environmental effects of socioeconomic development activities

Table of Contents 5.1. Research methods and techniques 1 5.1.1. Secondary data 1 5.1.2. Survey 1 5.1.3. Interview 2 5.1.4. Observation 3 5.2. Environmental impacts of Mining 4 5.2.1. Introduction 4 5.2.2. Potential environmental impacts of mining 5 5.2.2.1. Effects on land 5 5.2.2.2. Effect on water 7 5.2.2.3. Impacts on atmosphere including noise pollution 10 5.2.3. Environmental impacts of miningquarrying at Ba Vi 13 5.2.4. Case study 1: Stone mining at Chẹ 14 5.2.4.1. Background 14 5.2.4.2. Environmental effects of stone mining activities at Chẹ 16 5.2.5. Case study 2: Pyrite mining at Minh Quang 18 5.2.5.2. Environmental effects of stone mining activities at Pyrite Minh Quang 21 5.3. Environmental impacts of forest resources exploitation 23 5.3.1. Background 23 5.3.2. Potential effects of forest resources exploitation in Ba Vi 25 5.4. Tourism and environmental impacts in Ba Vi District 26 5.4.1. Some concepts 26 5.4.1.1. Tourism 26 5.4.1.2. Types of tourism 27 5.4.1.3. Tourism resource 27 5.4.1.4. Tourism territory system 28 5.4.1.5. Sustainable tourism 29 5.4.2. Tourism and environmental impacts 30 5.4.2.1. Impacts to nature 30 5.3.2.2. Impacts to social environment 33 5.4.3. Tourism routes and areas in Ba Vi District, Hanoi 35 5.4.3.1. Ba Vi National Park 35 5.4.3.2. Thien Son Suoi Nga Tourism Area 37 5.4.3.3. Khoang Xanh Suoi Tien Tourism Area 37 5.4.3.4. Ao Vua Tourism Area 38 5.4.3.5 Thac Da Tourism Area 39 5.4.3.6. Long Viet Tourism Area 40 5.4.3.7. Other tourism spots 40 5.5. Environmental impacts of urbanization and industrialization 45 5.5.1. Introduction 45 5.5.1.1. Urbanization 45 5.5.1.2. Industrialization 45 5.5.2. Field site: International Dairy JSC (IDP) 46 5.5.2.1. Introduction about the International Dairy JSC (IDP) 46 5.5.2.2. Production technology at the International Dairy JSC (IDP) 49 5.5.2.3. Environmental Status of Internation Dairy JSC (IDP) 52 5.5.2.4. Research questions 56 5.5.3. Field site: Xuân Sơn waste disposal complex 57 5.5.3.1. Project: 1st phase of waste disposal area in Sơn Tây and vicinity (JSC, 2011) 57 5.5.3.2. Project: 2nd phase of waste disposal area in Sơn Tây and vicinity 59 5.5.3.3. Line No. 2 Sơn Tây Waste Treatment Plant 61 5.5.3.4. Research questions 64 5.5.4. Field site: The Dao ethnic minority community in Ba Vì 64 5.5.4.1. The unique culture of the Daos 64 5.5.4.2. Traditional medicinal profession of the Daos in Ba Vì 69 5.5.4.3. Research questions 71 References ……………………………………………………………………………………72

THEME ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES Table of Contents List of Table List of Figure 5.1 Research methods and techniques Some important methods and techniques for field research are introduced in this section Within each general research approach, one or many data collection techniques may be used Typically, a researcher will decide for one or more data collection techniques while considering its overall appropriateness to the research, along with other practical factors, such as: expected quality of the collected data, estimated costs, predicted non-response rates, expected level of measure errors, and length of the data collection period Data collection can be done by secondary data sources, surveys and interview 5.1.1 Secondary data Students can make use of secondary data before going to fieldwork This type of data includes previous researches and studies had been carried out in Ba Vi Secondary data analysis saves time that would otherwise be spent collecting data and, particularly in the case of quantitative data, provides larger and higher-quality databases that would be unfeasible for students to collect on their own In addition, secondary data is also very important in case of comparison of environmental and social changes in the research areas from one period of time to another Furthermore, secondary data can also be helpful in the design of primary research and can provide a baseline with which the collected primary data results can be compared to The validity and reliability of secondary data must be checked carefully before using in the research It is recommended that only high-quality secondary data which had been examined, approved and published can be used It is necessary to have a review of secondary data on the following issues in the research areas: - Environmental changes by different time periods - Social and economic changes - Mineral exploration activities - Production activities - Tourism activities Limitation of secondary data: - No proper procedure is adopted to collect the data - Influenced by the prejudice of the investigator sometimes - Lacks standard of accuracy sometimes 5.1.2 Survey Survey studies the sampling of individual units from a population and the associated survey data collection techniques, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys Statistical surveys are undertaken with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population being studied, and this is depends strongly on the survey questions used Surveys provide important information for all kinds of public information and research fields Since survey research is almost always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the sample with respect to a target population of interest to the researcher That target population can range from the general population to specific groups of people To identify the environmental impacts of production, mineral exploration and tourism in the research areas, surveys designed for different groups of people are highly recommended There are certain skills that need to be acquired for making a good survey Those skills involve the following activities: - Identify and select potential sample members - Contact sampled individuals and collect data from those who are hard to reach (or reluctant to respond) - Evaluate and test questions - Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses - Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency - Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors 5.1.3 Interview Interviewing is a technique used to understand the experiences of others Interviewing differs from other methods of data collection in that it is often more exploratory in nature, and allows for more flexibility The most important skills to make a proper are summarized below: - Listening: This is both the hardest as well as the most important skill in interviewing The listening skill in interview requires more focus and attention to detail than what is typical in normal conversation Thus, it is often helpful to take notes or to tape-record the interviews - Ask questions (to follow up and to clarify): Although interviews are often prepared with set of questions, it is important that the interviewers also ask follow-up questions throughout the process Such questions might encourage a participant to elaborate upon something poignant that they’ve shared and are important in acquiring a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter Additionally, it is important that an interviewer ask clarifying questions when they are confused - Be respectful of boundaries: It is essential that while the participant is being interviewed they are being encouraged to explore their experiences in a manner that is sensitive and respectful They should not be “probed” in such a way that makes them feel uncomfortable Thus, it is the interviewer’s job to strike a balance between ambiguity and specificity in their question asking - Asking open-ended questions instead of leading questions: Leading questions are questions which suggest or imply an answer While they are often asked innocently they run the risk of altering the validity of the responses obtained as they discourage participants from using their own language to express their sentiments Thus it is preferable that interviewers ask open-ended questions instead For example, instead of asking “Was the stream at the mineral exploration site polluted?” - which is leading in nature - it would be better to ask “How you think of the stream water quality at the mineral exploration site? - as this suggests no expectation - Make the participant feel comfortable: For the participants to be more open and express their true experiences, it is helpful to create a friendly and informal atmosphere when the interviews are taken place There are different type of interviews which can be chosen depends on the situation - Informal, conversational interview - no predetermined questions are asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewee’s nature and priorities; during the interview the interviewer “goes with the flow” - General interview guide approach - intended to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee; this provides more focus than the conversational approach, but still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting the information from the interviewee - Standardized, open-ended interview - the same open-ended questions are asked to all interviewees; this approach facilitates faster interviews that can be more easily analyzed and compared - Closed, fixed-response interview - all interviewees are asked the same questions and asked to choose answers from among the same set of alternatives This format is useful for those not practiced in interviewing Groups selected to be interviewed during fieldwork can varied from local communities, local authorities, factory managers, tourists and experts in different fields The greatest advantage of interviewing is the depth of detail from the interviewees It also has a unique advantage in its specific form Researchers can tailor the questions they ask to the respondent in order to get the information they need The disadvantages of interviewing are complications with the planning of the interview Not only is recruiting people for interviews hard, due to the typically personal nature of the interview, planning where to meet them and when can be difficult Participants can cancel or change the meeting place at the last minute 5.1.4 Observation Direct Observation Data is gathered primarily through close visual inspection of a natural setting Rather than actively engaging members of a setting in conversations or interviews, the direct observer strives to be unobtrusive and detached from the setting • Advantage of direct observation: It offers contextual data on settings, interactions or individuals • Disadvantage of direct observation: Behaviors observed during direct observation may be unusual or atypical • Forms of data gathered from direct observation: The principle form of direct observation is field notes, which detail behaviors, conversations, or setting characteristics as recorded by the researcher Direct observation as a research method is most appropriate to open, public settings where anyone has a right to be or congregate Participant Observation A field research method whereby the researcher develops an understanding of the composition of a particular setting or society by taking part in the everyday routines and rituals alongside its members • Advantage of participant observation: The researcher develops a rich, "thick" understanding of a setting and of the members within a society • Disadvantages of participant observation: The researcher must devote a large amount of time (and money) to develop this complex understanding • The practice of participant observation, with its emphasis on developing relationships with members, often leads to informal, conversational interviews and more formal, in-depth interviews 5.2 Environmental effects of Mining 5.2.1 Introduction Mining is ranked as the fifth largest industry in the world and it is a major economic activity in many developing countries (Corpuz, 1997) Operations, whether small or large scale, are inherently disruptive to the environment (Kitula, 2006), producing enormous quantities of waste that can have deleterious impacts for decades The environmental deterioration caused by mining occurs mainly as a result of inappropriate and wasteful working practices