Articles Articles Use the definite article, the: ■ ■ ■ with singular or plural nouns, when you expect the person who is listening to know which person or thing you are talking about: ▶ Thank you for the flowers (= the ones that you brought me) ▶ This is the CD I told you about with the names of oceans, rivers, groups of islands or mountains, deserts: ▶ The Thames goes through Oxford and London ▶ Where are the Seychelles? ▶ He was the first person to row across the Atlantic when talking about playing musical instruments: ▶ I’ve been learning the piano for four years The is not usually used when you are talking about modern music such as jazz, rock, etc.: ▶ He plays bass in a band NOTE Use no article: ■ ■ ■ ■ Use the indefinite article, a/an: ■ ■ ■ ■ when the other person does not know which person or thing you are talking about or when you are not referring to a particular person or thing: ▶ He’s got a new bike ( I haven’t mentioned it before ) ▶ Could you bring me a knife? ( Any knife will be okay.) when talking about a type or class of people or things, such as when you mention a person’s job: ▶ She’s an accountant ▶ He works as a waiter ■ A/an is used only with singular countable nouns NOTE A is used before a consonant sound, an before a vowel sound: ▶ a shirt, a house, a euro, a URL ▶ an eagle, an hour, an MP © Oxford University Press with most names of countries, counties, states, streets, towns or lakes: ▶ I’m going to Turkey ▶ She’s from Yorkshire ▶ They live in Iowa ▶ Toronto is on Lake Ontario ▶ We’ve bought a house in Harpes Road with the names of religions: ▶ Christianity has its roots in Judaism with a person’s title when the name is mentioned: ▶ President Kennedy but the President of the United States ▶ Doctor Jones with the words for meals, months and days of the week: ▶ Why don’t you come for dinner? ▶ See you on Tuesday ▶ She was born in December NOTE Articles are used when you are describing a particular meal, month or day: ▶ The lunch they provided was excellent ▶ We set off on a sunny Tuesday in August ■ when a school, prison, jail or court is being referred to as an institution: ▶ When the children finish school? ▶ He was sent to prison for two years The is used when you are talking about a particular building: ▶ I’ll meet you outside the school in prices, speeds, etc.: ▶ The top speed is 70 kilometres an hour ▶ I go to the gym three times a week sometimes with hundred, thousand, million, etc.: ▶ He won a thousand pounds on the lottery with uncountable nouns or with countable nouns in the plural, when you are talking in general: ▶ I love flowers ( all flowers ) ▶ Honey is sweet ( all honey ) ▶ Are nurses well paid here? (nurses in general ) NOTE Use a possessive (not an article): ■ when talking about possessions or parts of the body: ▶ She sprained her ankle and broke her arm ▶ I’ve left my phone on the bus ▶ Where did I leave my car? ▶ He’s had his hair cut ➔ For more information about the use of articles, look at the notes at the entries for HOSPITAL and COLLEGE informal) the West the disadvantaged noun [pl.] people who are dowdisadvantaged ledge) noun a narrow shelf below a window, either inside or outside: Place the plants on a sunny windowsill /ˌdɪsædvænˈteɪdʒəs/ adj ~(to/for VISUAL VOCAB PAGE V15 dis·ad·van·ta·geous sb) (formal) causing sb to be in a worse situation compared wind·pipe /ˈwɪndpaɪp/ noun the tube in the throat that to other people: The deal will not be disadvantageous to carries air to the lungs trachea VISUAL VOCAB PAGE your company advantageous mortar/ˌdɪsəˈlaʊ/ dis·allow 1008to Mos·lem verb ~sth [often passive] (formal) 930 to lem anyadj ˈluck = officially refuse to accept sth because it is not valid: successful w The second goal