Auf dem weg zu einem neuen sozialrecht und reform des systems der sozialen sicherheit erfahrungen von deutschland und deren anpassung an vietnam

Dissertation „Auf dem Weg zu einem neuen Sozialrecht und die Reform des Systems der sozialen Sicherheit: Erfahrungen in Deutschland und deren Anpassung für Vietnam“ Zur Erlangungen des Akademischen Grades Dr iur Eingereicht am: 20.07.2008 Bei der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam Von: Le Thi Thuy Huong Geboren am: 25.05.1972 in Hanoi – Vietnam Präsidentin der Universität Potsdam: Prof Dr Sabine Kunst Dekan der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam: Prof Dr Stefan Saar Gutachter: Prof Dr Dieter C Umbach Prof Dr Markus Krajewski Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.11.2008 Vorwort Die Arbeit lag der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam im Sommersemester 2008 als Dissertation vor Sie wurde Anfang Juni 2008 abgeschlossen und hat neuere Gesetzgebung und Literatur, die bis zum Mai 2008 erschienen ist, berücksichtigt Diese Arbeit ist auf Englisch geschrieben worden, was sicherlich an deutschen Fakultäten (noch) eine Ausnahme ist und zweierlei voraussetzt: Erstens, dass die Literatur auch in Englisch verfügbar ist, und, Zweitens, dass der Betreuer in der Fremdsprache zu Hause ist Beide Voraussetzungen waren uneingeschränkt gegeben Für mich als Autorin war es ein großer Vorteil, dass ich nicht –wie dies traditionell früher war –längere Zeit auf die perfektere Beherrschung der deutschen Sprache verwenden musste, sondern mich gleich auf die Arbeit konzentrieren konnte Selbstverständlich sind die deutsche Literatur und die europäischen Diskussionen gleichwohl mit berücksichtigt worden Natürlich ist die Thematik nicht um ihrer selbst willen behandelt worden, sondern sie soll –wie schon die früheren Arbeiten meiner Kommilitonen und Kommilitoninnen am „alten Lehrstuhl“ dazu beitragen, mögliche Strukturen und Institutionen, Theorien und Praxis für Vietnam dazustellen und zu überdenken Dass die Arbeit auf Englisch vorliegt, macht sie zudem einem grưßeren Leserkreis in meinem Heimatland zugänglich Idee, Entschluss, Disziplin und die Arbeit des Denkens und Schreibens sind die notwendigen Voraussetzungen zum Gelingen einer Dissertation, die der Autor, hier die Autorin selbst erbringen muss Doch das Vorhaben wäre nicht gelungen, wenn die Verfasserin nicht vielfältige Unterstützung erhalten hätte Besonderer Dank steht meinem Doktorvater, Herrn Professor Dr Dieter C Umbach, der diese Arbeit mit großer Verantwortung, Freundlichkeit und Geduld betreut und mir bei der Fertigstellung geholfen hat, zu Mit Interesse, Kompetenz und Wohlwollen beschäftigt er sich seit acht Jahren intensiv mit der Reform der vietnamesischen Rechtssysteme und der Situation des Rechtsstaats in Südostasien Dadurch versteht er deutlich die vietnamesische Praxis Er hat mir diese Thema vorgeschlagen und bei der Betreuung mich mehrfach nahe an der vietnamesischen Praxis beraten Seine Betreuung der Dissertation war fordernd und fördernd zu gleich; für beides bin ich ihm gleichermaßen dankbar, ebenso die Hilfe und Diskussionen seines früheren Lehrstuhls und die oft gerühmten Doktoranden-Seminare Ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung vom vietnamesischen Ministerium der Erziehung und Bildung (MOET), des Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienstes (DAAD) und der zuständigen hilfreichen Stellen der Universität Potsdam- die mit Hilfsbereitschaft und Kreativität die Finanzierung unterstützen - wäre meine Promotion in Deutschland nicht zustande gekommen Dafür bin ich ihnen sehr dankbar Mein Dank gilt auch meinen Kollegen und Kolleginnen in meiner Juristischen Universität der Ho Chi Minh Stadt, dem früheren Saigon, und meinen Freunde in Deutschland für ihre Unterstützung Sehr dankbar bin ich meiner ganzen Familie, besonders meinen geliebten Eltern, meine Geschwister und meinem Ehemann Ohne sein Verständnis und seine Unterstützung hätte diese Dissertation nicht angefertigt werden können Allen ihnen schulde ich Dank Diese Arbeit ist deshalb ihnen gewidmet Potsdam, im Juli 2008 Le, Thi Thuy Huong CONTENTS CONTENTS i LIST OF ABREVIATIONS .iv INTRODUCTION I Needs of the research .1 II Objectives, study methods and structure of the research Chapter 1: Theoretical backgrounds of Vietnamese social security law I Concept of social security Definitions of social security 1.1 In narrow meaning .6 1.2 In broad meaning .13 Concept of social security in Vietnam’s perspective .17 Roles of social security .22 Basic principles of social security .23 4.1 Principle of solidarity .24 4.2 The principle of equality 26 4.3 The principle of participation of those protected 26 II Social security system 27 The coverage .27 Benefits 29 Finance 33 Administration 37 III Tendency of reforming social security system .38 Requirements of reforming social security system 38 Potential measures .39 2.1 Re-defining the scope of social security 39 2.2 Financial reforms in reinforcing social security schemes .41 2.3 Privatized structure of social security scheme .42 2.4 Cutting benefits and increasing contributions 44 2.5 Other measures 44 IV Vietnamese social security law 47 The recognition of social security right in Vietnamese Constitution 1992 47 1.1 The recognition of social security in international law 47 1.2 The recognition of social security right in the Vietnamese Constitution of 1992 .50 Social security law in Vietnamese legal system .52 Main branches of Vietnamese social security law 53 3.1 Social insurance 53 3.2 Social assistance 56 3.3 Social privilege 57 Relations between social security law and other laws in Vietnamese legal system 57 4.1 Administration law 57 4.2 Labor Law 58 Short conclusion 59 Chapter 2: Overview of social security system of Vietnam 61 I Development of Vietnamese social security system 61 i History of Vietnamese social security system 61 Current social security system 63 II Social insurance (Bao hiem xa hoi) 64 The development of social insurance legislation before the adoption of Social Insurance Law (“SIL”) 2006 .64 1.1 Interim Regulation on Social Insurance 1961 (“IRSI 1961”) .64 1.2 Interim Regulation on Social Insurance 1993 (“IRSI 1993”) .66 1.3 Regulation on Social Insurance 1995 (“RSI 1995”) 68 1.4 The adoption of SIL 2006 69 Social insurance schemes 72 2.1 The coverage .72 2.1.1 Compulsory social insurance 72 2.1.2 Voluntary social insurance 74 2.2 Benefits 78 2.2.1 Main benefits 78 2.2.2 Some issues about unemployment benefit 81 2.3 Social insurance funds .85 III Health insurance (Bao hiem y te) 90 Legislation 90 Benefits and administration 93 IV Social assistance (Cuu tro xa hoi) 97 Legislation 97 Benefits and administration 99 V Social privilege (Uu dai xa hoi) 100 Legislation 100 Benefits and administration 101 Short conclusion .102 Chapter 3: An overview of German social law 105 I Concept of German social security law 105 Definitions 105 1.1 Social insurance law 105 1.2 Social law 106 Principle of social state in German Basic Law (Grundgesetz – GG) 107 The classifications of German social law .112 II The development of German social security law 115 The development of social insurance law .115 The codification of German Social Code (SGB) 122 The structure of SGB .126 3.1 General part (SGB I and SGB X) 127 3.2 Specific part (SGB II – IX, XI and XII) 130 III German social security system 132 Social insurance (Sozialversicherung) 132 1.1 Health insurance .134 1.2 Accident insurance 139 1.3 Pension insurance 140 1.3.1 Statutory pension insurance 141 1.3.2 The supplementary occupational pension schemes .144 1.3.3 The additional voluntary personal old-age provisions 145 1.3.4 Pensions reforms in Germany .146 1.4 Unemployment insurance 151 ii 1.5 Long-term care insurance .158 1.6 Special social insurance schemes for farmers 160 Social compensation (Soziale Entschädigung) .163 Social assistance (Sozialhilfe) 165 3.1 Basic principles of social assistance 166 3.1.1 Nachrangigkeitsprinzip .166 3.1.2 Principle of individualization (Individualisierungsprinzip) 166 3.1.3 Principle of supply of needs (Bedarfsdeckungsprinzip 166 3.2 Social assistance benefit 166 3.3 Social support (Soziale Förderung) .167 Short conclusion .169 Chapter 4: An analysis about the adaptation of German social security law to Vietnam and suggests of reforming Vietnamese social security system 172 I The necessity of reforming Vietnamese social security law .172 Socio-economic requirements 172 Legal requirements 174 II The adaptation of German social security law to reforming social security law of Vietnam 180 Points of view of the adaptation 180 The adaptation of experiences of Germany to reforming Vietnamese social security law .182 2.1 The codification of new Social Security Code 182 2.1.1 Drafting general part of Social Security Code 183 2.1.2 The adoption of law of