CLASSIFICATION OF DEPOSIT TYPES AND EVALUATION OF COPPER POTENTIAL IN FANSIPAN BELT

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY PHAN VIET SON CLASSIFICATION OF DEPOSIT TYPES AND EVALUATION OF COPPER POTENTIAL IN FANSIPAN BELT Discipline: Geology Engineering Code: 62.52.05.01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Ha Noi - 2016 This research was executed at Department of Prospecting and Exploration Geology, Faculty of Geology, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology ADVISORS AND CO-ADVISORS: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Luat, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Dr Nguyen Tien Dung, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Dang Xuan Phong, Vietnam Union of Geological Sciences Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Binh Chu, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Reviewer 3: Dr Dao Thai Bac, General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam This PhD dissertation will be examined by University’s PhD Qualifying Examination Committee at Hanoi University of Mining & Geology, DucThang Ward, Bac TuLiem District, Hanoi Schedule time: The full version is available at National Library - Hanoi, or Hanoi University of Mining and Geology’s Library INTRODUCTION Overview Copper, a common nonferrous metal, and its compound are widely used in industries, agricultures and human being Thus copper prospecting and mining become very important in socioeconomic development of countries Copper was founded and has been used in human life for more than 10000 years Total production and consumption of copper metal in 2009 was over 18 million tons worldwide, most of them come from: Chile (2.8 million tons), China (2.6 million tons, USA (1.2 million tons), Indonesia (0.26 million tons), and Philippines (0.17 million tons) In Vietnam, copper ore was founded and mined in three main areas: western bank of Red river (close to the border between Vietnam and China – in Lao Cai province), Luc Ngan river basin, and the northwest of the Northern Vietnam Besides, some small deposits of Cu were also founded in areas in the middle of Vietnam, such as Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh, Quang Ngai … (Nguyen Ngoc Lien et al., 1995; Tran Van Tri, 2000) However, the major reserves of mineral is located in the northwest of Vietnam: like Sin Quyen, Lao Cai and Ban Phuc, Son La; copper ore here has been prospected from 1960s, and ranked as high deposits with 0.5 - 2% Cu, g/t Au, and a small amount of Nickel Total estimation was over million tons, with 1.24 million tons has already been explored Nowadays, mining, processing and metallurgy complexes at Sin Quyen mine, Bat Xat and Tang Loong industrial park, Lao Cai annually produce around 10000 tons of Cu metal Fansipan belt has a very complicated structure and history of geologic development, which created abundance of copper deposits, and of course became an interesting studying object for a lot of geologists Geologic maps with different scales have been formed specially focus on prospecting and exploring copper metallization However, there were still a lot of arguments about mining classification in this area Thus, in order to improve effectiveness of prospecting and mining copper ore in not only Fansipan zone but also the whole areas of the northwest of Vietnam, summarizing theories and generating a researching model will be indispensable Based on above arguments and reality demands, topic chosen for researcher‟s PhD dissertation is “CLASSIFICATION OF DEPOSIT TYPESAND EVALUATION OF COPPER POTENTIALIN FANSIPAN BELT” Objective The aim of research is first making a copper deposits classification system in Fansipan belt base on geomathematics (mathematical geology), and second creating a scientific establishment for mineral potential estimation; whereby achieve better result in exploring and mining process in researched area Research accountability - Generating and systematizing related researches about structural and physical geology of Fansipan area, and copper deposits - Analyzing Fansipan belt geological structure and copper metallization characteristics - Classifying copper deposits in research‟s areas base on geological mathematics - Estimating resources, copper reserves in classified deposits Creating scientific establishments for further researches and prospecting and mining process Research subject and scope - Object of study: copper ore deposits, occurrences, and geologic formation related to copper metallization - Research‟s scope: Fansipan belt – Northwest Vietnam Approaching - Combining asymptotic system methods with traditional geologic studies to identify the objects‟ essences and distributing features of copper ores in area - Applying geological mathematics, logic analysis and supporting software to solve problems - Creating model (objecting) to simulate objects‟ properties and estimate ore quality - Estimating copper ore resources base on metallogenetic quantitative forecasts and deposit analysis Original contribution - Creating reliable industrial models for copper deposits in Fansipan belt based on combining geomathematics, logic analysis and traditional geologic studies - Research results point out three different types of copper deposits in Fansipan belt: Sin Quyen copper ore, which could be found in following mines: Sin Quyen, Vi Kem, Suoi Thau, Ta