was disdisallow a claim/an appeal considered mor·tar /ˈmɔːtə(r); NAmE ˈmɔːrt‑/ noun, verb help.’ as luc allowed [ (6)1 [Uwater, loy·alty ˈlɔɪəlti / nounALLOW (pl.of-ies) ] ~(to/towards noun / U]COMPARE a mixture sand, LIME andsb/sth) CEMENT mosque decides wha the of being faithful your support of sb/sth: = WIND DOWN usedquality in building for holding in bricks and stones together dis·am·bigu·ate /ˌdɪsæmˈbɪɡjueɪt / verb ~sth (specialist) to Muslims w V48 was late ba They their loyalty thebetween king and Can Ior count onwords, your [C] swore aclearly heavy gun that to fires bombs high into show the difference twoSHELLS more dis·af·fect·ed / ˌdɪsəˈfektɪd / adj no longer satisfied with especially in the wind·screen sympathy fo mos·quito /ˈwɪndskriːn/ (BrE) (NAmE wind·shield) noun loyalty? [ C , usually pl.] a strong feeling that you want to the air; the bombs firedin bymeaning this gun: to come under phrases, etc whichthat areare similar situation, etc therefore not rson’s body was It’s lu or -os -oeshard the your window acrossorganization, the front of abelief, vehicle COLLOCATIONS and be loyal fire/attack to sb/sth: a 3case loyalties (= in with strong mortar [C] of a divided small hard bowl which you roud loyal to it: Some disaffected members left to form a new (in andˈluck sucks AT DRIVING VISUAL VOCAB PAGE V42 feelings of substances support for such different causes, people, etc /two ˌdɪsəˈpɪə (r); NAmE / verb pow)[I] your can crush as seeds and ‑ˈpɪr grains into party dis·af·fec·tion / ˌdɪsəˈfekʃn / noun [ U ] : There are ofthe baddiseas luck t noun any musical ˈwindscreen wiper (BrE) (NAmE ˈwindshield wiper) (also (+ to become impossible to customers see vanish ˈloyalty card noun (BrE) in a(called card given to by a : sth) (inform a PESTLE ) to VISUAL VOCAB deradv./prep.) with a special object Look at the examples a noun entry find out signs of growing disaffection amongst voters V11 COMPARE BRASS , Lisa The disappeared behind a shop cloud.there watched wiper BrE, NAmE) noun a blade with a rubber edge that shop/store to encourage them to regularly PAGESplane V23 , V55 SEE BRICK luck with dis·af·fili·ate /ˌdɪsəˈfɪlieɪt verb [it I, clear T] ~(sth) (from sth) to what can besth used with it: until the disappeared from view which [a I] mortar to will stopallow exist- of moves across a windscreen to/make of rain, snow, mosˈquito they buy collect points Each verbverbs [time I, T]train ~(sb/sth) to they attack sb/sth using ˌbetter luck end the link between a group, a company or an organizacollocation is the way in which particular ing vanish Her nervousness quickly disappeared etc VISUAL VOCAB PAGE V42 NCH (= a machine them to have an: amount of money taken they to keep m has not ˈmortar board noun a black hat with a off stiffgoods square top, who tion and a larger one: The local club has disaffiliated from Which onceinshe on stage The problem won’t verbs are used with mortgage? buy thewas future WORDFINDER NOTE AT BUY just disappear wind·shield /ˈwɪndʃiːld / noun 1together (NAmE) (BrE windwords tend to occur or belong you believe worn by some university teachers and students at special moss /mɒi the National Athletic Association dis·af·fili·ation Our countryside is disappearing at an alarming rate the window across the front of a vehicle VISUAL loz·enge /ˈlɒzɪndʒ ; NAmE ˈlɑːz‑ / noun a figure wind: a windless traditional ceremonies yellow plab VISUAL VOCAB PAGE V53 1 (geometry) CAP lost /ˌdɪsəfɪliˈeɪʃn / noun ] Forscreen) example, you can[Usay: ] to be impossible find COMPARE vanish: I can [Ifour VOCAB PAGE V42 a glass or plastic screen that provides with sides inorthe shape of to a diamond that has two (informal) for faces, rock mort·gage /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ ; NAmE ˈmɔːrɡ‑ / noun, verb never find a pen in this house They disappear asless soon as I luck protection from the wind, for example at the front of a opposite angles more than 90° and the other two than good PAGE V9 ˈ / ˌdɪsəˈɡriː / verb [ I ] if two people dis terrace, a machine used in ▶ Meals will be served outside on the buy noun ( also informal ˌhome ˈloan) a legal agreement by them ~from sth The child disappeared from his motorcycle 90° a small sweet/candy, often in a lozenge shape, espenot mind SEE ROLLwh v agree or one person disagrees with another about sth, ws air to give the whichone a bank or similar organization lends home some time after four dis·ap·pear·ance /money ‑ˈpɪərəns cially that contains medicine and that youyou dissolve into; hope they w weather permitting opinion wind·sock /ˈwɪndsɒk ; NAmE ‑sɑːk/about noun it: a tube of disEvenmade friends they have a different CHESTRAS to probuy amouth: house, etc.,[Uand you pay the money back species over a NAmE ‑ˈpɪr‑ / noun , C]: the disappearance of many mossy /ˈm your throat/cough lozenges care to try m softagree material, open at both ends, that hangs at the top of a sometimes I disagree I don’ton think particular number of from years; sumof money you my/sb’s ˈluc of plants and animals ourthe planet Police arethat investi but not Mealsdirection willNo, be served outside theit would /ˌel ˈpiːto / noun thefor/take abbreviation for ‘long-playing record’ pole, show the wind betothe rightthe thing to of~(with sb) (about/on/over sth) He LP mortborrow: apply a mortgage gating the disappearance ofout/pay a youngoffwoman SEE ACT g with machinery prised sth ba terrace, weather allowing (gage a record that plays for about 25 minutes each side and Some people disagreed with his parents on most things det., pron wind·storm / ˈwɪndstɔːm ; NAmE ‑stɔːrm / noun (NAmE) a rates n., FACE n (= of interest) a mortgage on the house a often ven by the power lucky: turns 33 times per minute) disagree argument ~that … little Few rain would storm wherewith therethis is very strongwind but or dis‘many’) mortgage of £60000 monthly mortgage payments your/sb’s LS ) VISUAL VOCAB ˈlu agree that students learn best they aresame interested in these sentences seem towhen mean the AT[U/ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt / verb1COLLOCATIONS [T, ‘Iliquefied ] ~(sb) (it LPG /ˌel piː ˈdʒiːNOTE / noun ] the abbreviation for snow will g HOME , LOAN AT WORDFINDER s that turn round, Both orthink successfu the topic petroleum gas ’ ( a fuel which is a mixture of gases kept in a to make sb feel sad because sth disappoints sb that …) all of them HOUSE d into electricity thing: wind·surf·er /ˈwɪndsɜːfə (r); have NAmE ‑sɜːrf‑ noun (also sailallow and permit very/similar decides sth, i liquid form bygive the pressure intoathe container ) not hope forout, orbank, expect happen or ate the mo that verbthey ~sth to a etc legaldoes right tohappen own your ved plastic parts BrE, NAmE ) a long narrow board with a sail, that you board (apply for, take pay off) ! EXPRESS meanings ButYOURSELF in this combination only is not as good hoped: Her decision to cancel the can be lef house, land, etc if they you not pay the money back you ˈL-plate noun (inas Britain and some other countries ) athat white urns round on the stand on and sail across water on a person on a ! concert isabound to her fans I hate to SYNONYMS sth; almos Disagreeing sign large reddisappoint letter L on it, that putor on adisapcar He havewith borrowed from the bank to buy theyou house land: SEE TILT v permitting is correct It collocates with windsurfer point you, but I’m just not interested The movie had disclassical m when are to drive had look toyou mortgage