Le A : : - FINISHED PLAN.” REGIST No EE -605
Trang 2
CAUTIONS FOR HIGH VOLTAGE
High voltages of hundreds upto thoudands volt are used in radio and radar devices Although
prudent measures for safety have been adopted, sufficient cares should be taken on operation, maintenance and adjustment of the device
Electric shock by thousands volt leads to an instantaneous death for certain, and even electric shock by hundreds volt leads to an instantaneous death occasionally To prevent such an ac- cident, turn off the power source, discharge capacitors by a wire surely earthed at one end, and check that any charge is no longer inside the device, before you put your hand into the inside It is still better to wear dry wool gloves It is also necessary caution not to use both hands simul- taneously, by putting the left hand into your pocket
Trang 3WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
When a victim of electric shock is found, turn off the power source and earth the circuit im-
mediately If this is impossible, move the victim away from it without touching him with bare hands as quick as possible He can safely be moved if an insulating material such as dry wood
plate or cloth is used
Breathing may stop if current flows through the respiration center of brain due to electric shock If the electric shock is not large, breathing can be restored by artificial respiration A victim of electric shock looks pale and his pulse becomes very weak or stops, resulting in unconsciousness and rigidity
FIRST-AID TREATMENTS
As far as the victim of electric shock is not in dangerous condition, artificial respiration should be started at once at the site Once started it should be continued rythmically
1) Do not touch the victim confusedly or rescuer may also receive an electric shock
2) Turn off the power source and move the victim from the electric line calmly
3) Calla physician or ambulance immediately, or instruct someone else to call
4) Place the victim on his back and loose his necktie, clothes, belt, etc
5) Examine the victim’s pulse
sf Examine the heartbeat by laying your ear on his heart
c Examine breathing by bringing your face or back of hand close to his face
a Examine the victim’s pupils
6) Open the victim’s mouth and remove the artificial teeth, cigarett or chewing gum, if any
Keeping the mouth open, stretch the tongue and insert a twel or the like to prevent the tongue from geing drawned (if it is hard to open the mouth with set teeth, open it by a screwdriver and insert a towel.)
Trang 4a)
b)
d)
©)
@
IN CASE PULSE CAN BE DETECTED BUT BREATHING STOPS
(Mouth to mouth artificial respiration) Tilt the victim’s head back as far as his face looks back
(A pillow may be inserted under the neck.)
Pull the jaw into jutting position to open the throat
Pinch the victim’s nostrils shut and place your mouth tightly over his after drawing your
breath long Then blow into mouth strongly Continue blowing at a rate of 10-15 breaths a minute
Watch carefully and continue artificial respiration till natural respiration is resotred
If the opening of mouth is difficult, insert a vinyl pipe or the like into a nostril and blow into it by shutting the other nostril and mouth perfectly
Victim may stand up suddenly when he becomes aware He should lie quietly and kept
warm and calm
Serve him with hot coffee or tea (but never alcoholic drinks)
Method of Mouth to Mouth artificial rospiration
Tilting Bake of Victim’s Head
Put one of your hands on the victim’s fore-
head and the other under the neck (1) In
general his mouth opens when the head is
tilted back, making easy mouth to mouth
artificial respiration
Place your mouth tightly over his and press
your cheek against his nose @ or pinch his
nostrils by your fingers @® to prevent air
leakage
Blowing into Lungs
Trang 5a)
b)
©
đ)
IN CASE OF CARDIAC ARREST AND CESSATION OF BREATHING
(Cardiac massage and mouth to mouth artificial respiration)
When no pulse can be detected, the pupils are open and no heartbeat is heared, cardiac arrest is considerable
Therefore, artificial respiration should be started at once
Put the heel of one hand over the lower 1/3 of his breastbone and the other hand on the
back of the first Apply your weight so that the brastbone is compressed by about 2 cm
(Repeat it at a rate of about 50 times a minute.)
(Cardiac massage) In case of one rescuer
After about 15 times cardiac massages, give mouth to mouth artificial respiration 2 times,
and repeat them in this manner
In case of two rescuers
While the victim is massaged, another person should give mouth to mouth artificial respira- tion A breath is interposed after 5 cardiac massages
(Cardiac massage and mouth to mouth artificial respiration)
Examine the pupils and pulse often When they become normal stop the first aid treatments, serve the victim with coffee or tea and keep him warm and calm, while watching him carefully
Commit the victim to a medical specialist, according to the situation For earlier recovery
of the victim from the mental shock, the understanding of bystanders is essential
Trang 6CONTENTS
Trang 8FIGURE 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108A 108B 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 DRAWINGS TITLE
GENERAL SYSTEM DIAGRAM OF JMA-650-7 RADAR GENERAL SYSTEM DIAGRAM OF JMA-650-9 RADAR BLOCK DIAGRAM OF JMA-650 RADAR
INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAM OF JMA-650-7 RADAR INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAM OF JMA-650-9 RADAR POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM OF JMA-650-7 RADAR POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM OF JMA-650-9 RADAR
INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF NKE-189 SCANNER UNIT INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF NKE-189/189D SCANNER UNIT (WITH BUFFER CIR.)
INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF NKE-190F/190DF SCANNER UNIT
INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF NTG-250 TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER UNIT INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF NCD-753 DISPLAY UNIT
INTERNAL CABLE CONNECTIONS OF NCD-753 DISPLAY UNIT INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF NSK
Trang 10SECTION 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 SPECIFICATIONS 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 General Scanner Unit Transmitter-Receiver Unit Display Unit Optional Assembles
Cable Length Allowance between Units
Trang 11†1.1 INTRODUCTION
The JRC Model and are ideal radars designed to be high brightness
especially short-range, high performance, high quality and high reliability JMA-650-7 and JMA-650-9 are provided with 7ft and 9ft slot scanner unit respectively The transmitting output power is 50kW A 12-inch cathod ray tube is included in the display unit These
radars have been semi-conductorized (excepting a special electron tube), so increased reliability have been expected
These radars are designed to meet IMCO performance standards (A-222) which are in
accordance with the provision of SOLAS
The composition of the radar depending on the ship’s mains are shown in Table 1.1
TABLE 1.1 COMPOSITION OF THE RADAR AND SHIP’S MAINS
hip’s Main AC 100/110/115V | AC 100/110/115V 50/60Hz 1¢ | 50/60Hz 3¢
Model JMA-650-7 JMA-650-9
Scanner Unit NKE-189 | NKE-190F
Transmitter-Receiver Unit NTG-250
Display Unit NCD-753 |
When ship’s mains AC220V and 440V are used as a radar power, a step-down transformer should be added
Trang 121.2 SPECIFICATIONS 1.2.1 General 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) Type of emission: Display: CRT: Range scales: Range resolution: Minimum range: Bearing accuracy Bearing representation: Environmental condition, Operating temperature: Relative humidity: Vibration:
Power input voltage: Power consumption:
PoN
PPI
12 inch (305 mm) diameter with 279 mm effective diameter (type 12ABP7A)
0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 120 n.m Less than 20 m
Less than 25 m
Less than 1°
Relative bearing and true bearing
—25 to +55°C (up to +70° under the left condition)
Other Units except the scanner unit;
—15 to +55°C
All units 95% at +35°C
Amplitude
from Oto 500 cpm with an excursion of 3 mm
from 500 to 1500 cpm with an excursion of 0.75 mm
from 1500 to 3000 cpm with an excursion of 0.2 mm AC 100/110/115 V, 50/60 Hz, 1¢ (7 feet)
AC 100/110/115 V, 50/60 Hz, 3¢ (9 feet) AC 100/110/115 V, 850 VA (JMA-650-7) AC 100/110/115 V, 1200 VA (JMA-650-9)
Scanner Unit;
Power input voltage allowance Power input voltage + 10%
(with the maximum cable length):
Preheating time:
From preparation to operation:
1.2.2 Scanner Unit NKE-189/190F
1) 2) 3) 4) Dimensions: Weight: Polarization: Beam width, Horizontal: Vertical: Side lobe level:
Within 4 min Within 1 min
Height 581 mm
Swing circle 2260 mm (7 feet)
Height 625 mm
Swing circle 2810 mm (9 feet) Approx 46 kg (7 feet) Approx 77 kg (9 feet) Horizontal 1° (7 feet) 0.8° (9 feet) 20°
Less than — 26 dB (within + 10° of Main Beam) Less than — 32 dB (Out side + 10° of Main Beam)
Trang 13Tư
"m
5) Rotational speed: Approx 22 rpm (60 Hz) 18 rpm (50 Hz) 7 feet Approx 26 rpm (60 Hz) 22 rpm (50 Hz)
At high speed of 9 feet
Approx 17 rpm (60 Hz) 14 rpm (50 Hz)
At low speed of 9 feet
6) Scanner drive motorinput: AC 100/110/115 V, 50/60 Hz, 1¢ 400 VA (7 feet) AC 100/110/115 V, 50/60 Hz, 36 300 VA
(At high speed of 9 feet) AC 100/110/115 V, 50/60 Hz, 39 400 VA
(At low speed of 9 feet)
VA is a valve at AC 100 V, 50 Hz
7) Wind velocity: Up to 51.5 m/s (100 knots) as relative
1.2.3 Transmitter-Receiver Unit NTG-250
1) Dimensions: Width 520mm Depth 305 mm Height 635 mm
2) Construction: Bulkhead mounting, drip-proof structure
3) Weight: Approx 47 kg
4) Transmitting frequency: 9375 +30 MHz 5) Transmitter output
(peak power): 50 kW
6) Transmitter tube Magnetron (2555)
7) Pulse width/
repetition frequency: 0.08 us/3000 Hz (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5 n.m.)
0.2 us/2000 Hz (3 n.m.,) 0.7 ws/1000 Hz (6, 12 n.m.)
1.0us/750Hz (24,48 n.m.) 1.0,s/500Hz (120n.m.)
By changing the switch position of
from đồi đồ , the following pulse width and
repetition frequency can be selected
0.7 ws/1000 Hz (3n.m.) 1.0 ys/750Hz (6,12 n.m.)