and rehabilitation measures Mining has a number of common stages or activities, each of which has potentially adverse impacts on the natural environment, society and cultural heritage, the health and safety of mine workers, and communities based in close proximity to operations As a resource- intensive and environmentally sensitive industry, it can help to accelerate the economic development of once country at the beginning of industrialization (Changhai, et al., 2012) Humans can either improve the environment and then benefit from it or damage to the environment that will endanger their own development and existence An increasing number of people have come to realize the importance of studies on populations, resources, the environment and disasters (Qing-hua and Zong-jin, 2010) Rainforests are the biggest source of oxygen, wood and medicines on this earth Amazon rainforest is known for alluvial gold deposits Gold is found both in river channels and at the banks of the river after floods (floodplains) Hydraulic mining techniques are used for mining gold The method involves blasting at the banks of the river This has caused irreversible damage to trees, birds and animals While separating the sediment and mercury from the gold7 yielding gravel deposits, small-scale miners who are less equipped than industrial miners, may ignore release of some mercury into the river This mercury enters the food chain through aquatic animals and their predators Highly poisonous compound 'cyanide' is also used to separate gold from sediment and rock In spite of all precautionary measures, it sometimes escapes into the surrounding environment Those who eat fish are at greater risk of ingesting such toxins In 1978, American Council on Environmental Quality introduced the concept of cumulative effect: when environmental effect of an activity combines with other previous, present, and future effects, the effect will be enhanced and lead to cumulative effect (American council on environmental quality regulation 40CFR1508) In 1997, the cumulative effect is further explained as that accumulated through time and space by the effect of other or previous activity on the region which has not totally recovered from previous anthropogenic disturbing activity (USCEQ, 1997) According to cumulative process, cumulative effect should include space congestion, time congestion, time delay, space crowed, cross boundary effect, synergy effects, and so on (Cooper, 2004) Based on the principle of the cumulative effect, environmental cumulative impact was defined Cumulative effect, therefore, was suggested to be used for evaluation of project and regional environmental impact 5.2.2 Potential environmental impacts of mining The impact of the mining industry on the environment has been a public concern, with growing appreciation of the natural environment and increasing awareness of the possible harmful effects that the industry's activities can cause The industry and government have responded with a number of initiatives and regulations to protect and manage the environmental effects of mining activities Mining of minerals, being an environmentally unfriendly activity, has attracted attention from the stand point of environmental impacts and their mitigation Another fact about mining is that it is a site specific activity and is only an intermediate use of the land because mining is done at the sites where the minerals exist and the land is of no use to the mining companies in the pre and post mining times Mining affects all the components of environment and the impacts are permanent/temporary, beneficial/harmful, repairable/irreparable, and reversible/ irreversible 5.2.2.1 Effects on land Land is one of the most important resource for the human beings as this is needed for all the activities Mining activities both by underground as well as by opencast methods affect the land in various ways These impacts are briefly outlined hereunder Impacts of opencast mining • Topography and land scenario changes due to digging of open pits and dumping of overburden rock mass in the form of the heaps • The land-use pattern undergoes a change due to the use of the land for mining, dumping, and other mining and associated activities • The land-use in the surrounding areas may get affected due to the impacts of mining on water regime • Leachets from overburden dumps and other rock masses and polluted water from the pits affect the characteristics of the top-soil affecting the land-use • In the mines having mineral concentration/preparation it is required to make tailing dams to store the tailings form the concentration/preparation plants These dams need land and may cause pollution of nearby underground and surface water sources • The drainage pattern on the surface undergoes a change due to the alterations in the surface topography due to mining and associated activities Impacts of underground mining • • Changes in land use due to constructions and infrastructure development Changes in topography and drainage pattern due to subsidence • Disturbances in the effective land-use due to damage to the surface, sub-surface and underground water bodies • Discharge of polluted water from the underground mines affects the top-soil on the surface • The rock mass having carbonaceous shales may develop mine fires and when these fires become surface fires they tend to damage the land over and adjacent to them due to subsidence and heat • In the con-coal mining sector there are chances of sudden collapse of underground workings causing a marked depression on the surface This was observed at Zawar and Khetri Impacts of mineral handling and preparation • • • Changes in the land use due to the construction of mineral handling and preparation plants Impacts on top-soil due to effluent discharge from the plants Pollution of underground water bodies (water table) due to effluent discharge and leachets Impacts of other activities • Urbanisation, development of infrastructure and expansion of colonies and villages cause changes