Phoi; Lung Po copper ore, in Lung Po mine; and Lang Phat copper ore, in Lang Phat, and An Luong copper mine - Combining geological mathematics with system asymptotic methods creates reliable results in mineral potential of copper ore in Fansipan belt Figure out the prospecting areas for explorations and mining Proposes - Argument 1: Fansipan belt has three different types of copper deposits: Sin Quyen copper deposit type, including Sin Quyen, Vi Kem, Suoi Thau, Ta Phoi deposits, located in Sin Quyen metamorphic formation (PPsq2) contains Cu-Fe-Au-REE; Lung Po copper deposit type, distributing in Vien Nam formation (T1vn), has Cu; Lang Phat copper deposit type, consisting of Lang Phat and An Luong deposits, existing in Sin Quyen (PPsq2) and Sa Pa (NPsp) formations, involves Cu-Au - Argument 2: Fansipan belt has quite great potential for copper ore The ore is allocated in three areas which need to be prospected and explored to contribute to the development of mining in industry in the area in particular and in Vietnam in general The high valuable of copper ores in these three areas need to be utilized in further prospecting and mining Academic and practical denotation a Academic denotation - Providing new method of copper ores classification base on new theories, technology and geologic mathematics - Clarifying the deposit formation characteristic of copper metallization at Fansipan belt; and providing some theoretical points, and ore guides to propose prospecting, estimating and mining methods in researching areas - Fulfilling the comprehensive acknowledgment about copper deposit at Fansipan belt b Practical denotation - Reference for further studies and mining operations Structure - This research dissertation is presented in chapters, includes: 140 pages, 50 graphs, 35 tables, and 65 references 10 Data - Research is accomplished base on geologic maps of Fansipan area (different scales: 1:500.000, 1:200.000, 1:50.000, 1:10.000) and reporting document from geologists - Experimental results from researcher‟s previous project “Applying geological mathematics in comparison, classification and mineral potential estimation of copper deposit at Fansipan Belt – Northwest Vietnam – Code B2010-02-100” Researcher added 254 new samples of metallography, 31 new samples of ICP, 25 new microsections; collected 3081 spectrum samples of primary bedrock, 12631 chemistry samples of Cu, etc 11 Acknowledgements This PhD dissertation was completed at Department of Prospecting and Exploration, Faculty of Geology, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology with advising of Asc Prof PhD Nguyen Quang Luat and PhD Nguyen Tien Dung I would like to thank my advisors for guiding and supporting me over years I would like to thank my thesis committee members for all of their guidance through this process; your discussion, ideas, and feedback have been absolutely invaluable I would like to thank for help from management committee of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Faculty of Geology, Department of Prospecting and Exploration, and General Department of Geology and Mineral of Vietnam I would like to thank for supporting from scientists: Prof PhD Dong Van Nhi, Asc.Prof PhD Dang Xuan Phong, Asc.Prof PhD Do Dinh Toat, Asc.Prof PhD Nguyen Phuong, Asc.Prof PhD Nguyen Van Lam, Asc.Prof PhD Tran Binh Chu, Asc.Prof PhD Pham Van Truong, Asc.Prof PhD Le Tien Dung, Asc.Prof PhD Truong Xuan Luan, Asc.Prof PhD Tran Thanh Hai, Asc.Prof PhD Luong Quang Khang, PhD Hoang Van Long, PhD Tran My Dung, PhD Ngo Xuan Thanh, PhD Bui Hoang Bac, and other researchers Research content Chapter GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF FANSIPAN BELT – NORTHWEST VIETNAM 1.1 Research area in geologic province Base on the classification of geologic structure units in the north of Vietnam published by Dovjikov A.E et al (1965), research area is located in Fansipan belt, part of the northwestern formation This area is also defined as “Metamorphic terrane in highland Hoang Lien Son” in researches of Tran Van Tri, et al (2009), which means that it belong to continental crust terrane Precambrian and reformatted in Phanerozoic, that connected with Ailaoshan (China) creating the southwestern edge of Yangzi 1.2 Literature - Before 1954: geologic researches were published by French geologists, such as Indochina‟s and Yunnan‟s stratigraphy overviewing of L Deprat (1912, 1916, 1917), Geologic formation in Da river basin and northern center of Vietnam of Ch Jacob (1921), Geologic analysis at northwest Vietnam and upper Laos of J Fromaget (1933, 1937, 1952) In general, geologic formation was classified based on groundmass characteristic in plate Indochina – Himalaya - After 1954: researches were executed by Soviet‟s and Vietnamese geologists Some remarkable researches and geologists could be listed as following: A.E Dovjikov et al (1965); E.P Izokh (1965); Nguyen Xuan Bao (1969); Bui Phu My (1971); Nguyen Vinh (1971); Phan Son (1974); Nguyen Van Chien, Le Dinh Huu, Phan Viet Ky, Nguyen Xuan Tung (1972); Phan Cu Tien (1977); Tran Van Tri, et al (1977); Vu Khuc, Bui Phu My (1985); Tran Duc Luong (1975-1977); Nguyen Xuan Tung, et al (1977, 1982, 1986); Nguyen Nghiem Minh, Vu Ngoc Hai (1987); Nguyen Xuan Tung, Tran Van Tri, et al (1992); Nguyen Thu Giao, et al (1994); Tran Trong Hoa, et al (1995, 1996, 1997); Le Nhu Lai (1995); Dao Dinh Thuc, Huynh