house to pay legal costs MORE uplearning anhis adjective, youhiswill see which In a discussion, you may think that what other people say wind·surf·ing /ˈwɪndsɜːfɪŋ ; NAmE ‑sɜːrf‑ / (also board·sail - is If you and allowing does not doʊ/ noun an weather appointed her (= R15 it wasn’t as good as she had expected) luck I’ve decid LIKE THIS 20 , page coin LPN /ˌel you piː ˈen / noun (in the US) licensedit: practical nurse wrong, but there are of polite waysontowater convey this It ison a ing) noun [ U ] the sport sailing standing chance adverbs can use to intensify His latest novel does not disappoint [T] ~sth to pre, car, etc., usually turned up common to support for something thatPAGE the other ˈLSAT mortgage bond noun (SAfrE) = BOND windsurfer: toexpress go windsurfing VOCAB V40 VISUAL /ˌel that es eɪ ˈtiː/hopes noun Law School Admission (a test are air to come in and vent sth sb for from becoming a Test reality: The These most (ofall th person says before expressing disagreement wind·surf verb [ I ] : Most visitors come to sail or windsurf taken by students whosoon want to study lawthe in the US )of manya causes them mort·ga·gee /ˌmɔːɡɪˈdʒiː ;disappointed NAmE ˌmɔːrɡ‑ / noun (specialist) She looked out of Strongly or bitterly disappointed? new government had hopes in this mea I’m sorry, I don’t agree/I have to disagree with you person or an /organization that lends to people wind·swept /ˈwɪndswept/ adj (of a place) having the bedroom/car/ of its/ˌel supporters LSD es ˈdiː (also slang acid) noun [U]money a powerful illegalto luck the forc at (the there strong winds and little protection from them: the windbuy houses, etc people’s minds and makes them see and w VISUAL VOCAB drug that affects Th to apeople short:par Well, actually, I’m not sure that that’s true /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd adj.(specialist) upset swept Atlantic coast looking natural as thoughand you have been DORMER WINDOW, In order to write and2 speak correct hear things that are not really there mort·ga·gor /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒɔː (r) ; NAmE ˈmɔːrɡ‑/ /noun the very chance themw I don’t think that is exactly right because sth you hoped money for has from not happened orabeen as in a strong wind: windswept hair SE WINDOW, SASH a person who borrows a bank or similar cause that Lt (BrE) ( NAmE Lt.) abbr ( in writing ) LIEUTENANT : Lt ( Helen ) adv yo u English, you need tothat know, example: I wouldn’t agree that’sfor the best solution good, successful, etc as youetc expected: ~(at/by sth) They simply dress I wanted in wind tunnel /ˈwɪnd tʌnl/ noun a large tunnel where airorganization to buy a house, be dueo Brown adverbs I have to say that I don’t find that argument very I was were bitterly disappointed at the result of the game ea within a frame craft,convincing etc are tested by forcing air past them I ful part coincidence mor·ti·cian / mɔːˈtɪʃn ; NAmE mɔːrˈt‑ / noun (NAmE) = Ltd abbr Limited ( used after the name of a British com■ which adjectives are used with disappointed by the quality of the wine ~(in/with sb/sth) cular program is most gene wind /ˈwɪndwith tɜːbaɪn time by UNDERTAKER pany or business):inPearce Co thought Ltd Iturbine can’t go along that; NAmE idea tɜːrb‑/ noun a type of I’m disappointed you—Iand really I could trust you! same particular type is amodern particular noun WINDMILL used for but producing electricity VISUAL th adverb, a seri I take/see your point, I don’t think it wouldwork in I was mor·tify /ˈiː ˈmɔːtɪfaɪ ˈmɔːrt‑ / verbfor (mor·ti·fies , mor·ti LTE /ˌel tiːvery / noun [;UNAmE ] the abbreviation ‘long-term evodisappointed with myself ~(to see, hear,- through AL VOCAB PAGE V56 VOCABpractice PAGE V7 a particular