in the land use • Impacts on the top soil due to solid and liquid wastes discharged from the colonies, etc • Changes in the overall land scenario It is evident from the above stated impacts of the mining and associated activities on the land that in the mining complexes the land use and surface drainage pattern undergoes a major change These changes can be minimized by carefully planning the surface layout of the mining areas and optimizing the land requirement for the various uses Therefore, before planning the mining activities it is necessary to make a comprehensive study of the land use and drainage pattern of the area Another important aspect of land management is the design of land reclamation and development of the post mining land use, which is a requirement for the efficient management of the land as well as the overall environmental scenario The development of post mining land use plan along with the land reclamation takes care of the dumps outside the mine area as the overburden rocks are invariably required for filling the pits The land developed after reclamation can be brought into various uses as per the requirement of the area in the post mining times With these in view the practice of planning decommissioning the mines has been recently introduced in the country Deforestation Mining requires large areas of land to be cleared so that the earth could be dug into by the miners For this reason, large-scale deforestation is required to be carried out in the areas where mining has to be done Besides clearing the mining area, vegetation in the adjoining areas also needs to be cut in order to construct roads and residential facilities for the mine workers The human population brings along with it other activities that harm the environment For example, various activities at coal mines release dust and gas into the air Thus, mining is one of the major causes of deforestation and pollution Loss of Biodiversity The forests that are cleared for mining purposes are home to a large number of organisms Indiscriminate clearing of the forests leads to loss of habitat of a large number of animals This puts the survival of a large number of animal species at stake The cutting down of trees in itself is a big threat to a number of plants, trees, birds and animals growing in the forests Pollution Despite measures being taken to release the chemical waste into the nearby rivers through pipes, a large amount of chemicals still leak out onto the land This changes the chemical composition of the land Besides this, since the chemicals are poisonous, they make the soil unsuitable for plants to grow Also, the organisms that live in the soil find the polluted environment hostile for their survival 5.2.2.2 Effect on water Mining and associated activities have quantitative as well as qualitative impacts on the water regime in and around the complexes These are briefly outlined hereunder 10 Fig 5.29: 2nd expansion of Sơn Tây waste treatment project (Field study on 3rd April, 2013) On 17th October, 2006, Ba Vì District People's Committee has issued Decision No 4395/QĐUB on assigning the 2nd extended clearance responsibility for Ba Vì District Clearance and Compensation Board On 7th August, 2007, Hà Tây Provincial People’s Committee has issued Decision No 1424/QĐ-UBND on approval of plans and costs for land compensation and clearance Unfortunately, by the end of 2007 and early of 2008, Hà Tây Province had insufficient budget, so the project has been halted After being merged into Hanoi, the project has been allowed for further implementation by Hà Nội City People's Committee Therefore, projects need time to be re-documented based on the current regime, namely: - Since the project of 2nd expansion of waste disposal are in Sơn Tây and vicinity has been approved by former Hà Tây Provincial People's Committee, Hà Nội City People's Committee has arranged 16 billion VND for budget plan in 2008 and billion VND for budget plan in 2009; - Resettlement project has been submitted for approval; - Project of infrastructure support for Tản Lĩnh Commune has been developed - On 11th December, 2008, Ba Vì clearance and compensation board has made plan No 01/PA-BTGPMB on estimation of compensation and clearance assistance costs of 44,238,279,024 VND 65 On 29th December, 2008, Ba Vì Provincial People Committee has issued Decision No 668/QĐ-UBND on approval of 44,238,279,024 VND for compensation and clearance assistance costs On 24th December, 2008, Project Owner (Sơn Tây Urban Construction and Environment JSC) has signed the contract with Ba Vì clearance and compensation board on clearance of 123,780.8 m2 of land area in Hiệu Lực village - Tản Lĩnh commune - Ba Vì district with the total cost of 44.150.365.500 VND 5.5.3.3 Line No - Sơn Tây Waste Treatment Plant Since 2008, Hà nội People’s Committee has assigned Thăng Long Environmental Services JSC responsibilities for study on industrial technology for waste treatment in Hanoi (ESSGE, 2012) In 2010, after years of empirical research, the Company has proposed a technology of incineration with heat recovery for domestic waste treatment Hà nội People’s Committee has approved for applying this technology at Sơn Tây waste treatment plant with a capacity of 300 tons/day On 15th January, 2010, Thăng Long Environmental Services JSC has signed a contract with Seraphin Green Environment JSC on the implementation of the above assignment Details of this project as below: - Project site: 1.5 inside Sơn Tây waste treatment plant - Treatment technology: Incineration with heat recovery - Treatment capacity: 300 tons/day - Date of comencement: 1st September, 2010; Date of completion: 30th August, 2011; Date of implementation: 1st January, 2012 - Total newly investment: 85 billion VND 66 Fig 5.30: Model of Sơn Tây Waste Treatment Plant (Field study on 3rd April, 2013)  Results of investment on major categories of Line No.2: Construction: The Line No includes 9,000 m2 of industrial buildings and 5,685 m3 of transferred waste tank and has an average