Trung (1995); Nguyen Dac Dong (1997); etc From 1954, many mapping and mineral prospecting projects have been done, such as: Prospecting and Exploration for copper deposits in Sin Quyen and surrounding areas of Northwestern Geologic Union; Copper ore exploration in LungPo – Bat Xat – Lao Cai published by Mineral development company III (2000); Potential estimation of copper ore and other minerals in Ta Phoi, Cam Duong, Lao Cai by Intergeo Union (2002 – 2007); Mineral exploration in Vi Kem, Coc My, Bat Xat, Lao Cai – by Vinacomin (2001); Copper ore exploration at Ta Phoi, Lao Cai – by TaPhoi Copper joint-stock company (2012); Copper ore exploration at Khe Cam, An Luong, Van Chan, Yen Bai – by Thien Bao mineral joint-stock company (2011); Reporting from copper ore exploration at Lang Phat, Chau Que, Van Yen, Yen Bai – by Vu Toan mining co-operative (2011) However, copper deposits classification was different in published researches, and they need to be unified Base on this, researcher proposes creating a united classification for copper deposit at Fansipan belt is the research objective 1.3 Geologic characteristic at Fansipan Belt In order to generate the geologic characteristic at Fansipan Belt, researcher utilized the revision of North northwest (2001) and Northeast (1994) geologic map scale 1:200.000, which published on “Vietnamese geologic and mineral maps” in 2005 by General Department of Geology and Mineral of Vietnam Geologic formation: research area has several stratigraphy units: Neoarkei – Mesoproterozoi formation, includes: Suoi Chieng (NAsc), Sin Quyen (PPsq); Neoproterozoi – Early Cambrian formation includes: Cha Pa (NPsp), Da Dinh (NP-1đđ), Thach Khoan (NP-1tk); Paleozoic formation includes: Cam Duong (1cđ), Ben Khe (-Obk), Sinh Vinh (O3Ssv), Bo Hieng (S2bh), Mua river (D1sm), Ban Nguon (D1bn), Ban Pap (D1-2bp), and Ban Cai (D3bc); Mesozoic formation: Vien Nam (T1vn), Suoi Bang (T3n-rsb), Nam Thiep (J1-2nt); Kainozoi formations: Van Yen (N12vy), Phan Luong (N13pl), Co Phuc (N13cp) and friable sediments in Quaternary (Q) Magma intrusion formations: complex magmatism found in Fansipan belt includes: Neoarkei intrusion formation at Ca Vinh (DiG/MAcv); Paleoproterozoi intrusion formation at Xom Giau (G/PP1bn) and Muong Hum (GSi/PZ1mh); Mesozoic intrusion formation at Ba Vi (Gb/T1bv); Kainozoi intrusion formation at Ye Yen Sun (G/Eys) - Structure and formation: Fansipan belt was created by stratotectonics includes: Paleoproterozoi basement crystallization with geologic tectonic island arc which formed from quartz schist felspatmica, mica schist mica-granat, biotit-sphen, amphibol, amphibiolit schist, gneiss biotit, and Phanerozoic cover In sum, Fasipan belt has a long history and complex of geologic formation with strongly reformatted in geologic movement Region evidenced long time destruction, reconstruction and magma intrusion with variable of component and geologic age Chapter RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGIES 2.1 Copper characteristics about geochemistry and mineralogy - Geochemical characteristics: Copper (chemical symbol: Cu) is at the number 29 in the periodic table of chemical elements Copper is naturally a solid substance in reddish yellow color; highly conductive (5,96x107 /Ω·m) just ranks behind silver (Ag) and high thermal conductivity (401 W/m·K) Pure copper is quite soft and malleable, and its hardness level is from 2,5 to Mohs within density 8,93 g/cm3, melting point 1084,65 oC, and boiling point 2562 o C Otherwise, copper has Clark value as 4,7.10-3%, and is unevenly distributed in the mafic and ultramafic rocks (1.10-2%), neutral stone (3,5.10-3%) and acid stone (2.10-3%), sediments (5,7.10-3%), especially in the meteorite (1.10-2%) - Mineral characteristics: currently, over 240 different types of copper ore have been indentified Some of them are very valuable in mineral industry, like: Copper spontaneous; Chalcopyrite; Bornit; Cubanit; Chalcozin; Covellite; Tennantit; Tetrahedrit; Enacgit; Cuprit; Domeykit; Tenorit; Malachite; Azurite; Chrysocolla 2.2 Popular types of copper mine around the world and in Vietnam 11 spectroscopy, the average mineral contents are 0.6931% Cu; and 0.0103% Au; 23.5335% Fe; 0.0507% Er ; 0.00122% La; 0.0171% Ce + Structure and formation: disseminated, solid, remnant, mixture, glue architecture; grain, debris in shape, hard decomposition of solution like beams or networks - Geochemical characteristics: the determination of six primary elements: Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu, Cr, is reliable information within a probability higher than 90%, and setting a combination of syngenetic elements includes Cu, Ni, co, Cr and Pb, Zn, Cu is equivalent to two mineralization processed within two unseparted group elements (Cu-NiCr-co) and (Cu -Pb-Zn) - Gephysical characteristics: 53 detected physical anomalies were parallel, and extend in the same direction with regional geological structure as northwest-southeast within a length of 600m-2000m and the width varies from several tens to 200 meters Also, the distribution of mineralized copper zones was clarified at100 meters depth from the surface 3.2 Ta Phoi copper mine - Geological characteristics: metamorphic sediments of Sin Quyn at Proterozoic age The main componets: quartz schist, biotite schist, biotite graphite with garnet, an amphibolite and phlogopite within 600m thickness