adjective is used quently , b ■ which nouns lution’ anwas international system for she digital communication fy·ingHe , (mor·ti·fied , mor·ti·fied) [usually passive] accident som disappointed to see wasn’t at~sb the (to party etc.) see through, for to the Actually, I think not2 planned /ˈwaɪnd ʌp/ that adj., would noun make the situation worse ~(not) using phones onto(which Internet can be itmobile/cell mortifies sb that … make sb feel very sth) ~(that …) I’m disappointed that ) it the was sold out.ashamed other side: There wind-up with It was w [only Actually, I’mnoun] not sure that’s best plan accessed at high speeds ) adj before that youthe operate by turning a key humiliate : She was mortified to real- accident or be embarrassed was disappointed not to be chosen to … She ce window The outthe in pow info verbs arewhere usedyou’re withcoming a gramophone particular I understand from, but2noun I intendthink we or handle: an old-fashioned wind-up ize he had heard every/ (word she said mor·ti·fi·ca·tion fate the window of the ■ which lu·bri·cant /ˈluːbrɪkənt also informal lube /luːb/) noun [U, pletely: It might want to take a different approach here / ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ / adj not as ed to bring sth to an end: a wind-up speech /ˌmɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ; for NAmE ˌmɔːrt‑ / that nounyou [U]put mor·ti·fy·ing adj.: happens and y of seeing and ■ which adverbs are used to intensify C ] a substance, example oil, on surfaces or (bitterly) probably I(BrE, can informal) see why something you might feel way, I think we good, successful, astoyou had hoped; making you feel decreed thatthat sb says orbut does in order that sn How mortifying toetc have apologize to him! of window on the noun parts of a machine so that they move easily and smoothly a particular adjective but it mos to handleannoying, this differently disappointed: a disappointing result/performance The to be need deliberately especially as a joke dow into the way the mor·tise (also mor·tice) /ˈmɔːtɪs ; to NAmE /the noun (spe- destiny lu·bri·cate /ˈluːbrɪkeɪt / verb ~sth put aˈmɔːrtɪs lubricant onfamily sth to the stor outcome ofcollocations the court case was disappointing for opportunity to are printed in bold wind·ward /ˈwɪndwəd; or NAmE ‑wərd / adj., noun cialist)asathe hole cut in piece of wood, etc toroom receive the end believe there’s such parts of a machine, toadv help them move smooth2 [I] if statements reports disagree, they give differ- Important involved dis·ap·point·ing·ly : The was disapnow have a small adj.ent -most suff fate on information the side of sth from which the wind is blowing: the of another piece ofwood, so that two are held together ly grease , oilexamples lu·bri·ca·tion /ˌluːbrɪˈkeɪʃn / noun agree type within the If the the meaning of[U] pointingly small our views known thest in) windward side of the boat leeward ALSO LEE SEE SEE ALSO TENON disaˈgree with sb if sth, especially food, disagrees FATE OR DESTIN lu·bri·cious /luːˈbrɪʃəs / adj (formal) showing a great inter) to stop existing; the collocation is not obvious there is a short nearest to wind·ward adv leeward with you, it has a bad effect on you and makes you feel ill/ ˈmortise /fitted ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt / noun lock noun a lock that is inside a hole cut est in sex in a way that is considered unpleasant or Fate can b kids arrived, order noun [U] the side or direction from which the wind is sick with sth/with doing stha to believe explanation it in brackets ] sadness sth or been as ˌmost fav [U unacceptable into the edgeafter ofbecause alewd door, not has one not thathappened is screwed into the often, fate To blowing: find outdisaˈgree