is no + VING - what a nuisance !: Phiền - Be busy: bận - It’s much use: có lợi EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon Gerund sau động từ định 15 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH - Admit: thừa nhận - delay: hoãn lại - practise: thực tập - Miss: bỏ lỡ - regret: lấy làm tiếc - resent: bực tức - Risk: Liều lĩnh - appreciate: hiểu rõ, nhận thức - finish: hoàn hành - Deny: phủ nhận - postpone: trì hoãn - quit=stop: ngưng - Avoid: tránh xa - enjoy = fancy: thích - Resume: giành lại - consider: xem xét=involve: liên quan - recall: nhớ lại, nhắc nhở - try: cố gắng - Mind: phản đối, khó chịu - like/love - dislike: Không thích - Detest=hate: ghét, ghê tởm - forgive: tha thứ - mention: đề cập - Pardon: tha lỗi - tolerate: khoan hồng, tha thứ - understand: hiểu - Recomend: giới thiệu, dặn dò - prevent from: ngăn ngừa - Defer: chìu theo - Imagine: tưởng tượng - Discuss:thảo luận - recollect: thu gom lại EX: He practises speaking English everyday Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund Infinitive sau động từ định) sau: - Begin=star: bắt đầu - like/love: thích, yêu thương - Can’t stand=bear: chịu đựng - continue: tiếp tục - prefer: thích - Dread: lo sợ - intend: dự tính - Hate: ghét - *Stop: ngừng -*remember: nhớ -*forget: quên - Allow: cho phép - Agree: đồng ý - advise: Khuyên bảo - Dislike: không thích - Attemp: nổ lực=*try: cố gắng, thử - Leave: rời - Mean: có nghĩa - Permit: cho phép - Regret: tiếc - study: học - plan: dự trù -Propose: đề nghị - neglect: lãng * Tất động từ phần dùng cách (Gerund & Infinitive) mà ý nghĩa không thay đổi, ngoại trừ động từ stop/ remember/ forget / try nghĩa khác EX1: He started studying after dinner = He started to study after dinner: sau bữa tối, anh bắt đầu học EX2: She stopped studying English ≠ She stopped to study English (Cô không học tiếng anh ≠ Cô ngừng làm điều để học tiếng anh) EX3: I remember locking the door before I left ≠ I remember to lock the door before I left 16 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH (tôi khóa cửa nhớ rõ việc ≠ Tôi nhớ việc khóa cửa trước để khóa) EX4: I tried helping her but she failed ≠ I tried to help her ( thử giúp bà ≠ cố giúp bà ấy) Gerund as a possessive adjective or noun: EX1: Possesive Adj : Your being right doesn’t mean my being wrong (Adj + Gerund) EX2: Possesive noun: My father’s walking improves his health (Noun’s Gerund) 66 ADJ CLAUSE: MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH TỪ ĐÂY ĐỦ a The + Noun (people) who + V + + main Verb (sau Who verb) b The + Noun (people) whom S + V + + main Verb ( sauWhom mệnh đề) c The + Noun (people) whose + Noun + S + V + + main verb… (Whose Possessive) The + Noun (people) whose + Noun + Be + V3/ed + + main verb ……… d The + Noun (things) which + V + main Verb (Which Subject) In which ≈ where (it depends on the verb & preposition) Every/ Each/ Some/ Any/All + Noun ( Everything/ Everyone/ ) + that + S + V + main Verb Every/ Each/ Some/ Any/ All+ Noun ( Everything/ Everyone/ … ) + that + V + main Verb There is/was ( not ) much + that + S + V + main Verb 67 FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ Cause: Because/Since + S + V + O, S + V + O Opposition (Contradary cause): Although =Though = Even though + S + V + O, S + V … = Despite = In spite of + Noun phrase/ V-ing Contrast : While + S + V + O, S + V + O Condition : I f + S + V + O, S + V + O Unless + S + V + O, S + V + O Time: When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O Lưu ý : Khi dùng mệnh đề trạng từ không kèm với “ but” “ But” dùng trường hợp sau : S + V + O, but + S + V + O 17 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH 68.REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES : MĐ TRẠNG TỪ RÚT GỌN When/Although/ + V3/ED , S + V + O ( Reduced Adv Clause) V_ing Đôi rút gọn dạng adj noun phrase Ex : When young, she used to fall Ex : After luch time, they keep talking about the matter 69 NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT a SUBJECT: WH/H-WORDS + S + V + + VS/ES + O Ex: What you want is unknown * What, Where, Why, Who ……/ How …., How + adj ( How old … ) b OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V + Ex: Nobody knows what you want c WITH “THAT”: OBJECT S+ Say , know, understand, think, that + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE) believe, hear, feel, rumor, realize …… *(THE FACT/ THE EVENT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE) EX: The fact that she passes the exam is very important 70 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES CONDITIONAL CLAUSE : Điều kiện thực : 18 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH TƯƠNG LAI (FUTURE ACTION) If + S + Vs/es + O, S + will + V1 + O Ex : If he tries much more, he will improve his English If I have money, I will buy a new car THÓI QUEN HIỆN TẠI (HABITUAL) If + S + Vs/es + O, S + always/usually/often…+ Vs/es + O Ex : If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits every patiens in the affternoon I usually walk to school if I have enough time MỆNH LỆNH (COMMAND) If + S + Vs/es + O, (please) + V1 + O If + S + Vs/es + O, (please) don,t + V1 Ex: If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me Please call me if you hear anything from Jane Điều kiện thực : Điều kiện thực : If + S + V2/ed + O, S + would/could/should/ might + V1 + O Ex : If I had enough money now, I would buy a tourist trip to the moon He would tell you about it if he were here If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him (He