treatment capacity of 300 tons/day Equipments: 67 - 02 units of automatic flip alloy incinerators, and each incinerator has an area of 60 m2 and capacity of tons/hour/unit - 02 units of gas treatment (made of stainless steel SU304) using technology of industrial wet treatment to ensure fully recovered fly ash and impurities arising from waste incineration process - 02 semi-mechanical systems of waste separation including screening cages and 90m of conveyor - 06 systems of overhead crane with a capacity to receive, distribute, mix and transfer waste in the whole treatment system of 300 tons of waste/day - 04 continuous treatment systems to increase calorific value of waste from 900 kcal to 1,700 kcal ensuring the standard of incineration - The electro-dynamic system of the whole line has a total capacity of 600 kW and equipped with control, lighting and environmental monitoring equipments Fig 5.31: Diagram of domestic waste treatment at Sơn Tây Waste Treatment Plant (Field study on 3rd April, 2013)  Results of operation: Line No.2 has operated in stages: - Stage (from 5th June, 2011 to 30th August, 2011): Technical test running (partially unloaded running, partially loaded running, whole line unloaded running, whole line loaded running with low capacity) - Stage (from 1st September, 2011 to 31st December, 2011): Technical operation running of whole waste treatment system in order to increase treatment capacity by 60-80% of designed capacity; test environmental quality parameters; and develop temporary economic and technical targets 68 - Stage (from 1st January, 2012 to 31st December, 2012): Full synchronized operation of waste treatment system in seasons conditions; adjustment of equipment operating procedures in accordance with the frequent changes of waste composition; and development of practical economic and technical processes and targets As result, by the end of stage (2012), line No.2 has treated 92,239.61 tonnes of waste which is equal to 84% of the designed capacity Technology and equipments of this line has been awarded the th prize of VIFOTECH in 2012 and the Gold Cup on Intellectual Property, especially the World Intellectual Property Award given by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Those awards show the advantages of this waste treatment technology over other waste incineration technologies which are being applied in other developed countries This technology has been successful because it has been developed for local wastes and suitable with the local economy 5.5.3.4 Research questions What technology is applied at Xuân Sơn landfill? What technology is applied at Sơn Tây waste treatment plant? What environmental issues have been or need to be dealth with at Xuân Sơn landfill? What environmental issues have been or need to be dealth with at Sơn Tây waste treatment plant? Is there any impact of Xuân Sơn landfill on surrounding environment and neighborhoods? Is there any impact of Sơn Tây waste treatment plant on surrounding environment and neighborhoods? 5.5.4 Field site: The Dao ethnic minority community in Ba Vì 5.5.4.1 The unique culture of the Daos The Daos is one of 54 ethnic minority groups in Viet Nam Dao’s people have many different groups and each group has different language systems In writing, they have used Nôm Dao which has been transformed from Kanji (CECD, 2012) The Daos originated from Hainan Island in China They began migrating to Vietnam in Lê Dynasty (around the end of the 17th century), from Hainan Island, through Phòng Thành to Bắc Giang Then they moved in different directions, forming groups: st group moved along Lô River to Hà Giang forming Dao áo dài (long-dress); 2nd group moved along Chảy River to Lào Cai forming Dao Tuyển; 3rd group stayed shortly at Nga Hoàng region in Yên Lập, Yên Phúc then moved to Văn Chấn (Yên Bái), and Văn Bàn (Lào Cai) forming the ancestor of current Dao quần chẹt In Viet Nam, Dao’s communities appear and live in 61 provinces Several hundred years ago, a group of Dao quần chẹt moved to Ba Vì mountainous area They lived in mountainous and forest areas, and their life was completely dependent on the nature Since the establishment of 69 Ba Vì National Park in 1992, the Daos has been settled down in three villages namely Hợp Nhất, Hợp Sơn and Yên Sơn of Ba Vì commune So far, up to 98% of the population of Ba Vì commune is the Daos Fig 5.32: Visiting Dao quần chẹt village in Ba Vì (Field study in July, 2011) Until now, many features of the unique culture of the Daos have been maintained • Coming of Age Ceremony (Lễ Cấp Sắc) Lễ Cấp Sắc is one of the oldest traditions and most unique of the Daos which is considered as an indispensable procedure for Dao’s men (Figure 4.5.13) In this ceremony, adult men attend the ritual ceremony and communicate with the afterlife The ceremony was held very sacred and witnessed by shaman and villagers Lễ Cấp Sắc is quite expensive, so the family needs to well prepare for the ceremony According to tradition, if the Daos’ man has not been organized Lễ Cấp Sắc, when he dies, his coffin will be got out his house through a paper bridge Whilst a coffin of the dead man who has been organized Lễ Cấp Sắc will be got out his house by widening door and high bridge as will be brought up to the heaven Even the dead man has not been organized Lễ Cấp Sắc, his descendants still have to organize that ceremony for him It is because the Daos thinks that the dead person still exists in another world and still needs that ceremony to combat devildom In the past, the Daos had to comply with so many taboos during Lễ Cấp Sắc For example, the man who hosted Lễ Cấp Sắc had to spend a month of precepts (Trai giới) During Lễ Cấp Sắc, the Daos tried to avoid other ethnic people and people wore white dress entering the ritual place 70 Fig 5.33: Coming of Age Ceremonry (Lễ Cấp Sắc) of the Daos in Ba Vì (Source: The Asia Foundation, 2012) Nowadays, the organization of this ritual has some modified features For example, the family can organize Lễ Cấp Sắc for many people at once, even