The changing processes surrounding rocks include pyritization, skarnization and hydrothermal alteration process - Ore components: + Mineral components: Chalcopyrite, Cubanite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Molybdenite, Magnetite, Hematite, Marcasite, Covellite, Melnicovite, Goethite, Azurite, Malachite; and nore ore like Quartz, Calcite + Chemical components: the average copper content is 0.413% And base on results of 13 anaytical ICP SP samples, the average content of minerals are 0.2434% CU, 0.0071% Au, 8.5079 % Fe, 0.0406% Er, 0.0025% La, 0.0397% Ce + Structure and formation: as observed , sampling and recent results, it is indicated that the main structure and formation is as dissemination, linear dissemination, mixture, solid mass, glue, grains, particals, remnants, debris 12 - Geochemical characteristics: the determination of six primary elements: Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu, Cr, is reliable information within a probability higher than 90%, and setting a combination of syngenetic elements includes Cu, Ni, co, Cr and Pb, Zn, Cu is equivalent to two mineralization processed within two unseparted group elements (Cu-NiCr-Co) and (Cu -Pb-Zn) - Geophysical characteristics: The intensity of radiation is from 60 - 320γ Barrier radiation intensity is from 100γ or more within less thickness Specifically, some places have greater 1000γ The ore deposits that have radiation intensity from 120γ, are closely related to the group iron copper ore, while copper ore contains very little or no radioactive ore 3.3 Lung Po copper mine - Geological characteristics: The ore geologic formations are mainly Vien Nam formations include formation of Late Permian extrusive mafic - Early Triassic They are distributed along the right bank of the Red River that is located on the Eastern edge of the Hoang Lien Son„s complex anticline The volcanic rocks consists andesite, andesitobasalt, monzodiorite, micromonzodiorite, porphyritic diorite The changing processes of surrounded rocks are skarnization, carbonate- chloritization and sericite-chloritization, propylitization - Ore compositions: + Mineral components: The primary minerals are Chalcopyrite; Bornite; Magnetite; Pyrite; Hematite; Native Gold The secondary minerals include Malachite, Azurite, covellite, Chancozin, Hydrogothite, Bornite, sometimes Limonite encountered The non-ore minerals are rock-forming due to hydrothermal metasomatic processes associated with mineralization, including particles of quartz, epidote, chlorite iron, sericite, biotite, muscovite, granate, pyroxene, actinolite , carbonate + Chemical components: as statistical results derived from processing samples following subdivision, the copper contents are 0.283%, 0,318% and 0.211% in A, B and C subdivision respectively Calcined sampling results revealed the avergae contents of Au and Ag are 0.156g/T and 6.7g/T And analytical results of ICP SP samples presented the avergage contents are 0.1513% Cu, 16.1550% FE , 0.0806% Er 13 + Ore structure and formation: Ore structure is primarily circuit, circuit networks, cement cohesion, trans-filling, blockig and solid Ore architecture includes particle formation, half self-grain, or plates (chalcopyrite, bornite and magnetite), biodegradable hard solution (bornite, chalcopyrite), and radial, grain corroding, twinning growing The features of group‟s architecture of the secondary of original ores are typically plates, craked grains, crushed grains, recrystallizating grains - Geochemical characteristics: To perceive the basic characteristics of geochemistry and to identify combination of syngenetic element in Lung Po mine, we used some logical algorithms, geological maths and related materials, which are presented in chapter Six elements were identified as: Mo, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn within reliable information of a probability higher than 90% and a combination of syngenetic elements including Ni, Co, Cu Cu association with Pb and Zn - Geophysical characteristics: Based on practical, analytical results and geological data of the Mineral Development Company III, three anomalous zones are set up 3.4 Lang Phat – An Duong copper mine - Geological characteristics: including Sin Quyn formation above and Sa Pa formation below Rocks belonging to Sin Quyen formation are widely distributed in copper mine as strips extending from Northwest to Northeast or as isometric form tangent to the adjacent geological formations Surounded rock changing processes are : quaztization, cloritization, sericitization and calcitization - Ore components: + Mineral components: The study showed that in Lang Phat mine, some different ores were discovered: pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, galena, ilmenite, rutile, magnetite, ilmenorutile, sphalerite, manhicovite, bornite, chalcosine, covellite, tenorite, spontaneous copper, native gold, malachite, azurite, hematite, limonite In An Luong copper mine, there were discovered minerals, and nonminerals as: chalcopyrite, bornite, magnetite, hematite, rutile, ilmenite, pyrite, chalcosine, covellite, cuprite, sponteneous copper Secondary minerals are malachite, limollite, circuit quartz, calcite, dolomite Popular deposits are chalcopyrite, bornit, non-ore minerals in general, and quartz, dolomite 14 +Chemical components: the average copper contents are 0.38% in Lang Phat, and 