8) Modulator: Solid state modulating circuit
9) Duplexer: Circulator + TR limitter
10) Local oscillator: Gunn oscillator
11) Mixer: Balanced mixer (IN23E and IN23ER)
12) IF amplifier: Center frequency 60 MHz Band width 17/3 MHz Gain more than 90 dB
13) Overall noise figure: Less than 10 dB
1.2.4 Display Unit NCD-753
1) Dimensions: Width 655 mm Depth 517mm Height 1028 mm
2) Mounting: Selfstanding type, drip-proof structure
Trang 143) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) Weight: CRT Range scales: Range rings: Range accuracy:
Variable range marker: Bearing synchronizing system: Tuning: Bearing scale: Off-center unit: Plotter:
Ship’s heading marker: Controls:
Approx 72 kg
12ABP7A
0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 120 n.m 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1,2, 4, 8, 20 n.m
Less than 1.5% of the maximum range of the scale in use or 70 m, whichever is greater
00.01 to 120.0 n.m 4-digits digital read out
Fixed deflection coil, resolver system Manual
360° scale graduated at intervals of 1° 2/3 tube radius (max range 120 n.m.) Reflection plotter
Electronic flash line °
POWER Switch OFF-STAND BY-ON (_)-
RANGE (2 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 120) TUNING -~“ GAIN «#* CONTRAST ANTI-CLUTTER SEA ANTICLUTTER RAIN
RANGE RINGS BRILLIANCE O@m
SWEEP BRILLIANCE VRM BRILLIANCE © VRM DOWN-UP_ _(@)@â) TF-SI PULSE WIDTH CENTER ô+ - SHM BRILLIANCE SHM INTRF REJECT PANEL
PLOTTER DIAL ( )~€&)
NORTH UP-HEAD UP @&® -() EBL MODE (OFF-CENTERED 1“ CENTERED 2 — IND 1 - IND 2) EBL BRILLIANCE
EBL MARKER INTERVAL (DOWN-UP) EBL MARKER BRILLIANCE
EBL BEARING
Trang 151.2.5 Optional Assembles
1) Second Variable Range Marker Unit 2) C.F.A.R Unit
3) Log Amp Receiver with AFC 4) True Motion Unit
5) De-icing Scanner Unit 6) Performance monitor 7) Inter Switching Unit 8) Sub Display Unit
1.2.6 Cable Length Allowance between Units
Trang 16
0" NON PAMỚ ĐNG, SUSSGE
Fig 1.1 SCANNER UNIT NKE-189
Fig 1.2 SCANNER UNIT NKE-190F
Trang 171-8
Trang 18
Fig 1.4
Trang 20
SECTION 2 OPERATION 2.1 OPERATION 2.1.1 Layout of Controls 2.1.2 Function of Controls 2.1.3 Operating Procedure
2.2 HOW TO USE THE CONTROLS 2.3 HOW TO READ THE SCREEN 2.4 PLOTTER
2.5 MEASUREMENTS
2.5.1 Range Measurement 2.5.2 Bearing Measurement
2.5.3 Measurements of CPA and TCPA
2.5.4 Measurement of the Course and the Speed of the Targets
2.5.5 Deciding the New Course or Speed for Collision Avoidance
2.5.6 Correction of the Course and the Speed
Trang 212.1 OPERATION
Since all controls are located on the front panel of the display unit, the navigator can
operate this Radar very easily In order to get an optimum radar display, it is necessary for
navigators to fully understand the layout and functions of the controls `
2.1.1 Layout of Controls
Trang 22@?DISPLAY section EBL BEARING @
® (OFFI-[STAND POWER switch BY] [ON] OO}
® |TUNNING | PO ——_| mm F>—¬ F—_| F>— @) |EBL BRILLIANCE | ee eee F¬—— @ [EBL MODE]
.@ [EBL MARKER INTERVAL DOWN-UP @3 [EBL MARKER BRILLIANCE
I>>—— _ © [GAIN] -= F>——— @ |CONTRAST © [ANTECLUTTER RAIN @)~C) © [ANTICLUTTER SEA €>€@
© SWEEP BRILLIANCE] O~@)
® [yRMPowwupj @—@ mì BA PJ ® © SHOT O19 © ® a XQ l ET TT | | Ị\ @ - @ [CENTER] $ @ 7 g SEMCHRILLIANCE đ® [PANEL] O-® 4 đ (NORTH UP-HEAD WP] )-â) @ (PULSE WIDTH] @)—@) @ [VRM BRILLIANCE] Cy © @d EBL ORIGIN JOYSTICK
@ selector switch (3
Fig 2.1 CONTROLS ON DISPLAY
Trang 232.1.2 Function of Controls
1) POWER Switch [OFF] — [STAND BY] —[ON] ()- €C> ©)
a) b) c) d) 2) G Selector Switch
At the [OFF] QO position, there is no power supplied to the display unit, trans-
mitter-receiver unit and scanner unit The radar, therefore, can not operate Note: Take notice of the voltage which presents at the input terminal TB201 of the trans-
mitter-receiver unit even if OFF © position
At the |STAND BY C) position, the input power relay in the Transmitter- receiver unit is energized, the power is supplied to the display unit, transmitter- receiver unit and scanner unit from the power unit In this condition, all circuits are energized except the CRT high voltage power supply circuit in the display unit,
the modulating circuit in the transmitter-receiver unit and the scanner driving
motor In approximately 3 minutes after switch to [STAND BY|C › the[READY]
lamp on the front panel of the display unit will light up and the Radar is ready for operating condition The Radar can be operate in use whenever required,
if the lamp lights up This 3 minutes are required to heat up the heater of the magnetron
At [oN(+) position, the Radar is allowed to proceed in its normal operating con-
dition The scanner starts in rotation and target echoes are received, then ampli-
fied and displayed on the screen
Even though the switch is set to @) before the lamp lights up,
the radar transmitting pulse will not be transmitted and any echoes will not be displayed on the screen
When performing the radar observation at the short intervals, by keeping the
switch set to |STAND BY C) and setting the switch to ©) only when
observing, the long life of the navigation can be assured
At the [STAND BY C) position, the tuning indicator in the display unit does
not light up
(ø3|.[rz].] 8) [8] (wm)
This switch selects the range which you want the radar to cover The selected range automatically determines the pulse repetition frequency, pulse width, the band width of the receiver, the band width of the video amplifier and the range rings
The selected range scale is shown by glowing figures The range scale and the range rings interval are displayed on the display section
For JMA-650-9, the rotation speed of the scanner unit automatically changes
At positions less than 3 n.m., the rotation speed is approx 26 rpm (60 Hz) and at positions more than 6 n.m., it is approx 17 rpm (60 Hz)
Relations of range scale to range rings, pulse repetition frequency, pulse width,
and band width of receiver are shown below
Trang 24
Range scale Range rings Number of Repetition Pulse Bandwidth
interval rings frequency width of receiver
0.25 n.m 0.05 n.m 5 3000 Hz 0.08 us 17 MHz 05 7 01 7 5 3000 ” 0.08” 17 7 075 7 0.25 7 3 3000 ” 0.08” 17” 15.” 0.25 7 6 3000 ” 0.08” 17 7” 3 " 05 7 6 2000 “ 9.2 “ 3 7 6 " 1 " 6 1000 ” 07 7 3.” 12 z 2 7 6 1000 ” 07” 3.7 24 " 4 " 6 750” 1.0” 30°” 48 " 8 # 6 750” 1.0.” 3.7 120 ” 20 " 6 500 ” 1.0 7 3.7 These relations are obtained when|PULSE WIDTHI¡s set to đ , as for relations obtained at the position of a , refer to the item 12
3) [TUNING] -\
By this control, the varactor voltage of the gunn oscillator (A301) of the receiver