adjectives to use with towhich sail to windward LEEWARD that sth is bad or wrong;toCOMPARE disapprove of sth: I disagree good, successful, as expressed; you expected Book another isc surface of one Destiny lucid /ˈluːsɪd / adj.side etc clearly easyor to hoped: understand particular noun, look at the examples outside a window, with /violent To our great windy ˈwɪndi/ protests adj (wind·ier, windi·est) (at of the weather, early for the show to avoid disappointment because th people who clear: a /lucid style/explanation able to think clearmor·tu·ary ˈmɔːtʃəri ; NAmE ˈmɔːrtʃueri / noun (pl -ies) 1a B PAGE V15 etc ) with a lot of wind: a windy day windless nice (of or disappointment, it rained every day ofofthe trip He found it believe tha entry for the noun Typical adjectives used with dis·agree·able /ˌdɪsəˈɡriːəbl / adj. (formal) not ly, especially during orexample after a period of or in confuroom or building, for part a illness hospital, which having unexpected luck a place ) getting a lot of wind: windy hills (informal, disapdifficult to hide his disappointment when she didn’t arrive things se job is to clean sion: a rareare lucid moment, looked at me and smiled enjoyable unpleasant: a disagreeable smell/experidead In bodies kept beforeshe they are buried or CREMATED theproving) noun separated by a slash (/): ally: The (are of speech for unfriendly longer than [C] a person or /thing ishoping disappointing: abebitter/ you will lucky burned noun [that U] lu·cid·ly adv ence/job (of )ainvolving person) speaking rude and (=lu·cid·ity )/luːˈsɪdəti (NAmE) = FUNERAL PARLOUR COMPARE PATTERNS Sundays necessary and in a way that is complicated and notman clear major disappointment That new restaurant was a big disunpleasant : a disagreeable bad-tempered MORGUE /ˈluːsɪfə(r)/ noun [sing.] the D EVIL Satan art of arranging Can you say ‘pink wine’? Lu·ci·fer by …luck/ appointment ~to sb I always felt I was a disappointment Windy ˈCity noun [sing.] a/‑əbli name for the US city of MOT /ˌem dis·agree·ably / adv active way (dis- the ˌagreeable It’s no coin mo·saic ; NAmE to my father /məʊˈzeɪɪk /lʌk/ noun, verb moʊ‑/ noun [C, U] a picture or Chicago viation for sth in a way that pattern made by placing together small pieces of glass, pure/shee / ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt / noun [ U , noun [U] good things that happen to you by chance, in Britain /ˌdɪsˌæprəˈbeɪʃn / noun [U] (formal) dis- to ot show the real believe a design stone, etc of of different colours: a Roman mosaic /waɪnwhere / noun, people verb have different opinions about dis·ap·pro·ba·tion not because your own efforts ormorally abilities: With (any) C] a situation sure that approval of sb/sth that you think is wrong ressing mosaic tiles (figurative) A mosaic of fields, in mosaic noun [U, C] an alcoholic drink made from the juice of luck, we’ll be home before dark (BrE) With a bit of luck, sth and often argue: ~(about/on/over/as to sth) Disagreethe car in riversfinish and woods below us GRAPES has beenexactly left tohow FERMENT There aremany So we’ll on time.lay have had no luck with finding mentthat arose about to plan the show disagreefar/Iˌdɪsəˈpruːvl / noun [U] ~(of sb/ ! EXPRESS YO mote /mə a glass of dry/ different kinds wine: atobottle of wine Itor/ a job.afeeling Ibasket could hardly believe my luck when he said There Moses ; NAmE ˈmoʊzɪz bæskɪt ment on theof method be used sth) is considerable 1789 that/ˈməʊzɪz you bɑːskɪt not like an idea, an yes action Wishing piece of so d red/rosé/white wine sparkling wine SEE sweet wine was a stroke of luck that we found you By sheer luck (NAmE bas·sinet) a BASKET small baby or to (BrE)behaviour disagreement over the safety of the treatment ~ sb’s becausenoun