the dead people to save expenses Lễ Cấp Sắc can be organized not only for adults but also 4-5 years old children only if the shaman promises to teach and mind those children until they become adults The other ethnic people can wear various color costumes when visiting the ritual area If we dismiss mythical elements of this ritual, we will see its humanity towards improving capacity to master the society and the natural world In the mind of the Daos, they always respect teachers The first teacher is his parents who gave birth to him, taught him to speak, to walk, to eat, to work hard to avoid poverty, to know the moral life to respect and love people, and preserve traditions of his tribe The second teacher is the person who teaches him the words and knowledge to master his life The third teacher is the person who teaches him the magic to eradicate evil spirits Keeping this respect in mind, the Dao’s men pay much attention to train themselves in order to have the embodiment of those teachers who have made him honored Therefore, after being given Lễ Cấp Sắc, the Dao’s man has to perform or 12 vows depending on each Dao’s branch Those vows also focus on the standards of a righteous man including not stealing from other people; not disloyalty to their parents; respecting the seniors; not divorce his wife; not having illicit relation with another man's wife; not beating others; no deforestation; teaching the next generation about traditions and culture, etc The granted man will have enough magic capacity and know how to organize Lễ Cấp Sắc for other people in his family or community However, not all granted men then become the shaman for other people Only the granted men who have good behavior and lifestyle, and know about all aspects of knowledge are invited Therefore, who wants to become the shaman has to make efforts to strive from the lights (the lowest level) to lights, lights, lights and 12 lights granted shaman The lights and 71 12 lights granted shamans are very famous throughout the Dao’s communities and are often invited to host Lễ Cấp Sắc They are also the important people in teaching and retaining the traditional culture of the Daos, and contributing in maintenance of community relationship and peace • Worship customs For the Daos, every people from birth until die have to experience various rituals according to their traditional customs When the child was born, the family has to organize the citizenship ceremony (Lễ nhập tịch) to officially accept him as a member of the family The full month ceremony (Lễ đầy tháng) has to be organized for his healthy growing Wedding ceremony (Lễ tơ hồng) has to be organized for blessing couples enduring forever Coming of age ceremony (Lễ cấp sắc) has to be organized when it is suitable The Daos only celebrates birthday anniversary They don’t celebrate death anniversary and a dead person must be buried and not reburied Fig 5.34: Piền Hùng (Bàn Vương) ritual of the Daos in Ba Vì (http://www.xudoaivn.com/non-nuoc-xu-doai/danh-muc/van-hoa/564-tuc-cung-ban-vuongva-tet-nhay-cua-nguoi-dao-ba-vi) When it is suitable, the family builds the ancestral home The ancestor of the Daos is Bàn Hồ (also known as Pangu) According to legend, Bàn Hồ was a dragon dog with feet long, black hair with yellow stripes from head to tail He was descended from the heaven to the earth Since Bàn Hồ had achieved many feats, Bình Hoàng allowed him to marry the maid Bàn Hồ had sons and daughters They adopted 12 different surnames and lived in different regions Their migration was extremely strenuous and arduous Many died along the way due to hunger and illness, or chasing away by the natives The journey was recorded and that is the typical feature of folk poetry and arts of the Daos 72 • Dancing Ceremony (Tết Nhảy) Tết Nhảy is the way the Daos expresses their gratitude to the Gods for helping Dao’s ancestors in their migration in the past It was said that long ago, when the ancestors of the Daos in the North had to migrate over the Eastern Sea (Biển Đông) to Viet Nam, some boats encountered strong storm and they had to jump up to ask for the fairy help They did promise to organize Tết Nhảy to thanks fairy’s rescue Fig 5.35: Dancing Ceremony (Tết Nhảy) of the Daos in Ba Vì (http://laodong.com.vn/Doi-song/Den-voi-Tet-nhay-cua-nguoi-Dao-Ba-Vi/24717.bld) Tết Nhảy is the biggest festival of the Daos, even bigger than the New Year festival Tết Nhảy is usually held from November until 20 th December of the lunar calendar every year (Figure 5.4.15) In the past, Tết Nhảy was held in 10 days and 10 nights, and nowadays it only lasts for days nights Tết Nhảy is only held in the house of the eldest son of the family or the leader of the clan (Nhà cái), once in a few years, but not longer than 12 years, as it is ungrateful to the ancestors, the heaven and the earth Tết Nhảy is the festival of the family, but it is considered as the village’s festival Villagers give hands to the host family, while women cooking, men preparing wooden swords and many other simulation weapons with blue and red decoration, and the youths practicing dancing for several months prior Tết Nhảy Spending a full night to join Tết Nhảy of the Daos, we will have the feeling of living in a different world It is where the heaven, the earth and the humans reconciled, the past and the reality intertwined in the mystery singing and dancing Tết Nhảy starts by making the altar in the high and clean place, garnishing offerings, and praying to invite Bàn Vương, Gods and the ancestors of the Daos to attend the ceremony It is followed by the bell dance, stick dance, ax dance, bird dance, etc The older men wear traditional costumes, perform solemnly, and ring the bells by hands whilst their feet glide like flying on the ground in the music To offer parents and ancestors is 73 one foot dancing with bowed head and raised fore finger To invite descended fairies is dance simulated by flying stork (điệu cò bay) with rhythmic waved arms, etc There are different dances during Tết Nhảy "Tam nguyên an