can be changed, so its oscillating frequency can be changed
Turn and adjust this control while observing a target on the screen so that the target may be the most clearly displayed When there is no target available for the said observation, adjust the control so that the light emitting diode (LED) of the tuning
display ™\on the display section may be the brightest This is the tuning point It is easy to tune, if tuning is performed in the position of 3 to 120 n.m
4) [GAIN] -®
5)
25
By turning this control clockwise, the gain of the receiver increases and the ob-
serving range of the target expands Adjust this control so that the best pictures may be displayed on the screen, according to the range scale in use In the short range, it is advisable to operate the equipment with this [GAIN] control set at a setting where the receiver gain is rather lowered a little In the long range, it is advisable to operate the
equipment with this[GAIN] control set at a setting where the receiver gain is rather
increased a little
CONTRAST
The brightness of the whole screen can be adjusted without changing the condi-
tion of the echoes, such as small targets, etc on the screen, by changing the voltage of
the video amp by means of this control
Perform the adjustment by using this control with[GAIN] so that the best
Trang 256) [ANTICLUTTER SEA] 3-€
This control reduce the gain level for short range to suppress the strength of the sea clutter If there is no sea clutter around the own ship when the sea is calm, keep this control set fully counterclockwise As turning this control counterclockwise, the bright part appearing at around the center due to the sea clutter gradually disappear
Be sure not to eliminate the necessary target by turning this more than necessary
?.[ANTICTUTTERRAIN) (3C)
This control changes electrically characteristic of the video amplifier circuit in the display unit When fully counterclockwise, the video signal is connected to the
amplifying circuit as it is As the control is turned clockwise, the narrow video signal
is connected to the amplifying circuit When fully clockwise, the observed length of
the target on the screen reduces and the disturbance on the screen due to the rain and snow clutter can be eliminated But be sure not to miss the small target
8) [RANGE RINGS BRILLIANCE] (_)
This control is used to adjust the brightness of the fixed range rings Adjust this
control so that the range ring may be the most easily read according to the range in
use
9) (SWEEP BRILLIANCE]
This control is used to adjust the brightness of the screen Adjust this control so as to obtain the best screen according to the range scale in use
10) [VRM BRILLIANCE] (_)~@)
This control is used to adjust the brightness of the variable range marker Adjust
this control to obtain the best brightness of the variable range marker to be read ac-
cording to the range s-ale in use
11) [VRM ĐOWN-UP] @)-—©)
This is the switch to shift position of VRM The range increases by pushing the switch and the range decreases by pushing the © switch The shifting speed is determined by and switches, that is, [F] switch is fast movement and [S]switch
is slow movement By pushing the switch to bring the VRM to the echo of the
target and then by the S| switch, match the marker on the echo
The range of the variable range marker is displayed by the digital display LED on the display section The display is done by the 4-digit figures The measurement can be done at intervals of 0.01 n.m on the scale range from 0.25 to 48 n.m and at the intervals of 0.1 n.m on the scale range of 120 n.m If the observed distance exceeds the maximum measuring range scale, the displayed figure returns to 00.01 or 000.0
I2[E0LsE wipim]@ ~Œ
This function is carried out on the range from 3 to 120 n.m Usually, this switch is used at the @ position (see item 2) If the is selected, the transmitting pulse width increases from 0.2 us to 0.7 us at the range of 3 n.m At the range of 6 and 12 n.m., the width changes from 0.7 us to 1.0 us This switch changes video band width also, so at the range of 3 to 120 n.m If the đồ 1s selected, viđeo band
width of Video Filter is 300 kHz The sensitivity is improved by these and the small
target (buoy, small ship, etc.) becomes larger and can be easily to see
Trang 2613) [CENTER] $
The two shift control ( ‡ vertical and qm horizontal) are provided for shifting
the center of thePPI sweep (own ship) within the range of two-thirds effective radius of
‘the screen in order to observe the arbitrary direction extending over broad range At this time, the range scale is extended as follows
Scale range (n.m.) Extended range (n.m.) Number of range rings
0.25 0.4 8 0.5 0.8 8 0.75 1.25 5 1,5 2.5 10 3 5.0 10 6 10.0 10 12 20.0 10 24 40.0 10 48 80.0 10 120 120.0 6 14) |SHM BRILLIANCE
This control is used to adjust the brightness of the ship’s heading marker (SHM) to show the course direction of the own ship Adjust this control so that SHM becomes
brighter By turning it counterclockwise, SHM becomes darker, but SHM will never
disappear 15)
This ship’s heading marker (SHM) to show the course direction of the own ship
is always displayed on the screen While this switch is being pressed, SHM disappears It is, therefore, easy to confirm the small target in the bow direction By releasing the
switch, the SHM is automatically displayed again
16) [INTRF REJECT]
The switch is attached to this control When there is no interference from other radars, set this switch to OFF If there are any radar interference, adjust by turning
this control so that the radar interference may be maximumly eliminated
1) ENED O-B This is the control adjust the illumination of letters and symbols of controls on
the panel It is convenient for the night operation to set it to the proper brightness
18) [LoTTER DIAr] C}—4Õ)
This is the control to adjust the plotter illumination and the brightness of the
bearing scale Adjust the brightness so that the plotted mark and scales may be read easily on the screen When fully counterclockwise, the bearing observation can’t be performed Take notice of this fact
Trang 2719) [NORTH UP-HEAD UP @đ - â
20)
21)
22)
By setting this switch to @® , the zero degree of the bearing scale
is always due north and such a screen where SHM always indicates the bearing of the
own ship course, is obtained Even though the own ship’s course changes, only bearing of SHM will change, and the bearing of the fixed targets will not change In such a
condition, the bearing of the measured target is true bearing At this time, make sure to
