Vocabulary by topics for IELTS and TOEFL

Close to a person : gần gũi ai pleasure (n) niềm vui thích, niềm thú vị colleagues = coworkers = employees = workers = crew = fellows = peers = associates = agents = team members : đồng nghiệp Key A Dịch: Bà Hồng đã là 1 đồng nghiệp thân thiết của tôi trong 7 năm và được làm việc với cô ấy là 1 niềm vui thích. 103. A banquet is being held in honor of the governor ........... political career began in 1989 in an underground student movement and spanned almost quarter a century. A. who B. whom C. Which D. whose Whose + n political career : sự nghiệp chính trị in honor of : vinh danh ai honor SO for st : vinh danh ai đó vì điều gì underground student movement : phong trào sinh viên ngầm span (v quá khứ của spin ): kéo dài, mở rộng almost (adv ) gần như, hầu như almost quarter a century = almost quarter all of half of + mạo từ + danh từ almost + adjadvv almost everyone (everybody) everything no one nothing banquet = carnival = festival = celebration = anniversary = ceremony = luncheon = dinner = occassion = reception = function : bữa tiệc, lễ kỉ niệm, ngày lễ Key D Dịch: Một bữa tiệc được tổ chức để vinh danh ngài Thống Đốc người mà sự nghiệp chính trị bắt đầu từ năm 89 trong 1 phong trào sinh viên ngầm và kéo dài gần 1 phần tư thế kỷ. 104. The school announced that all handout materials will be supplied in class ............ now on.

VOCABULARY BY TOPICS

FOR IELTS AND TOELF

1st edition

ĐÔI LỜI

Tài liệu này được tổng hợp nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang ôn thi các kì thi tiếng Anh tiêu chuẩn như IELTS, TOEFL có thêm từ vựng cũng như idea cho kĩ năng Writing và Speaking

Tài liệu là tổng hợp các bài đã đăng lên trên web cá nhân của thầy Domini Cole tại website dcielts.com Việc tổng hợp lại các bài viết này thành một ấn phẩm miễn phí nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang học tiếng Anh có thể tra cứu dễ dàng hơn Sách cũng được xuất ra 3 định dạng là PDF, EPUB và PRC nhằm hỗ trợ tối

đa các bạn có thể học và đọc mọi lúc mọi nơi Tài liệu này tôi không để water mark, không để footer và header, để tránh việc các bạn in ra khó đọc (các bạn thông cảm về kĩ năng diễn đạt bằng tiếng Việt của tôi)

Tài liệu này tổng hợp các từ vựng theo một số topic, hiện vẫn còn giới hạn ở một

số topic, tuy nhiên tôi sẽ cập nhật tiếp trong thời gian tới Các bài cập nhật này (do tôi tự viết) sẽ đăng lên một số trang cá nhân của tôi (có thể xem ở dưới), các bạn có thể truy cập vào đây để theo dõi và lấy về để làm tài liệu học tập

Các từ vựng trong tài liệu này có đi kèm ví dụ và giải thích, chú thích khi cần thiết nên rất dễ hiểu nếu các bạn chưa biết từ vựng này Đồng thời, bản thân từ vựng và ví dụ cũng là lời gợi ý về mặt idea cho các bạn trong phần thi Writing hay Speaking

Cách sử dụng cụ thể, tôi sẽ phân tích cụ thể trên website ducthangbui.com trong thời gian tới, các bạn có thể ghé qua để tìm hiểu Đồng thời trên trang web cá nhân này, tôi cũng đã xuất bản miễn phí ấn bản tập hợp các Collocation for IELTS, gồm các cụm từ vựng rất hay và hữu ích, sẽ giúp ích các bạn rất nhiều trong quá trình học IELTS và TOEFL Các bạn có thể vào ducthangbui.com, mục tài liệu để tài, tài liệu hoàn toàn miễn phí

Các bạn có thể tìm thêm một số tài liệu, chia sẻ kinh nghiệm, bài học bổ trợ cho IELTS, tiếng Anh hoặc TOEFL tại một số kênh sau:

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Hi vọng cuốn tài liệu này và các chia sẻ của tôi sẽ giúp ích các bạn trong quá trình chinh phục IELTS Chúc các bạn thành công