0.608% in An Luong,while the contents of other minerals are 0.003% Zn, 0.002% As, 15.46% MgO, 15.08% SiO2, 1.59% Al2O3, 0.004% TiO2, 0.19g/T Au ( or 0.27g/T Au and 2.5g/T Ag as follow the analytical high tech- sampling) +Structure and formation: disseminated , cloudy, micro structure; grain and half grain architecture, or micro grain surrounding original minerals - Geochemical characteristics: elements are determined (An, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mo) within reliable probability of over 90%, where Cu, Pb and Zn are closely associated Otherwhile, Cu found in Lang Phat – An Luong is not related to Co, Ni, Cr like in Sin Quyen mine or Ta Phoi, Lung Po, but in relation to Sn and Mo, - Geophysical characteristics: The boundary of geological formations is determined Chapter CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER DEPOSIT TYPES IN THE FANSIPAN BELT – GEOLOGICAL MATHEMATICAL APPROACHING * Sin Quyen Copper mine: There are available standpoints about the origins of this copper mine, such as: - Genvenko V.I (1964): the origin of copper was hydrothermal - Phan Truong Thi (1965): deposits derived from metasomatic origin - Bui Phu My (1972): deposits related to intrusive solution of the neutral bases and intrusive diorite Lung Thang - Tran Quoc Hia and Dinh Van Dien (1972): deposits came from ultra metamorphic origin - Ta Viet Dung (1974): deposits were originated hydrothermal metasomatic - Nguyen Ngoc Lien (1995): deposits are hydrothermal origin of eruption (volcanic) - Le Xuan Vinh, Nguyen Linh Ngoc Mai Trong Tu (2011): Sin Quyen copper mine were porphyritic ore 15 - Gaskov.IV, Tran Tuan Anh, Tran Trong Hoa, Pham Thi Dung, PA Nevol'ko, Pham Ngoc Can (2012): Sin Quyen copper mine was one type of IOCG * Ta Phoi copper mine: is one type of porphyritic copper ore as followed by Dinh Van Dien, Nguyen Phuong et al (2004); Duong Quoc Lap, Bui Xuan Anh et al (2007); Le Xuan Vinh, Nguyen Linh Ngoc Mai Trong Tu (2011) suggested that the * Lung Po copper mine is one type of porphyritic copper ore as followed by Nguyen Phuong et al (1995); and Le Xuan Vinh, Nguyen Linh Ngoc Mai Trong Tu (2011) * Lang Phat – An Luong copper mine: types of origins were suggested metamorphic and hydrothermal origin within low and high temperatures In summary, due to the viewpoints above, I on my acknowledgement believe that it is difficult to categorize, compare relevantly copper mine according to the origin of copper deposits in Fansipan belt Therefore, a logical analyzing method mathematics based is approached for grouping detected and exploited mines This method is presented below 4.2 Theoretical basis and denotation of geological mathematical methods - Theoretical basis of geological mathematical methods: + Analyzing frequency of geological information within highly reliable value; + One-dimensional statistical methods; + Correlation analyzing and multivariate regression; + Dengram analytical method; + Subdivision of geological objects; + Inductive method: objects to standard groups - Denotations: + Each geological object contains many characteristics and different information In geological mapping and exploration, geologists can use a variety of methods, techniques to acquire a collection of various types of information on the properties of the ore + Depending on the purpose, requirements and research tasks of each type of information are also very different Thus, it is very 16 important for geologists to know how to choose the type of the most influenced information to solve effectively their research purposes and reduce the amount of unnecessary work Finally, in order to help geologists to choose correctly a combination of all kinds of highly informative data according to the research purpose, logical algorithms and statistics can be used + In geological studies, mining search and exploration often require to categorize geological objects into groups Therefore, in order to divide the geological objects into groups base on their similarity, the algorithm "division of geological objects into groups " and algorithms of "Induction to standard objects "can be applied 4.3 Results - Logical algorithm and Dengram method: + At the Sin Quyen mine: 555 geological samples were collected and analyzed An highly reliable results were proposed of elements: Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu, Cr The relatively analytical and Dengram results are generated into table below Table 4.1 Relative matrix of collected elements in the Sin Quyen (the main diagonal is the correlation coefficient rxy; the lower part of the main diagonal matrix is arcos rxy.) Element Co Cr Ni Cu Pb Zn 0,295 0,503 0,301 0,442 0,412 Co 1,272 0,432 0,367 0,159 0,434 Cr 1,043 1,124 0,243 0,445 0,435 Ni 1,265 1,195 1,325 0,396 0,298 Cu 1,113 1,412 1,110 1,162 0,453 Pb 1,147 1,122 1,121 1,268 1,100 Zn Table 4.1 and figure 4.1 show the close relationship between those elements, so a combination of native elements can be constructed which are Cu, Ni, Co, Cr and Pb, Zn, Cu This result is similar to the mineralization process of separated groups (Cu-CrCo-Ni) and (Cu-Pb-Zn) + At the Ta Phoi: 1434 samples were analyzed the semiquantitative spectral High reliable information was approached to suppose elements: Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, Zn and Cr, which is showed below 17 Figure 4.1 Dengram diagram and analytical