set the switch of the north stabilizing kit to ON
At the @) position, the zero degree of the bearing scale always
coincides with the SHM (the own ship’s course) Even if the course of the own ship changes, the SHM will not change from zero degree, but the bearing of the fixed
target will change In such a case, the bearing of the measured target is relative bearing
to the course of the own ship
This EBL (electronic bearing line — electronic cursor) switch provides means of
the navigator to select the EBL depending on its use
At the position, EBL does not appear on the screen
At the eee position, one EBL is displayed The origin of the EBL is
the same as the center of the PPI sweep When measuring the bearing of the target, by placing EBL on the target by means of EBL BEARING , the bearing can be read out from the bearing scale
At the position, two EBLs appear on the screen One is the same as position as above and the other is the center of the bearing scale In case the PPI sweep is placed out of the center by [CENTER| IW , it is difficult to measure the bearing of the target at the position But at the position, the bearing, matched to the target by EBL BEARING, can be read out easily by EBL coming out from the center of the bearing scale
At the position, one EBL is displayed The origin of EBL can be shifted
according to the EBL ORIGIN JOYSTICK lever
At the position, two EBLs are displayed One of the origin of EBL is the
center of the bearing scale and the other can be shifted according to the EBL ORIGIN JOYSTICK lever This using method is almost the same as that of |IND 1] Moreover, the information on the bearing can be obtained
EBL BRILLIANCE
This control is used to adjust the brightness of EBL As turning this clockwise, the
brightness increases Adjust this control so that EBL may be read easily
[EBL MARKER INTERVAL DOWN-UP
This switch is used to vary the intervals of markers on EBL While pressing the switch, intervals become shorter, while pressing the [UP switch, they become
longer It is convenient to use this switch as required, when obtaining the information
of collision avoidance
* See the clause 2.5 for the operations to obtain the information for collison
avoidance
Trang 28
23) | EBL MARKER BRILLIANCE
This is the control to adjust the brightness of the EBL marker Adjust this control so as to obtain EBL markers most adequate to observe
24) EBL ORIGIN JOYSTICK
When the switch is set to or , the origin of EBL can
be shifted according to this lever (within the limit of two-thirds radius of the effective radius)
25) EBL BEARING
This is the control to adjust the bearing of EBL It is very convenient to use this
lever when measuring the bearing of the target by using EBL
26) Lamp
27) RANGE of VRM Marker
2.1.3 Operating Procedure (Starting — Observation — Stop)
After knowing the layout and functions of controls on the front panel proceed as follows
— Starting —
1) Set [OFF] Q) tof STANDBY] (*)
2) Ifthe lamp lights up after about 3 minutes, set Cto [ON] @)
3) Set[RANGE |to “48” or “120”
4) Adjust by turning it clockwise or counterclockwise so that the target may
be displayed the most clearly on the screen In case there is not proper target on the
screen, adjust the control so that the LED of the tuning indicator #*\ may shine the
most brightly Now it is ready for observation
5) Set [RANGE] (4) to the appropriate position for a desired range
6) Adjust the fr control so as to observe the target clearly If necessary, operate
€)-€@ and [ANTL-CLUTTER RAIN
7) Operating other controls as required, measure the range and the bearing of the target,
and obtain the necessary information of collision avoidance
— Stop —
Trang 292.2 HOW TO USE THE CONTROLS
When measuring the position of the target on the radar screen, the best picture on the
screen allow the accurate measurement
Controls to get the best picture on the screen is as follows
[TUNING] = [GAIN] = [ANTI-CLUTTER SEA] QS
Before operating these adjusting controls, the navigator should understand functions of
these controls described in 2.1.2 The following describes the points to which attention
should be paid when adjusting these controls
1) |TUNING | ^>
Whether tuning is obtained or not can be confirmed by means of the test meter
Adjust this control so that the clearest picture may be presented on the screen
If the best tuning condition is not obtained, especially the target at the long
range and the small target even at the short range may be missed Since the oscillation frequency of the magnetron is stabilized about 10 minutes after the POWER switch set to @) , it is better to perform the readjustment 10 minutes after the first
adjustment
» GAR] A
With too little gain, the small targets are missed and there is a decrease in the de- tected range With excessive gain, since the screen becomes brighter because the noise increases, the contrast between echoes and background noise reduces, making target
observation more difficult In the crowded regions, the gain may be reduced to clear
the picture This must be done with care since important target may be missed 3) [ANTLCLUTTER SEA) C>~€
The bright section on the sea due to the sea clutter gradually disappears as the
is turned clockwise But with the excessive ;|ANTI-CLUTTER
SEA] , the necessary target may disappear, too So, be careful The targets such as
buoy, small craft, etc as can be observed only in the calm sea and in the short range may disappear very often in case of the strong sea clutter together with the sea clutter
as increasing | ANTI-CLUTTER SEA]
4) [ANTECLUTTER RAIN
The FANTLCLUTTER RAIN | enables to discriminate adjacent targets from the rain or snow clutter In the heavy rain or snow which may clutter the screen, this con- trol allows to give clear echo from the target Also, this control can reduce the sea
clutter Therefore, use of both [ANTI-CLUTTER SEA] and [ANTI-CLUTTER RAIN]
will help to make the picture clear But with the excessive ANTI-CLUTTER RAIN],
the small target and the targets at the long range may be difficult to be seen and may
disappear Take notice of this fact Usually, set this control fully counterclockwise
Trang 30
2.3
2-11
HOW TO READ THE SCREEN
What is demanded for a user of the radar is how he observes and interprets a radar
screen to get the best aid for the navigation He should observe the screen, understanding
the advantage and disadvantage of the radar It is important to enhance his experience for reading the screen, by comparing the echoes on the screen of the radar with the target seen