Hà Nội 2016 Duc Thang Bui

Contents

GOVERNMENT 6

1 Forms of government 6

2 What central governments do 6

3 People within a government 7

4 What local governments do 7

5 Thinking long-term and short short-term 7

6 How people can influence governments 8

IMMIGRATION 9

1 Some common word combinations 9

2 Arguments in favour of immigration 9

3 Arguments against immigration 10

4 Measures and solutions 10

CLIMATE CHANGE 12

1 Talking about the size of the problem 12

2 Negative Effects 12

3 Causes 13

4 Possible solutions 13

5 Ways of taking action 14

6 How individuals can help 14

EMPLOYMENT 16

1 Employ - word formation 16

2 Work 16

3 Job 16

4 Career 17

5 Adjectives to describe jobs 17

ADVERTISING 19

1 Advert, advertisement or ad? 19

2 Different forms of advertising 19

3 Adjectives to describe advertising 19

4 Other related words 20

TECHNOLOGY 21

1 Progress words 21

2 Impact of technology 21

3 Technology and computer words 21

5 Technological Device 23

FAMILY 24

1 Types of family 24

2 Family resemblances 24

3 Family relationships 25

GLOBALIZATION 26

1 The world – the countries 26

2 How to say “global” 26

3 Co-operation and integration 27

1 A warning – local variations 28

3 Level of degrees 28

4 Types of education 28

5 Types of course 29

6 Forms of learning 29

7 Financial aid for students 29

CRIME 31

1 Types of crime 31

3 Punishments 31

4 The justice process 32

5 Other useful phrases 32

ENVIRONMENT 33

1 Environmental problems 33

2 The Environment 33

3 Pollution 33

4 Our effect on the natural world 34

5 Global warming 34

ENERGY 35

1 Type of Energy 35

2 Useful verbs go with Energy 35

3 Another idea about Energy 35

GOVERNMENT

1 Forms of government

central government: this is the national government of a country

local government: this is the regional form of government that typically takes

care of more local issues

the authorities: this is a general term for all forms of government – note that we

use it in the plural

regulatory bodies: these are bodies which are sometimes set up by the

government and sometimes self-regulatory and typically they control one

specific area such as advertising Legislation is not always the answer

enforcement agencies: these are bodies that have direct control of how laws are

being obeyed This is something central government does not always do itself An example of an enforcement agency is the body that monitors pollution in rivers

international organisations: don’t forget these either many problems need

global solutions and demand international cooperation from bodies like the UN

NGOs: these are the opposite of governments! NGO stands

for Non Governmental Organisation Almost always their work is charitable and

very often in aid and development You are most likely to refer to them when countries help each other

2 What central governments do

pass/introduce legislation: The time has come when the government needs

to introduce new legislation to protect the privacy of citizens

bring in/enact laws: One possible solution is for the government to bring in

laws that prohibit the sale of tobacco to anyone under 21

adopt policies: One possibility is for the government to adopt policies that

encourage mothers to return to work

take measures/action: The situation is now so severe that the government

must take measures to police the internet

raise (and lower) taxes: One way to limit air pollution from aircraft would be for

the government to raise airport tax

have/provide a budget/funding: It is the responsibility of the government

to provide more funding for research into renewable energy

ban/prohibit: Most people would agree that there should be a ban on the sale of

automatic weapons

3 People within a government

departments: The Health Department should ensure that doctors are not forced

to work a 60-hour week

political parties; This is one issue where all political parties should work

together to provide a solution

politicians: If enough people protested then politicians would have to listen and

take action

4 What local governments do

impose fines: Local councils should ensure that householders are fined if they

they do not recycle their waste properly

provide resources/services: Local government needs to provide adequate

resources for schools so that they can cope with the influx of children who speak

English as a second language

maintain: If local governments maintained the roads in a better condition, then

there would be fewer problems with traffic congestion

fund: Councils could fund local community projects where residents work as

volunteers in schools and hospitals

hire: It would certainly help if local councils hired more staff

5 Thinking long-term and short short-term

temporary: One idea is that the government could introduce a temporary

restriction on immigration to determine what effect it would have on employment

rates

long-term The government needs to consider the long-term effect of a poorly

trained workforce

immediate Governments of wealthier countries should provide financial

assistance to people in disaster zones to help with their immediate needs

a stopgap measure While this may only be a stopgap measure, it would help

if governments sent financial aid to disaster areas

6 How people can influence governments

lobby politicians: Individuals could help here by lobbying their elected

representatives and MPs to try and force them to introduce legislation

engage in peaceful protests/demonstrations It is possible that the government

might be swayed by peaceful demonstrations asking for more action on the

environment

IMMIGRATION

The key words for describing immigration are

immigrant – the person

immigrate – the verb

immigration – the idea

Note that immigrants (people who enter a country) are also emigrants (people who leave a country) and also migrants