correlation of elements in the Sin Quyen Table 4.2 Relative matrix of collected elements in the Ta Phoi (the main diagonal is the correlation coefficient r xy; the lower part of the main diagonal matrix is arcos rxy.) Element Ni Cr Co Pb Cu Zn Ni 1,104 0,843 1,503 1,241 1,259 Cr 0,450 1,164 1,540 1,363 1,338 Co 0,665 0,396 1,370 1,365 1,301 Pb 0,067 0,030 0,199 1,050 1,316 Cu 0,323 0,207 0,204 0,497 1,377 Zn 0,306 0,231 0,267 0,252 0,193 - Table 4.2 and figure 4.2 show the close relationship between those elements, so a combination of native elements can be constructed which are Cu, Ni, Co, Cr and Pb, Zn, Cu This result is similar to the mineralization process of separated groups (Cu-CrCo-Ni) and (Cu-Pb-Zn) + At The Lung Po: 567 samples were analyzed the semiquantitative spectral High reliable information was approached to suppose elements: Mo, Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, and Zn, which is showed below 18 Figure 4.2 Dengram diagram and analytical correlation of elements in the Ta Phoi Table 4.3 Relative matrix of collected elements in the Lung Po (the main diagonal is the correlation coefficient rxy; the lower part of the main diagonal matrix is arcos rxy.) Element Mo Pb Cu Ni Co Zn Mo 1,341 1,226 1,384 1,443 1,389 Pb 0,228 1,473 1,452 1,489 1,291 Cu 0,338 0,097 1,017 0,900 1,303 Ni 0,186 0,119 0,526 0,897 1,176 Co 0,128 0,082 0,621 0,624 1,369 Zn 0,181 0,276 0,264 0,384 0,200 - Table 4.3 and figure 4.3 show the close relationship between those elements, so a combination of native elements can be constructed which are Ni, Co, Cu Copper has a very closely relation to Pb and Zn There is no the overlaying sign of the mineralization process like at the Sin Quyen and the Ta Phoi + At the Lang Phat – An Luong mine: 525 samples were analyzed the semi- quantitative spectral High reliable information was approached to suppose elements: Sn, Zn, Pb, Cu an Mo, which is showed in the follow table and figure 19 Figure 4.3 Dengram diagram and analytical correlation of elements in the Lung Po Table 4.4 Relative matrix of collected elements in the Lang Phat – An Luong (the main diagonal is the correlation coefficient r xy; the lower part of the main diagonal matrix is arcos rxy.) Element Sn Pb Mo Cu Zn Sn 1,22 1,33 1,21 1,27 Pb 0,34 1,05 0,61 0,69 Mo 0,24 0,50 1,14 1,09 Cu 0,35 0,82 0,42 0,77 Zn 0,30 0,77 0,46 0,72 - Table 4.4 and figure 4.4 show the close relationship between those elements, so a combination of native elements can be constructed which are Cu, Pb and Zn There is no correlation between Cu and Co, Ni and Cr like at the Sin Quyen, the Ta Phoi or the Lung Po However, there is a correlation between Sn and Mo 20 Figure 4.4 Dengram diagram and analytical correlation of elements in the Lang Phat – An Luong - Subdivision geological objects into groups: this method categorize different copper mine type in Fansipan belt into main types (Figure 4.5) :The Sin Quyen copper mine( Sin Quyen, Vi Kem, Suoi Than, Ta Phoi); The Lung Po mine, and The Lang Phat – An Luong mine (Lang Phat, and An Luong) - Inductive method that assigned objects into standard groups: Only the Ta Phoi( E= 0.62) is in the same group with the Sin Quyen, others like Lung Po (E=0.51), An Luong (E=0.54) and Lang Phat (E= 0.53) are not in the group of the Sin Quyen (figure 4.6) Figure 4.6 The Entropy relation of copper mines projected on Entropy axis 21 Chapter MINERAL POTENTIAL ESTIMATION OF COPPER IN THE FANSIPAN BELT – SOUTHWEST VIENAM 5.1 The premise and the copper ore guides * The Sin Quyen copper mine: - Premise: stratigraphic premise - Copper ore guides: revealed races of ore; boulder dispersion haloes of ore; coronary geolocalization (secondary geochemistry; primary geochemistry; vegetation; hydro geochemistry); geophysical signs (3 signs are: the geophysical anomalies of radiation, electric, and magnetic); changing signs of ssurrounding rocks by the action of hydrothermal solutions (chloritization, epidotization, and skarnization) *The Lung Po copper mine: - Premise: Premise of lithostratigraphy; and he premise of the structure – architecture: Favorable bedrock premise - Ore guides: sores ore; signs geochemical anomalies of secondary, or primary; signs of geophysical anomalies; the hydrothermal alteration on rock as skarnization, carbonization, sericite - chlorite – quartzation propylit The old constructions are: trenches, wells * The Lang Phat – An Luong copper mine: - Premise: Premise of favorable lithology; premise of structure- architecture; premise of magma formation - Ore guides: sores ore; geochemical signs; geophysical signs 5.2 Methods of mineral potential estimation - Evaluation of identified mineral resources: Identified copper resources was determined by Minerals Corporation, Union of Geology 305, Mineral Company III, Ta Phoi co-company, Thien Bao JSC Mineral, Vu Toan Mining Cooperative, Geology Division Integeo and Northwest Geological Division in the report of copper prospecting, estimating and exploration at mining field of Sin Quyen Ta Phoi, Lung Po, Lang Phat, An Luong, etc Resources was estimated for each orebody based on the norms approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Reserve calculated 22 by using vertical geological sections parallel method and geological blocking method After that, researcher did examine and calibrate statistic results of reserves, resources by rule of decentralizing new reserves - Estimation resources: To estimate the resource by forecast method, researcher applied direct calculation method for metallization parameters Resource (PTN) was calculated by following equation: PTN = QTN C = V'.d C (5.1) with: V' = V.Kq = H SSf Kq (5.2) N K Kq =  i 1 qi (5.3) N in which: QTN – ore resources in research area (tons) C – the average of useful component in mineral deposit, defined by chemical analysis d – the average weight of rock containing ore V‟ – the volume of ore-bearing zone ½ - the adjustment coefficient by level of dissection H – speculated depth of existing ore (m) SSf – area of mineralization zones, identified on plan according to geochemical and geophysical document (m2) Kqi = Mqi/MSfi Mqi – total thickness of ore zone to the ith section MSfi – thickness of ore containing layer in the ith section 5.3 Estimated results of copper in the Fansipan – Southwest Vietnam - Zoning potential areas of minerals: traditional zoning and GIS weighting model were approached, which are presented details in the full version - The results are: + The Sin Quyen copper mine: total reserves estimated is 1.861.074 tons of Cu, in which level of 111 + 121 + 122 + 222 + 333 occupied 23 around 905.567 tons, and level of 111 + 121 + 122 made up around 383.305 tons + The Lung Po copper mine: total estimated is 202.345 tons of Cu, in which level of 122 + 333 have around 12.578 tons, and level of 122 has 1.959 tons + The Lang Phat copper mine: total estimated is 184.265 tons of Cu, in which level of 122 + 333 have 47.250 tons, and level of 122 has 22.538 tons CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Conclusion Fansipan belt has a long history and complex structure geologic formation, which consists of sedimentary, metamorphic and sedimentary eruption from Proterozoic to Cenozoic age, with strong magma instrusive from different elements Intricated tectonic in current area ocurrence in different directions, in which faulty system under the northwest – southeast has the largest scale and play an important role for the formation of local geology The research results draws some conclusions: Applying geological mathematics in summarizing, analyzing and processing research‟s document provides reliable arguments and theories in clarifying geologic, mineral composition, metallization and distribution characteristic; also point out the relationship between mineral components in orebody, and determine the geologic factors associated in copper metallization at Fansipan belt There are three type of copper deposit at Fansipan belt: - Sin Quyen copper mine (Sin Quyen, Vi Kem, Suoi Thau, Ta Phoi) - Lung Po copper mine - Lang Phat copper mine (Lang Phat, An Luong) Figure out the geologic control factors in metallization process of the types of copper mine: - Sin Quyen copper mine: Geologic formation at Sin Quyen area act as physical supplies and forming Cu in copper ore Simultaneously geologic tectonic (overlap folding with volcanic center and dome) is also play an important role in the minerallization 24 - Lung Po copper mine: Vien Nam formation provides elements and forming copper ore - Lang Phat copper mine: Sin Quyen formation and Sapa formation are the supporting and creating strata for copper ore Fansipan belt copper ore estimation: - Sin Quyen copper mine: total reserves estimated is 1.861.074 tons of Cu, in which level of 111 + 121 + 122 + 222 + 333 occupied around 905.567 tons, and level of 111 + 121 + 122 made up around 383.305 tons - Lung Po copper mine: total estimated is 202.345 tons of Cu, in which level of 122 + 333 have around 12.578 tons, and level of 122 has 1.959 tons - Lang Phat copper mine: total estimated is 184.265 tons of Cu, in which level of 122 + 333 have 47.250 tons, and level of 122 has 22.538 tons Discussion Based on published results, researcher have some discussion: Further researches about geologic control factors for the mineralization of copper deposits (3 types) at Fansipan belt should be continue The effectiveness of base formation, reservoir, confining bed, and surrounding strata to copper metallization need to be clarified From that, create the prospecting criterions (theoretical and ore guide) for each type of copper mines In copper ore prospecting in Fansipan belt, we should focus more at copper deposits from Sin Quyen and Lung Po copper mines, also clarifying characteristics of Lang Phat copper mine They are the most prospected type of copper deposits in Fansipan belt PUBLICATION Bui Hoang Bac, Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Tien Dung and et al (2014): “Applying geological mathematic and GIS in mineral prospective mapping (case study: LungPo – Hop Thanh, Lao Cai province)”, Journal of Resources and Environment, August 2015 vol2, p30-33 Hanoi, Ministry of Resources and Environment Luong Quang Khang, Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Tien Dung, et al (2014): “Overviewing about world race earth metals market”, Journal of Geology, series A, Jan-Feb 2014, vol 340, p64-72 Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Tien Dung (2008): “Geological characteristics and potential of copper ore in area of Bac Giang”, Collection of 18th Scientific reports – Vol2: Geology and Minerals, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Phan Viet Son (2009): “Effect of magma factor to copper metallization at Fansipan Belt, code