with naked eyes at the fine weather
The radar allows to monitor the courses of the own ship and other ships in an open sea,
to confirm the navigation marks such as buoys as the ship approaches the port, measure the
position of the own ship on the chart based on the range and the bearing of the land, is-
lands, etc in the adjacent seas and to know the position and the movement of the heavy rain that appears on the screen Items associated with the screen of the radar are described below
1) Radar horizon
The radar waves have such a characteristic that they propagate along the curvature
of the earth This characteristic changes depending on the nature of the layer of the air in the space through which the radar waves propagate Under the normal propagating condition, the distance to the radar horizon (D) is found to be about 10% longer than
that to the optical horizon D is described with the following formula
D = 2.23 @/hl + Vh2) (n.m.)
where hl: the radar scanner height measured above the sea level (m)
h2: the height of a target measured above the sea level (m)
Fig 2.2 shows the figure to obtain the maximum detected range of the target,
Trang 31Z7 EARTH 1 h h2 RADAR TARGET h2(m) + 700 + ⁄ “ 7 ư T+ 600 “⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ + 500 ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ T400 7 h1(m) Dín.m.) oo ⁄ ‹ ⁄ 7 300 + 7 ⁄ ⁄Z 6o 200 F 50 T 100 r 40 Ì sọ + 50 301 + 25 2a 3 r 2 106 eer mn nn rarer a aa r 10 oy + 10 0 0 0
The height of Radar Scanner Deteclable Range The height of Target
Fig 2.2 RADAR HORIZON
Trang 322-13
2)
3)
4
For example, assume the height of the scanner unit of the own ship is 10 m
(1) The height of the target which can be observed on the radar screen at the detected
range, 64 n.m should be more than 660 m
(2) When the height of the target is 10m, the detected range is approx 15n.m But the maximum detected range of the target, which can be observed on the radar
screen, changes due to the size of the target, weather condition, etc and there may be cases where it may lengthen or shorten
Echo strength
The strength of echoes returned by the target depends on not only the size and height of the target but also material forming the target and the configuration of the target Therefore, it is not always true that the echoes returned by the higher and larger target provides an echo having a larger strength
Especially, the coast line is affected depending on the topographic conditions When the coast is greatly sloping, since the mountain on the land appears as the echo on the screen as shown in Fig 2.3 The special cares are required to measure the dis-
tance to the coastline
Mountain which appears on CRT screen
“SED
- Coast line which does not appear on CRT screen Fig 2.3 ECHO STRENGTH
Sea clutter
The bright and wide echo appears around the center of the screen in the wavy sea The rougher the sea is, the brighter and wider the echo is The way of appearance of the echo on the screen changes due to the direction of the wind
A tide-eddy may appear at the gently sloping line resembling to the coast line
False echoes
It sometimes happens that presentation of the echoes resulted from the target not existed actually puzzles the radar observer The followings are the well-known false
Trang 33(1) Shadow
There may be a case where any target existing in the same đirection as a funnel
or mast placed near the scanner unit fails to appear as a target on the screen This
is because that the radar transmitting pulse reflects by said funnel or mast due to the location of the scanner unit The existence of the above-mentioned trouble can be confirmed by observing the sea clutter and checking for any faint or blank shade If those shadows exist, since it would always appear in a given direction,
the observer must memorize that direction (2) Sidelobes
It sometimes happens that the echoes resulted from the sidelobe of the radiation beam from the scanner unit appears as the broken arc line at the same distance as
the echo of the target It is comparatively easy to identify such kind of the false
echo when the target stands alone (See Fig 2.4.)
Fig 24 SIDELOBES
(3) Secondary echo
Two echoes may be displayed on the screen for one target at the short range: One directly reflected by the target and the other secondarily reflected by the mast or funnel In this case, the secondary echoes appear in the direction of the mast or funnel (See Fig 2.5)
DIRECT PROPAGATION PATH OF RADAR PULSE
REAL ECHO
RADAR SCANNER
FALSE ECHO DUE
PROPAGATION PATH OF TO FUNNEL
SECONDARY REFLECTED R P
FUNNEL ADAR PULSE
Fig 25 SECONDARY ECHO
Trang 342-15
(4)
(5)
(6)
Multiple false echoes
It sometimes happens that a building or a large vessel with a large vertical surface
may produce multiple false echoes due to the multiple reflections of radar pulses
These echoes are a series of equally spaced echoes on the same bearing In such a case, the nearest echo to the radar is the real echo presented by the target
(See Fig 2.6)
gear
Fig 2.6 MULTIPLE FALSE ECHOES
Abnormal propagation
As described in 1), the maximum detected range of the radar depends on the height of the scanner unit and the target However, if so-called duct occurs on the sea due to the weather condition, the radar transmitting pulse propagates ab- normally and the target located at very long range may be detected
For example, supposing that the scale range is 6 n.m (repetition-frequency is
1000 Hz), the first pulse reflects from the target more than 81 n.m away, and it is received during the next pulse repetition time The false echo is produced at the place whose range is reduced by approx 81 n.m from the actual range
Supposing that the false echo is produced at the position of 5 n.m on the screen, the actual range of this target is 5 + 81 = 86 n.m Also when the scale range is
1.5 n.m (repetition frequency is 3000 Hz), the false echoes may be produced at the position whose range is reduced by 27 n.m from the actual range
This kind of false echoes can be judged by the fact that the range of the echo is
changed by changing the scale range (and changing the repetition frequency)
Radar interference
Radar interference is liable to occur in the vicinity of another shipborne radar
using the same frequency band These interferences normally take the form ofa large number of bright dots scattered over the whole screen These can be easily distinguished from normal echoes by such a fact that always they do not appear in the same place (See Fig 2.7.)