1 Some common word combinations

illegal immigrants: – people who enter a country illegally

economic migrants: – people who move country to earn more money

migrant workers: – note that migrant can also work as an adjective

immigrant community/population: – this can be used for people who have

settled in country for some time

influx of immigrants: – this is usually used in a negative sense meaning that

there are too many immigrants

first generation immigrant: – this is either an immigrant or a child on an

immigrant [sometimes it is hyphenated as “first-generation”]

2 Arguments in favour of immigration

dynamism: Immigrants provide dynamism which is beneficial to the economy

and helps growth and competitiveness For example, many immigrants set up

their own businesses

unskilled labour: In many countries there is a shortage of unskilled labour and

the immigrant population is typically willing to do work that the native population is not This is particularly the case in agricultural communities where

immigrants provide seasonal labour in the harvest season

skilled labour: A large proportion of young immigrants are highly-qualified university graduates and they work in fields where there is a shortage of skilled

labour

childcare: Another benefit that immigrants bring is that they often work in

childcare or as home helps and this enables more mothers to return to work

boost the economy: Most research shows that encouraging immigration

actually provides a boost to the economy as immigrants are net contributors to

the GDP There is also evidence that they actually claim fewer benefits and pay more tax than the native population

principle of freedom of movement: There is also the consideration that

the principle of freedom of movement is a human right and that people should

be allowed to choose where they live

short-term only: It should also be considered that many younger migrants return

home once they have earned enough money and will never claim pensions in their host country

3 Arguments against immigration

integration: The major argument against immigration is that so many

migrants fail to integrate with the local community and culture and this leads

to social tension and even unrest

local services and jobs: One common difficulty is that they increase the pressure

on local services and create competition for local jobs and this creates ill-will

claim benefits/social housing: One reason why people want less immigration is

that immigrants do not pay tax and still claim benefits and require social

housing that is paid for by taxpayers

schools: Another serious issue is that in some areas schools do not have

sufficient places for the children and so class sizes become unmanageable

language: Related to this is the problem that many immigrants only have a basic

command of the language and this can lead to difficulties in the classroom and elsewhere

loss of trained workers: The impact on poorer countries who lose much of their

trained workforce through emigration should also not be forgotten

overcrowding/population: Many countries need to limit immigration because

they are already suffering from over-population

4 Measures and solutions

taxes and law: One possible measure is to ensure that migrants pay taxes and

are subject to the criminal justice system

language requirements: Another measure that could be put in place is to insist

on a minimum language requirement so that all immigrants are able to integrate

into the community

deportation: Some people believe that all illegal immigrants should be

deported immediately

quota: The United States for example has a quota system whereby a fixed number

of green cards are issued every year

CLIMATE CHANGE

1 Talking about the size of the problem

crisis: Climate change is a crisis that cannot be ignored by governments

record levels/amount: Despite the claims of some scientists, we are now

producing record levels of CO2 and there is no dispute about the connection

between this and global warming

disaster/disastrous: It is not an exaggeration to say that the effects of global

warming are disastrous

global: Although some areas are relatively unaffected now, climate change is a

global problem

irreversible: The major concern is that the effects of our actions on the climate

will be irreversible

long-term: The effects of our use of fossil fuels today may last for generations

and it is almost certain to have long-term consequences for humanity

2 Negative Effects

ill-health: It sometimes goes unnoticed that there is a clear connection

between climate change and ill-health

floods/rainstorms: One result of the rising temperatures is that floods

and rainstorms are now a frequent occurrence

the Polar ice cap: One major concern is that rising temperatures in the

Arctic are causing the Polar ice cap to melt, which in turn is leading to rising sea

levels

heatwaves and droughts: Most experts agree that there is an increased risk

of heatwaves and other extreme weather conditions

the natural world: Climate change will not only have a severe impact on people,

but also devastate the natural world and lead to the extinction of important

species

food shortages: We are already seeing in many parts of the world that climate

change is leading to food shortages as a direct consequence of extreme weather conditions