N2009-16”, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology: Annual Scientific project, 2009 Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Tien Dung, Nguyen Quang Luat, Bui Xuan Anh (2010): “Copper metallization in are of Ta Phoi, Lao Cai: characteristic and mining potential”, Collection of 19th Scientific reports – Vol3: Geology and Minerals, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Tien Dung, Nguyen Xuan An, et al (2012): “Applying logical mathematics and dengramm analysis in geochemistry data processing to define syngenetic elements in Ta Phoi copper mine, Lao Cai”, Collection of 20th Scientific reports, Geology – Minerals, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Duy Hung (2012): “Applying logical mathematics and dengramm analysis in geochemistry data processing to define syngenetic elements in Ta Phoi copper mine, Lao Cai”, Journal of Environment and Resources, September 2012, Vol1, p19-21, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Phan Viet Son, et al (2012): “Applying geological mathematics in comparison, classification and potential estimation of copper deposits in Fansipan Belt – Northwest Vietnam, code B2010-02100”, Ministry of Education and Training: Scientific Projects [...]... orebody, and determine the geologic factors associated in copper metallization at Fansipan belt 2 There are three type of copper deposit at Fansipan belt: - Sin Quyen copper mine (Sin Quyen, Vi Kem, Suoi Thau, Ta Phoi) - Lung Po copper mine - Lang Phat copper mine (Lang Phat, An Luong) 3 Figure out the geologic control factors in metallization process of the 3 types of copper mine: - Sin Quyen copper mine:... bed, and surrounding strata to copper metallization need to be clarified From that, create the prospecting criterions (theoretical and ore guide) for each type of copper mines 2 In copper ore prospecting in Fansipan belt, we should focus more at copper deposits from Sin Quyen and Lung Po copper mines, also clarifying characteristics of Lang Phat copper mine They are the most prospected type of copper deposits... Chapter 4 CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER DEPOSIT TYPES IN THE FANSIPAN BELT – GEOLOGICAL MATHEMATICAL APPROACHING * Sin Quyen Copper mine: There are available standpoints about the origins of this copper mine, such as: - Genvenko V.I (1964): the origin of copper was hydrothermal - Phan Truong Thi (1965): deposits derived from metasomatic origin - Bui Phu My (1972): deposits related to intrusive solution of the... magmatic origin; hydrothermal copper deposits; Konchedan copper mines; copper – quartz deposits; sandstone and shale deposits containing copper 2.3.Methodologies - Collecting, synthesizing and analyzing geological data minerals; - Geological methods; - Systematic approaching; - Collecting and analyzing samples; - Geological accounting method (logical operations, Dengram method, statistics); - Modeling; -... reserves, while shale and sandstone contain 15-20% copper; in konchedan mines, copper accounts for 5-8%; Cu-Ni sulphide deposits is accounted 2-2.5% ,C; and percentages of copper are accounted as 2-4% in skarn deposits, and 0.5 to 0.75 in carbonatit mines respectively - The types of copper mines in Vietnam: As recent research results, there are follwing types discovered on the territory of Vietnam as: Cu-Ni... syngenetic elements in Ta Phoi copper mine, Lao Cai”, Journal of Environment and Resources, September 2012, Vol1, p19-21, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 8 Phan Viet Son, et al (2012): “Applying geological mathematics in comparison, classification and potential estimation of copper deposits in Fansipan Belt – Northwest Vietnam, code B2010-02100”, Ministry of Education and Training: Scientific Projects... Nguyen Linh Ngoc Mai Trong Tu (2011) * Lang Phat – An Luong copper mine: 2 types of origins were suggested metamorphic and hydrothermal origin within low and high temperatures In summary, due to the viewpoints above, I on my acknowledgement believe that it is difficult to categorize, compare relevantly copper mine according to the origin of copper deposits in Fansipan belt Therefore, a logical analyzing... Sin Quyen area act as physical supplies and forming Cu in copper ore Simultaneously geologic tectonic (overlap folding with volcanic center and dome) is also play an important role in the minerallization 24 - Lung Po copper mine: Vien Nam formation provides elements and forming copper ore - Lang Phat copper mine: Sin Quyen formation 2 and Sapa formation are the supporting and creating strata for copper. .. geological objects into groups: this method categorize 7 different copper mine type in Fansipan belt into 3 main types (Figure 4.5) :The Sin Quyen copper mine( Sin Quyen, Vi Kem, Suoi Than, Ta Phoi); The Lung Po mine, and The Lang Phat – An Luong mine (Lang Phat, and An Luong) - Inductive method that assigned objects into standard groups: Only the Ta Phoi( E= 0.62) is in the same group with the Sin Quyen, others...9 - Types of copper mine in the world are very diverse that are from different groups of origin The copper mining industry is divided to magma, carbonate, skarn, hydrothermal pluton deposits (porphyritic copper) , konchedan, stratiform deposits (shales and sandstones contain copper) Those mines have unevenly economic value Specifically, the porphyritic copper mine is confirmedly about 65 -70% in quantitative