each social security branch 186 (1) The adoption of Health Insurance Law 187 (2) The adoption of Social Assistance Law 188 (3) The adoption of Social Privilege Law 189 2.2 Reforming SIL 2006 190 2.2.1 Voluntary social insurance scheme for farmers 190 2.2.2 Unemployment insurance benefits 192 2.3 Partly privatization of social pension and health insurance schemes 194 2.3.1 Introducing various financing pension benefits mechanism 194 2.3.2 The privatization of health insurance 199 CONCLUSION .201 The codification of new social security code 201 Reforming SIL 2006 .202 Resolving financial problems 202 REFERENCES 204 iii LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AFG German Employment Assistance Code (Arbeitsförderungsgesetz) AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ARSI Vietnamese Amendment Regulation on Social Insurance Art Article ASEAN Association of Southeast Asean Nations ASEG German Supplementary Law on Social Security in Agriculture ASLC Vietnamese Amended and Supplementary Labor Code ASRG German Agricultural Social Security Reform Act ASSAS Vietnamese Amended and Supplementary Social Assistance Schemes AsylbLG German Law on Benefits for Refugees (Asylbewerberleitstungsgesetz) AVAVG Law on Employment Agency and unemployment insurance (Gesetz über Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung) AVG German Social insurance Law for white-collar workers (Angestelltenversicherungesgesetz) BAföG Federal Law on Training Allowances (Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz) BErzGG Federal Law on Education (Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetz) BGB German Civil Code (Bürgersgesetzbuch) BGG Equal Opportunities for Disabled People Act (Behindertengleichstellungsgesetz) BKGG Federal Law on Children Allowance (Bundeskindergeldgesetz) BSHG Federal Law on Social Assistance (Bundessozialhilfegesetz) BSS Basic social security BVerfG Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) BVG Federal Care Law (Bundesversorgungsgesetz) iv CESRC Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ch Chapter CHI Compulsory health insurance cl clause Convention No.102 ILO Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention CP Vietnamese Government (Chính phủ) CPV Communist Party of Vietnam CSI Compulsory social insurance CSS Social security for meeting contingencies DP Discussion paper e.g for example (exempli gratia) ed Editor edn Edition GDR German Democratic Republic GG German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) GRG German Law on Health Reform (Gesundheitsreformgesetz) GSiG German Law on Basic Security (Grundsicherungsgesetz) HCFP The health care funds for the poor HĐBT Committee of Ministers (Hội đồng Bộ trưởng) HEPR Hunger eradication and poverty reduction program (Chương trình xóa đói giảm nghèo) HIA Health Insurance Agency i.e that is to say (id est) id The same (idem quod) ILC International Labor Conference ILO International Labor Organization ILS International Labor Standards IRSI Vietnamese Interim Regulation on Social Insurance KVG German Law on Health Insurance of workers (Gesetz betreffend die Krankenversicherung der Arbeiter) LC Labor Code of Vietnam MOET Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam MOH Ministry of Health of Vietnam MoLISA Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam v MPISoc Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law NĐ-CP Decree of Government (Nghị định Chính phủ) No Number p page para Paragraph PAYG pay-as-you-go PHI German Private Health Insurance PL-UBTVQH Ordinance of Standing Committee of National Assembly (Pháp lệnh Ủy ban Thường vụ Quốc hội) QĐ-TTg Decision of Prime Minister (Quyết định Thủ tướng Chính phủ) Recommendation No.67 ILO Income security Recommendation 1944 (No.67) RHI Vietnamese Regulation on Health Insurance RSI Vietnamese Regulation of Social Insurance RVO German National Insurance Code (Reichsversicherungsordnung) SAS Vietnamese Social Assistance Schemes Sec Section SGB German Social Code (Sozialgesetzbuch) SHI Statutory Health Insurance SIA Social Insurance Agency SIL Vietnamese Social Insurance Law SL Order (Sắc lệnh) SOEs State-owned Enterprises SPD Social Party of Democracy StGB German Criminal Law (Strafgesetzbuch) UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNDP United Nations Development Program UVEG German Unified Law on of Accident Insurance 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