ham" dance is performed by 10 Khoi Tàn (thày múa) and about 10 young dancers to invite the Gods, soldiers and generals to attend the ceremony “Nhiang chậm đao” or “Ra binh vào tướng” dance is sword dance The most interesting dance of Tết Nhảy is turtle or tortoise catching dance (múa bắt rùa hay ba ba) In front of Bàn Vương worship lights, Khoi Tàn goes first, followed by a few dozen of dressed-up young people They go around the worship lights, describing the action to find turtles, catch turtles, bound turtles and carry them home to offering Bàn Vương and ancestors Attendees dance all day and night until tired and replaced by others, each person can dance hundred turns Meanwhile, sound of the drums and cymbals, the shouts of people touch the sky and Tản mountains On the last day of the festival, two Khoi Tàn wear embroidered dress, get into a trance, and blew horn in the front door to report to the Jade Emperor about the end of Tết Nhảy Then all people join the drink party to wish the homeowners a good year 5.5.4.2 Traditional medicinal profession of the Daos in Ba Vì Each ethnic community among 54 ethnic groups in Viet Nam has their own knowledge of the traditional medicine The Daos in Ba Vì is no exception Along with the unique culture, the traditional medicine profession of the Daos in Ba Vì is bearing its own indigenous knowledge The Dao ethnic minority community is living in the Ba Vì district, around the Ba Vì National Park Various endemic medicinal species can be found only on Ba Vì mountains which have been used by the Daos for long time Fig 5.36: Medicinal plants of the Daos in Ba Vì (Field study in January, 2013) The Dao’s ethnic minority community in this area stores a treasure of knowledge about medicinal plants When they were living on the mountain, they healed each other with medicinal plants around them and held worshiping ceremony to "chase" diseases away The 74 Daos only circulates their knowledge of traditional medicine among their communities Since they have been settled down in the buffer zone of Ba Vì National Park, the Daos have begun circulating their knowledge of medicinal plants to other communities This is the way they help others and increase their family incomes The main income of the Dao ethnic minority community in Ba Vì is currently gained from medicinal profession Dao’s people in Ba Vì are immensely proud of their traditional medicinal profession However, there is a few written materials about traditional medicinal profession of the Daos in Ba Vì Fig 5.37: Certificate of participation of the Daos in Ba Vì in the Green Food Fair held in Hanoi, 2012 (Field study in January, 2013) Over 500 species of medicinal plants and trees, including many endemic species in Ba Vì Mountains is a local advantage and potential to expand traditional medicinal profession of the Daos in this area Unfortunately, the herbal medicinal plants and trees in the wild are being harvested to extinction, with little attention paid to regenerating them systematically Main reasons are because the lack of awareness of medicinal plants pickers and little attention paid to preserving and conserving medicinal plants Another issue is the lack of state management If these problems are solved, the traditional medicinal trade of the Daos in Ba Vì will have the potential to become a key sector which in turn contributes to local economic development 75 5.5.4.3 Research questions What are typical characteristics of the Dao ethnic minority community in Ba Vì? Is there any change in the lifestyle and traditions of the Dao ethnic minority community in Ba Vì since they have been settled down in the buffer zone of Ba Vì National Park? Which traditions of the Dao ethnic minority community in Ba Vì can be applied in developing a Community Based Environmental Management model? 76 References [1] V Corpuz, (1997), The globalization of mining and its impact and challenges for women [2] A G N Kitula, 2006, The environmental and socio-economic impacts of mining on local livelihoods in Tanzania: A case study of Geita District Journal of cleaner production, 14, 405-414 [3] W Changhai, W Yali, H Feng, 2012, Analysis on Investment Environment of Mining Industry in China Procedia Environmental Sciences, 12, Part A, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029612002745, 243-251 [4] M Qing-hua, G Zong-jin, 2010, Achievements on Chinese Natural Disaster Research of Past Sixty Years Since 1949 China Population, Resources and Environment, 5, 003 [5] USCEQ, 1997, Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National Environmental Policy Act [M/OL] http://www.eh.doe.gov/nepa/tools/guidance/volume1/4-11.1-ceqcumulative-effects.pdf [6] L M Cooper, 2004, Guidelines for Cumulative Effects Assessment in SEA of Plans http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/21559696.pdf [7] N Can, L D Hai, H X Co, D T Dap, T M Hoi, P T Mai, D D An, P T V Anh, 2000, Field trip handbook on earth sciences and biodiversity at Ba Vi National Park Vietnam National University (VNU) Publisher Hanoi [8] L T H Uyen, 2011, Study on Tourism State, Possibility and Measures to Promote Tourism in Van Hoa Commune, Ba Vi District, Hanoi City **** [9] N D Hoe, N N Sinh, P T B Thuy, 2011, Environment and development issues in Ba Vi National Park within Ha Noi boundary (Ba Vi National Park and communes of buffer zone) Workshop Lets save our Ba Vi National Park VACNE 77 [10] K Lien, 2012, Mineral gone, pollution left News-events: Geology, Mineral MONRE, http://www.monre.gov.vn/v35/default.aspx? tabid=428&CateID=20&ID=113320&Code=V6QS113320 [11] T V Tri, V Khuc, B M Tam, C M Hoang, D T Huyen, D N Truong, D Bat, L D Binh, L D An, M T Nhuan, 2000, Geology and Earth Resources of Viet Nam General Department of Geology and Minerals of Viet Nam [12] N V Nhan, N T H ha, 2005, Mineralogical characteristics and forming conditions of copper sulfide - polymetallic minerals in Hoa Binh and its vicinity Geology Journal, 291, 11-12 [13] B Ngoc, 2011, "Save Ba Vi" from scientists http://sanvatbavi.com.vn/detail.asp? id=884&cate_id=11&parent_id=24 [14] D Zhi, L Congqiang, H M J, 2002, Mobility of heavy metals associated with the natural weathering of coal mine spoils Environmental Pollution, 118, 419-426 [15] R T Lowson, 1982, Aqueous oxidation of pyrite by molecular oxygen Chemical Reviews, 82, 461-497 [16] L Hai, 2007, Eco-tourism orientation in Ba Vi National Park Tourism Magazine, [17] E Fernandez, (1997), Strategies for strengthening watershed management in tropical mountain areas, Protective and Environmental Functions of Forests Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress, pp 13-22 [18] A Gottle, E.