Arsenic in groundwater

ARSENIC IN GROUNDWATER AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Group 15 Nguyen Hanh Mai Vuong Tran Quang Nguyen Son Tung CONTENTS I Overview II Toxic mechanism III Impacts on Human health IV Conclusion OVERVIEW What is Arsenic?  Discovered in 2500 BC  Documented in 1250  Metalloid  Notoriously poisonous to multi-cellular life OVERVIEW Properties      Solid Arsenic exists in compound forms : Inorganic (minerals) Organic Allotropes  gray yellow Pure arsenic is not toxic black OVERVIEW Arsenic contamination of groundwater   Naturally occur, mining techniques increase arsenic In groundwater :  80% : H2AsO4- (pH~7), HAsO42- (pH>7)  20% : H3AsO3  Arsenic poisoning of drinking water affects 137 million people in more than 70 countries OVERVIEW Distribution 0.01 mg/L, WHO 2004, Drinking water quality guidelines for Arsenic OVERVIEW Distribution 0.05 mg/L, QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT TOXIC MECHANISM Exposure Pathways  Primary exposure pathway : Ingestion (water and food)  Minor pathway : Dermal absorption TOXIC MECHANISM Distribution in body     Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and lungs Widely distributed in most tissues of the organisms Great concentrations : liver, kidney, lungs, skin Small concentrations : bone, muscles, hair, nails TOXIC MECHANISM Coagulation of proteins Highly concentrated As attacks to bond of sulfur group preserving structure of order or 10 TOXIC MECHANISM Interfere activities of enzymes As 3+ attacks –SH groups of enzymes H 2O HS R' As O S R' + HS As S R R 11 TOXIC MECHANISM Prevention of ATP production Energy producing enzymes is inhibited by producing complex compounds with As  Normal process : 2322OHC – CHOH – CH-OPO2 + PO4  OCOPO2 - CHOH – CH-OPO2 + OH  ATP  Process affected by As : 2322OHC – CHOH – CH-OPO2 + AsO4  OCOAsO2 - CHOH – CH-OPO2 + OH 12 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Skin lesions Blackfoot disease Hepatomely, Cirrhosis Chronic altered heme Exposure Bone marrow Nausea, Gastrointestinal depression distress, Diarrhoea Anaemia & IMPACTS metabolism Leucopoenia Acute Exposure Sensory loss Peripheral neuropathy, Encepalopathy Diabetes Proximal tubule Cardiac arrhythmias degeneration , Papillary , Coritical necrosis 13 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Chronic Exposure 14 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Acute Exposure 15 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Chronic Oral Reference Exposure Level    Study : Tseng et al., 1968; Tseng, 1977   Critical effects : Hyperpigmentation, keratosis, and possible vascular complications    NOAEL : 0.009 mg/L (0.0008 mg/kg.day)    Average exposure : 0.0008 mg/kg.day for NOAEL group Study population : >40,000 residentially exposed individuals Exposure method : Drinking water (residential exposures) LOAEL : 0.17 mg/L (0.014 mg/kg.day) Exposure continuity : Not applicable Exposure duration : Lifetime Human equivalent concentration : 0.0008 mg/kg.day for NOAEL group Oral reference exposure level : 0.3 µg/kg bw.day 16 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Health Risk Assessment Assumption : Thanh Xuan District 12/2012 C = 40x10 µg/L = 0.4 mg/L ED = 60 years CR = 2.0 L/day BW = 60 kg EF = day/week AT = 60 years    High risk 17 CONCLUSION     Widely distributed, mostly in South and Southeast Asia (include Vietnam) Greatly affect : 137 million people (only in 2007) Cause 19 different acute and chronic diseases High risk to have cancer (HQ = 125)  Spread this issue and find more solutions to reduce Arsenic in groundwater 18 REFERENCES Lenny H.E.Winkel, Nguyen Thi Ha Arsenic Pollution of Groundwater in Vietnam Exacerbated by Deep Aquifer Exploitation for more than a Century Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (January 25, 2011) Volume 108, No.4 : 1246-1251 Joyce J.Diwan (1996-2006) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Batch 2A (December 2000) Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels A-8 – A-28 Obinaju (May 20, 2009) Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Carcinogenesis R.N.Ratnaike Acute and Chronic Arsenic Toxicity Postgraduate Medical Journal (2003) 79:391-396 Dipankar Chakraborti Status of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the State of West Bengal, India: A 20-year Study Report Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (2009) 53:542-551 Amitava