speaks very quicky) (You can’t understand him) Động từ to be phải chia were tất If she were you, she wouldn't go to that movie 19 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH Điều kiện thực khứ : If + S + had +V3/ed + O, S + would/could/should/ might + have + V3/ed + O Ex : If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter (We didn’t know ) (We didn’t write you a letter) Rút gọn If : Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it Rút gọn If : Had he studied harder for the test, he would have passed it Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện lúc tuân theo qui luật Trong số trường hợp đặc biệt, vế điều kiện khứ vế lại (do thời gian qui định) If she had caught the train, she would be here by now 71 Exclamative Sentence ( Câu cảm thán ! ) What + a/an + adj + noun ! Ex: What a lazy student! What an interesting book! Khi danh từ số nhiều, không dùng “a/an”: What beautiful flowers! What tight shoes! Đối với danh từ không đếm được: what + adj + danh từ ! What beautiful weather! How + adj + S + V! How cold it is! How interesting that film is! How well she sings! &&& - 20 [...]... after dinner = He started to study after dinner: sau bữa tối, anh ấy bắt đầu học EX2: She stopped studying English ≠ She stopped to study English (Cô ấy không học tiếng anh nữa ≠ Cô ấy ngừng làm một điều gì đó để học tiếng anh) EX3: I remember locking the door before I left ≠ I remember to lock the door before I left 16 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH (tôi đã khóa cửa rồi bây giờ tôi nhớ rõ việc này ≠ Tôi nhớ... here by now 71 Exclamative Sentence ( Câu cảm thán ! ) What + a/an + adj + noun ! Ex: What a lazy student! What an interesting book! Khi danh từ ở số nhiều, không dùng “a/an”: What beautiful flowers! What tight shoes! Đối với danh từ không đếm được: what + adj + danh từ ! What beautiful weather! How + adj + S + V! How cold it is! How interesting that film is! How well she sings! &&& ... exit c Only if/Only because/Only until/Only when/Only after/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S + main V… EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final ( đảo ngữ vế sau ) d So + Adj or Participle (VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V 11 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for directions Đặc biệt lưu ý 2 mẫu... early = S + ALLOW/PERMIT + SOMEONE + TO/NOT TO + V1 f S + WANT/NEED/FORCE… + SOMEONE + TO/NOT TO + V1 g S + HELP + + SOMEONE + V1 OR TO + V1 60 Cách dùng “ feel” : feel – felt –felt 12 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH a S + feel like + V-ing/ Noun phrase b S + feel + Adj 61 Cách dùng “ fall” thường thấy : fall – fell – fallen a fall + preposition b fall asleep c fall in love with someone 62 Hundreds / Thoundsands... directions is important d To/ in order to + V1 + O, S + V + O (Purpose) EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessons e It + Be + Adj + (for someone) to V1 (infinitive after to be + Adj.) 13 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH EX: It is important to read the directions f S + be + the first……/the only/ the last + person + to V1 ( Active meaning ) EX: John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth g S + be + the first……/the... listening, he quickly picked up the language 2 Noun + preposition + V-ing : - Choice of (lựa chọn)/ Possibility of ( Khả năng)/ excuse for (xin lỗi)/ reason for( lý do)/ intention of (xu 14 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH hướng)/ method for (of) (phương thức) EX: She has no excuse for behaving in that matter 3 Be +Adj + Prep + VING - Accustomed to (quen với)/afraid of (sợ)/amazed at (ngạc nhiên)/interested in (quan... on = focus on - Be better off: tốt hơn = concentrate on: lệ thuộc vào - succeed in: thành công- - Put off: Dập tắt, trì hoãn - insist on: nài nỉ, đòi- - Worry about: Lo lắng về 5 - Gerund sau các thành ngữ cố định: - Object to : phản đối - take to: quan tâm - Look forward to: mong chờ, ngóng mong - confess to : thú tội, thú nhận - It’s no use: mất công, không có lợi - can’t help: Không tránh khỏi, không... lại - There is no + VING - what a nuisance !: Phiền quá - Be busy: bận - It’s much use: rất có lợi EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon 6 Gerund sau các động từ nhất định 15 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH - Admit: thừa nhận - delay: hoãn lại - practise: thực tập - Miss: bỏ lỡ - regret: lấy làm tiếc - resent: bực tức - Risk: Liều lĩnh - appreciate: hiểu rõ, nhận thức - finish: hoàn hành - Deny: phủ nhận... ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO + V1 ( Nhận thấy … thật … để … ) b S + MAKE(S)/ DRIVE + SOMEONE + ADJ ( Khiến, làm, chọc … ai … ) c S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1 ( Khiến, làm, chọc … ai … ) 57 INVERSIONS: ĐẢO NGỮ : trợ động từ đứng trước chủ từ a Not only/ No longer/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/ Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly/ + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb ( Auxiliary verbs... When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O Lưu ý : Khi đã dùng mệnh đề trạng từ rồi thì không đi kèm với “ but” “ But” chỉ được dùng trong trường hợp như sau : S + V + O, but + S + V + O 17 NGUYEN TRAN THUY ANH 68.REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES : MĐ TRẠNG TỪ RÚT GỌN When/Although/ + V3/ED , S + V + O ( Reduced Adv Clause) V_ing Đôi khi rút gọn ở dạng adj hoặc 1 noun phrase Ex : When young, she used to fall Ex :