-H M Sène, 1997, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Forest functions related to protection and environmental conservation Eleventh world forestry congress, 48, 98-100 [19] L V Thang, ?????, Tourism and the Environment ??????, ****, ***** [20] UNWTO, ****, (The World Tourism Organization) Understand Tourism: Basic Glossary http://media.unwto.org/en/content/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary, ******** 78 [21] UNDP-UNWTO, 2005, Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers [22] N D Hoe, 2001, Sustainable Tourism Vietnam National University (VNU), Hanoi [23] ******, 2000, Amman Declaration [24] IDP, 2010, Introduction of International Dairy Products Joint Stock Company http://www.idp.vn/ [25] DRET, 2010, Periodic monitoring report on environmental protection at IDP, Hanoi 2010 [26] STUCE, 2011, Son Tay Urban Construction and Environment: Report on the implementation, management and operation of waste disposal area in Sơn Tây and vicinity [27] ESSGE, 2012, Thang Long Environmental Services & Seraphin Green Environment JSC: Report on investment results of Line No.2 - Sơn Tây Waste Treatment Plant – Hanoi City, March 2012 [28] CECD, 2012, The Asia Foundation - Center for Environment and Community Development, Guide to Medicinal Plants of the Daos in Ba Vi Hà Nội, 2012 79 [...]... hire a professional to photograph to capture the picture of their home landscape to hang in their houses for remembering Fig 5.4: Temple established for people who died of destroying the spiritual site of mount Che Source: Extracted from http://laodong.com.vn/Phong-su/Hon-Che-lan-vao-bi-dat/55442.bld 19 5.2.4.2 Environmental effects of stone mining activities at Chẹ After nearly four decades of operation,... number of plant the tons - loss of scenery and animal construction - amount of - enhancement species industries money earned of soil erosion - encourage - improvement cottage of Lifestyles industries - generate income - earn revenue for the government Drilling - creation of - number of - generation of - percentage of Employment people dust particulates in employed - generation of the air noise - noise levels,... - creation of - number of - ground - amplitude and employment people vibrations frequency using employed flyrock seismographs - generation of - number of dust damaged - generation of structures noise - number of 23 - surface land disruption - explosive - fumes (gases) - - Splitting - creation of employment - number of people employed - flying stones pieces - - Stone Dressing - creation of employment... creation of employment - number of people employed - generation of dust - structural cracks developed number of pieces of stones thrown out area in km2 percentage of particulates in the air noise levels, hearing protection is required number of people and structures damaged percentage of particulates in the air noise levels, hearing protection is required percentage of particulates in the air noise... proper designs Use of proper blast design Discontinue the use of explosives 24 Generation of dust Moderate Loss of scenery ( abandoned excavation) Major Provide workers with filter masks and respirators and use proper blasts designs Creation of landforms which are compatible with the adjacent landscape 5.2.5.2 Environmental effects of quarrying activities at Minh Quang pyrite mine Even Minh Quang pyrite... concentra tions of heavy metals Natural weathering of sulphides containing heavy metals causes the release to the environment of a small fraction of these metals (Zhi, et al., 2002) The mobilisation of heavy metals present in redmud is unfortunately improved by acid mine drainage (AMD) that is typical of this kind of mining sites AMD is a chemical phenomenon due to the sulphur o idation of metl-sulphide... sites? 2 Who is responsible for environmental problems in Minh Quang pyrite mine sites? 3 What is the procedure of mining licensing in this area? 4 Investigate the status of natural resource tax and environmental fee for mining activities in the province 5.3 Environmental impacts of forest resources exploitation 5.3.1 Background Ba Vi is always well known as a location of the famous Ba Vi National Park... health of forests is fundamental to many of their environmental functions However, forests are often affected by insects and other pests They may be affected by a number of physiological alterations depending on climate changes, especially droughts With health, vitality and a proper state of conservation, management and development secured the forest intervenes especially in the following major environmental. .. influences of communication lines and roads as their establishment entails the deforestation of large stretches which affect the habitat of species of high biological significance However, the most potent root causes are highlighted by Fernandez ( 1997) in Latin America as being: i) the state of inherent fragility of young mountains; ii) the extreme poverty of the population and the loss of stamina... handle 37 cases of violation of the regulations on the management and protection of forests, of which 12 illegal deforestation cases for cultivation and violations of regulations on logging and other forest products or regulations on the prevention of forest fires; recovered more than 23 hectares of forest for the nation Raising awareness is a necessary move towards a balance between tourism development,