Trang 352.4 PLOTTER
The plotter is the equipment to record the position of the target displayed on CRT on the plotter surface The general principle of a plotter is shown in Fig 2.8 Use the supplied
plotter crayon or the fine wax pencil in the market to plot the target on the plotter surface
S1 Use the cotton or soft cloth to erase the plotted records
Letters on Si illuminated by [PLOTTER DIAL|(_ )-@) reflect on Glass $2 and the
light from the target on the screen passes through Glass $2 Wherever observer’s eyes posi-
tion, there is little parallax and the observer can plot the target on the plotter surface S1, as if he wrote directly on CRT with crayon The record plotted by crayon shines brilliantly and indicate the target
‘EYE
PLOTTER CRAYON X7 EYE
T
ot); À / ⁄ PLOTTER SURFACE Sĩ
aT ae HALF MIRROR SURFACE §2
TARGET CRT SURFACE
Fig 2.8 PLOTTER
Trang 362.5
2-17
MEASUREMENTS
On CRT of the display unit of the radar, the own ship (more accurately, the position of the scanner unit) is at the center of the screen (origin of the co-ordinates) and other targets are presented in polar coordinates (the picture is called as PPI) Therefore, the picture on the screen shows a plan view of the position of the targets around the own ship and the targets are displayed as the brilliant echoes By using EBLs which are the feature of
this radar, the following measurements can be performed on the screen
1) Range measurement between the own ship and the target (See (1) in 2.5.1.)
2) Range measurement between two arbitrary points (See (2) in 2.5.1.)
3) Bearing measuremenf ee eee (See 2.5.2.)
4) Measurements of CPA and TCPA (See 2.5.3.)
5) Measurement of the course and speed of the targets (See 2.5.4.)
6) Deciding the new course or speed for collision
AVOIGANCE 06 eee teen nee (See 2.5.5.)
7) Correction of the course and the speed (See 2.5.6.)
When performing measurements described in 5) and 6), the speed of the target ship and
the passing range of the own ship during the observation should be obtained based on the
passing range of the target during the observation In such a case, the speed table shown in Table 2.1 is very helpful and convenient
Time (minutes) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 NM |.1 15} 2 | 25 35} 4 | 45) 5 | 55) 6] 65) 7 | 75 / / .13|.2 | 27) 33 AT) 53) 6 | 67| 75] 8 | 85) 931 AT | 25) 33| 42 58) 67} 75| 83| 92J1 1.1 |1.2 [1.3 1 |2 |3 1.41.5 7] 81.91 1.1 J1.2 |1.3 J1.41.5 12 |.23 | 35] 47) 58 82] 93|1.1 11.2 [1.3 [1.4 [1.5 | 1.6] 1.7 13 |.27|.4 | 53| 67 991.1 {1.2 |1.3 |1.5 J1.6 |1.7 |1.9|2 9 |15 |3 |.45|.6 | 75 HL J1.2 1.3 |15 11.6 18 |2 12.112.2 10 |.17 |.33 1.5 | 67Ị 83|1 |1.2 |143 j15 J1.7 |18 |2 [2.2 12.3|2.5 I1 |.18 |.37 |.55| 73| 92) 1.1/1.3 |1.5 |1.6 |18 |2 2.2 |2.4 |2.6|2.7 12 12 14 | 6 | 8 jl 1.2/1.4 {1.6 |18 2 |2.2 |2.4 |2.6 |2.8|3 13 |.22|.43 | 65| 87|1.1 |1.3|1.5 J17 |2 |2.2 |2.4 |26 128 13 13.2 14 |.23 ).47 | 7 | 93)1.2 | 1.4/1.6 |19 |2.1 |243 |26 28 3 13.3 13.5 15 J25|.5 | 751 12 7 1.5)1.7 [2 (2.2 j2.5 }2.7 [3 3.2 13.5 |3.7 16 |.27 |.53 | 8 1.1 [1.3 | 1.6) 1.9 |2.1 |24 |27 |3 l3.2 |3.5 3.714 17 |.28 |.57 |.85J1I.I J14 | 1.7/2 12.3 |2.5 /2.8 |3.1 3.4 |37 14 14.2 18 |3 |6 | 9 j1.2 1.5 |1.8|2.1 |24 {27 |3 |3.3 3.6 |3.9 |4.2 | 4.5 19 |.32 |.63 | 95/1.3 J1.6 | 1.9/2.2 |2.5 |2.8 |3.2 |3.5 |3.8 ¡4.1 |4.414.7 20 |.33 | 67 {1 1.3 |1.7 | 2 42.3 J27 J3 [3.3 13.7 |4 14314715 orn n nA + W So] cf apa] tp] io Speed (Knots)
Trang 3725.1 Range Measurement
1) Range measurement between the own ship and the target
For the range measurement of the target, check the echo of the target on the screen, and setting | EBL MODE| to |CENTERED 1] , turn EBL BEARING so that EBL may come on the target By pressing |VRM DOWN-UP @-@ , place the
variable range marker (VRM) on EBL on the point corresponding to the target Read
the indication of the VRM indicator on the display section These indicated figures
show the range (n.m.) from the own ship to the target (See Fig 2.9.)