Mukherjee Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater : A Global Perspective with Emphasis on the Asian Scenario Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition (June 2006) 24(2):142-163 Md Khalequzzaman Assessment of Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater and Health Problems in Bangladesh International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2005) 2(2):204-213 10 11 12 13 Wikipedia : Arsenic Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic (Accessed December 9, 2012) Wikipedia : Arsenic contamination of groundwater Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater (Accessed December 9, 2012) WHO (2004) Drinking Water Quality Guidelines for Arsenic QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT Tran Thi Thanh Huong, Le Quoc Tuan Co che gay doc Arsen va kha nang giai doc arsen cua vi sinh vat Workshop on Environment and Sustainable Development, Con Dao National Park (June 2010) 14 Le Huy Ba Doc hoc moi truong (tap 2), Chuong 19 THANKS FOR LISTENING! 20 Q&A Email : group15.tox@gmail.com 21 [...]... Status of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the State of West Bengal, India: A 20-year Study Report Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (2009) 53:542-551 7 Amitava Mukherjee Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater : A Global Perspective with Emphasis on the Asian Scenario Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition (June 2006) 24(2):142-163 8 Md Khalequzzaman Assessment of Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater. .. Problems in Bangladesh International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2005) 2(2):204-213 9 10 11 12 13 Wikipedia : Arsenic Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Arsenic (Accessed December 9, 2012) Wikipedia : Arsenic contamination of groundwater Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Arsenic_ contamination_of _groundwater (Accessed December 9, 2012) WHO (2004) Drinking Water...    Widely distributed, mostly in South and Southeast Asia (include Vietnam) Greatly affect : 137 million people (only in 2007) Cause 19 different acute and chronic diseases High risk to have cancer (HQ = 125)  Spread this issue and find more solutions to reduce Arsenic in groundwater 18 REFERENCES 1 Lenny H.E.Winkel, Nguyen Thi Ha Arsenic Pollution of Groundwater in Vietnam Exacerbated by Deep Aquifer... for more than a Century Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (January 25, 2011) Volume 108, No.4 : 1246-1251 2 3 4 5 6 Joyce J.Diwan (1996-2006) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Batch 2A (December 2000) Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels A-8 – A-28 Obinaju (May 20, 2009) Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Carcinogenesis R.N.Ratnaike Acute and Chronic Arsenic Toxicity Postgraduate... December 9, 2012) WHO (2004) Drinking Water Quality Guidelines for Arsenic QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT Tran Thi Thanh Huong, Le Quoc Tuan Co che gay doc Arsen va kha nang giai doc arsen cua vi sinh vat Workshop on Environment and Sustainable Development, Con Dao National Park (June 2010) 14 Le Huy Ba Doc hoc moi truong (tap 2), Chuong 7 19 THANKS FOR LISTENING! 20 Q&A Email : group15.tox@gmail.com 21 ... NOAEL : 0.009 mg/L (0.0008 mg/kg.day)    Average exposure : 0.0008 mg/kg.day for NOAEL group Study population : >40,000 residentially exposed individuals Exposure method : Drinking water (residential exposures) LOAEL : 0.17 mg/L (0.014 mg/kg.day) Exposure continuity : Not applicable Exposure duration : Lifetime Human equivalent concentration : 0.0008 mg/kg.day for NOAEL group Oral reference exposure...TOXIC MECHANISM Interfere activities of enzymes As 3+ attacks –SH groups of enzymes H 2O HS R' As O S R' + HS As S R R 11 TOXIC MECHANISM Prevention of ATP production Energy producing enzymes is inhibited by producing complex compounds with As  Normal process : 2322OHC – CHOH – CH-OPO2 + PO4  OCOPO2 - CHOH – CH-OPO2... CHOH – CH-OPO2 + OH  ATP  Process affected by As : 2322OHC – CHOH – CH-OPO2 + AsO4  OCOAsO2 - CHOH – CH-OPO2 + OH 12 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Skin lesions Blackfoot disease Hepatomely, Cirrhosis Chronic altered heme Exposure Bone marrow Nausea, Gastrointestinal depression distress, Diarrhoea Anaemia & IMPACTS metabolism Leucopoenia Acute Exposure Sensory loss Peripheral neuropathy, Encepalopathy Diabetes