housing/homelessness: One side-effect of rising sea levels is that more and more

people who live by the coast will become homeless

conflicts/wars: If no action is taken on climate change, then it is likely that there

will be more conflicts between nations, especially over water supplies

cost: It has been shown that any delay in making emission cuts will increase the

cost of reducing carbon dioxide by almost 50%

3 Causes

human activity: It is no longer possible to say that human activity does not

affect weather conditions

greenhouse gas emissions: If we are to halt climate change, we need to make

substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions

power stations: One of the leading causes of climate change is the number

of dirty power stations using fossil fuels

carbon emissions: Carbon emissions are still rising year by year and are at

record levels

illegal logging and deforestation: It should not be forgotten that illegal

logging in the Amazon Basin is still a major factor in climate change

burning fossil fuels: Individuals can make a small contribution by not burning

wood and other fossil fuels

CO2: The root cause of much global warming is the amount of CO2 in the

atmosphere

4 Possible solutions

wind and solar power: An obvious solution is to deploy much more wind and

solar power

renewable energy: Wind farms and other sources of renewable energy will help

to reduce Co2 emissions to an acceptable level

international action/cooperation: International action on climate change could

have a significant impact

quick/immediate action: Any action should be immediate because this is not a

problem that can be delayed

investment: There should be greater incentives to invest in renewables and to

reduce the current reliance on fossil fuels

decommission power stations: It goes without saying that coal-fuelled power

stations should be decommissioned

protest/campaign: Individuals can help force governments to act by taking part

in legal protests against the continuing use of fossil fuels

energy efficiency and waste: A greater emphasis on energy efficiency and

reducing waste would undoubtedly mean that less fuel was consumed

5 Ways of taking action

avert: Investment in renewable energy will help avert the impact of the CO2

sustainable and affordable: The key is to ensure that all countries around the

world have the chance to adopt energy

6 How individuals can help

lobby MPs: If enough of us lobbied our MPs and other elected

representatives then they would have to bring in legislation

participate in peaceful protests: Another possibility is to take part in

marches and other peaceful protests to apply pressure on governments and raise awareness of the issue

community projects: In some areas there are small-scale community projects to

encourage local residents to install solar panels and, in some places, help pay for them

share transport: We also have the responsibility to consider how we contribute

to global warming by making unnecessary car journeys We can always cycle to work, have a joint school run with other parents and even share a car on the

daily commute to work

diet and our carbon footprint: Reducing food wastage is perhaps the way

individuals can minimise their carbon footprint and so help global warming

energy-efficient lightbulbs: Another small way in which we can use less energy

is to switch to energy efficient lightbulbs

solar panels: There are an increasing number of solar panels on the market and

these can not only reduce energy bills but also mean that less carbon fuel is consumed

heat insulation: Likewise, it is important that people insulate their houses

well so that less gas and electricity is consumed

Working environment: Employers can help relieve the pressure on their

employees by ensuring they have a pleasant working environment

Hours of work: In some professions, such as law, the hours of work are much

longer than in others

The working week: There is much to be said for the proposal that the working

week should be reduced to 35 hours

Work-life balance: A sensible work- life balance can help employees work more

efficiently

Work placement: Many large organisations have work placement programmes

that provide students with experience before they start their career

In/out of work: Unemployment has been on the increase in many countries and

sometimes up to 10% of the workforce are out of work

3 Job

Job security: For some people job security is more important than financial

reward

Job placement: Some companies have job placement schemes for university

students

Job satisfaction: It is hard to underestimate the value of job satisfaction

Job description: Some employees have very broad job descriptions

Jobseeker: Employers can attract jobseekers with attractive employment

packages

4 Career

Interview: These companies perhaps need to change the interview process so

that they hire the right candidates

Qualifications: It is not always the case that a university degree is the best

qualification in the world of finance

Experience: Some graduates have difficulty finding a job because they do not

have the relevant work experience

Training: Employers need to provide training to ensure that their staff are able

to adapt to these new technologies

Retire/retirement: In many countries the age of retirement is now 68 or even

70

Resign/resignation: There is a danger that employees will hand in their

resignation and look for another job

Promotion: There is an argument for promoting employees who show the most

potential

Redundant: One side-effect of adopting these new technologies is that it has led

to mass redundancies in manufacturing industries

5 Adjectives to describe jobs

Rewarding: One of the most rewarding aspects of the work is the chance to

work with children

Challenging: While this can be challenging, there is no doubt that it can be