03 - 50
——- — BRILLIANGE EBL CENTERED 2 EBL MODE CENTERED 1 INDI OFF - ~ IND2 EBL TARGET VRM ———— VRM ————— BRILLIANCE DOWN UP O © ) tỉ © ri} | I} ©) Tr ——^ =| (7
EBL RANGE SCALE 8 { I ¬,
BEARING 6N.M
FIG 2.9
When performing the range measurement without using EBL, pressing | VRM DOWN-UP ©-© , bring VRM on the target, and read the indication on the VRM
indicator When measuring the target range by the fixed range marker rings, perform the observation, judging the target is how many parts of the interval of the fixed range
marker ring from the inner ring or from the outer ring
2) Range measurement between two arbitrary points
Set [EBL MODE |to | IND 1| By moving EBL ORIGIN JOYSTICK to and fro in
all directions, bring the origin of EBL on either of two arbitrary points By turning EBL BEARING , place EBL on the other point By pushing | VRM DOWN-UP
_@ switch, place VRM placed on EBL on that point The range between two points can be read out on the VRM indicator (See Fig 2.10.)
Trang 3801-02
—————— BRILLIANCE EBL CENTERED 2 EBL MODE
CENTERED 1 ‘ EBL ` „ INDI1 OFF ` ớ) ~ IND2 THE ORIGIN ¬ \ OF EBL VRM ——— VRM BRILLIANCE DOWN uP : ds 7 4! © F |} | u ! | | EBL JOYSTICK — ` BEARING s |i] im FIG 2.10 25.2 Bearing Measurement
There are two bearings as the bearing of the target, one is relative bearing and the other
is true bearing Measure the bearing by setting [NORTH UP-HEAD UP Oa to
NORTH UP @® or [HEAD UP @®
1) Relative bearing
The relative bearing is the bearing in which the course direction of the own ship
is set to 0° Set [NORTH UP-HEAD UP] to [HEAD UP] When the origin of the PPI
sweep is at the center of the screen, set EBL MODE to Place EBL
on the center of the target by turning EBL BEARING and read the bearing of the target on the bearing scale
When the origin of the PPI sweep is not at the center, that is, off-center, set [EBL MODE] to Place EBL coming from the PPI origin on the center of the target, by turning EBL BEARING At this time, read the bearing scale indicated by the other EBL coming from the center (See Fig 2.11.)
Trang 39
EBL EBL MODE CENTERED 2 BRILLIANCE CENTERED 1, 1 NDT OFE „IND2 0 SHM 360 Ú 10 99 {COURSE OF OWN SHIP} EBL -2
ex (RELATIVE BEARING OF TARGET tS 20°) OWN SHIP'S POSITION TARGET EBL ——EB8L -1 BEARING
FIG 2.11 RELATIVE BEARING MEASUREMENT (WHEN OFF-CENTERED}
2) True bearing
True bearing is the bearing in which the due north of the earth is standardized, by
setting [NORTH UP-HEAD UP]to| NORTH UP|
The upper part on the screen of the display“Unit, that is, 0° of the bearing scale indicates the due north After setting [NORTH UP-HEAD UP | switch to [NORTH UP i
©) , read the bearing scale with the same way as described for the measurement of the relative bearing This read bearing describes the true bearing of the target (See Fig 2.12.)
Note: When measuring the true bearing, check whether the bearing indicated by the gyro
compass coincides with the true bearing indicated by the radar If not, perform meas- urements after doing the adjustment according to the Clause 4.6.3
Trang 40EBL MODE
EBL
BRILLIANCE CENTERED 2
TRUE BEARING CENTERED 1 Ị
OF TARGET “1 F~0° I§ TRUE NORTH \ INDI
340 350 0 10 2o OFF ~ - IND2
EBL
EBL
TARGET ex (TRUE BEARING
OF TARGET 1S 356°)
SHM
(COURSE OF OWN SHIP)
OWN SHIP’S POSITION
EBL BEARING
FIG 2.12 TRUE BEARING MEASUREMENT
2-5-3.Measurements of CPA and TCPA
It is the basic and general problem on the sea during the navigation to obtain the
relative movement of other ships to the own ship, its CPA (closest point of approach) and TCPA (time to CPA concerning the ship approaching to the own ship) The information of collision avoidance can be easily obtained by using inter-scan system EBL and EBL
markers which are features of this radar (See Fig 2.13)
1) Plot the target ship on the screen on the plotter surface with the plotter crayon At
this time, write its time, too
2) Set EBL MODE) to [IND 1} Adjust the brightness of EBL, the time marker on EBL
and VRM by using [EBL BRILLIANCE] , [EBL MARKER BRILLIANCE and [EBL
MARKER INTERVAL DOWN-UP] , so that they may be easily read
3) After several minutes (3 minutes is convenient for later calculation), place the origin of EBL on the previously plotted target position by shifting EBL ORIGIN JOYSTICK to and fro in all directions
4) Place EBL on the position of the target ship by turning EBL BEARING By this
operation, EBL shows the relative heading direction of the target ship
5) Adjust the range by |VRM DOWN-UP|so that its marker touch to EBL The figures on the VRM indicator show CPA