you think it is for bad,anot suitable someone/m is cat (between |TABLE | and | was now | drink | rfrom red h hat | j yes | k ALSO l legWINE m n p pen [man UB) , C]Itan alcoholic planning nobody hurt intothe explosion We disapproval wish her luck sleep in ˈwing ittowas (informal) sth without or pregoing have a bad effect on sb else: A a source ofmade disagreement of in his Ifmotel them luck: plants or fruits other than GRAPES : elderberry/rice wine You’re in her career )—there’s one paring itnew first : I luck didn’t I’d have to(informethods to show/express disapproval He shook his between the two states ~(among …) There is disagreealso ˈmoto mosey /ˈməʊzi ; improvise NAmE ˈmoʊzi / verb(=know [Ilucky ] + adv./prep Good luck! [U] (also wine ˈred) a dark red colour MORE LIKE THIS ticket left You’rehad outtoofwing luck.it.She’s not here What a make a speech—I by car, wit mal) to go in ajust particular direction slowly and with no def- The (No,15rosé) best of , page R15 piece of luck! SEE ALSO BEGINNER ’ S LUCK chance; the LIKE THIS , inite purpose: He moseyed on over the bar ˈwingforce back noun (in football (SOCCER )) ato player who plays I hope it go verb that causes|good or bad things to|happen to| people s see | t tea | v van | w wet | z zoo | ʃ shoe | ʒnear vision | tʃ chain dʒ jam | θ thin ð this ŋ sing the edge of the mɑːʃ field/ verb and [who both attacks and /m motet All the bes mosh / mɒʃ ; NAmE I ] to dance and jump up and ˌwine and ˈdine (sb) to go to restaurants, etc and fortune : to have good/bad luck SEE ALSO HARD LUCK If you look 04 upALD9 an S-Z.3d adjective youof will ards Ltd, Frome, Somerset – 5/9/2014 Page 1788 1820 see what defends music, usu down violently or without a concert where rock Responses: STORY enjoy good food and drink; to entertain sb by buying them beingcontrol lucky athoping someone nouns are commonly used with it: isnoun played chair a comfortable chair that has a high back moth Thanks./mɒ good food and drink: The firm spent thousands wining and ˈwingmusic else will be lucky not being lucky WORDFINDER amulet , charmat , coincidence , fate, fortune, with piecespit pointing forwards theinsides dobody my b dining potential clients MORE LIKE THIS 12 , page R15 726 thin ˈmosh noun the place, just front ofˈtourism) the stage, where I'll ˈhealth (especially NAmE ˌmedical noun jinx,tourism mascot, superstition , talisman Which words can be used with the audience ataatravelling concert rock music dances and brightly c ˌwing ˈcollar noun high stiff of shirt COLLAR for men, wornjumps ˈwine bar noun a bar orALD9 small restaurant where practice of in order to receive [U]– the OUP Data Standards Ltd,wine Frome,isSomerset 8/9/2014 01 ALD9 A-E.3d Pageabroad 433 of 547 up and down attracted with formal clothes adjective the meaning mainheady? drink is available medical treatment its explained WORDFINDER NOTE AT an| officer of rank ˈwine cellar (also cel·lar) noun an underground room ˈwing DICTIONARY æ commander catvisitor | ɑː father |noun e(in tenBritain ɜː bird | əhigh about | ɪin whose sitthe | iː see | i many | ɒ health noun ) a trained nurse British FORCE : Wing Commander Moore new parwhere wine is stored; the wine stored in this room job is toAIR visit people in their homes,Brian for example heady /ˈhedi/ adj (head·ier, headi·est) [usually before b bad | d did | f fall | ɡ get | h hat | j yes | k cat | l ents, and give them/advice on some areas of medical care /ˈwɪŋdɪŋ noun (old-fashioned, NAmE, informal) a ˌwine ˈcooler noun 1effect (NAmE) drink mademaking with wine, noun] having a strong on ayour senses; you wing·ding party fruitexcited juice, ice andconfident SODA WATER intoxicating ˈwine cooler: athe container feel and heady / ˈhelθi / adj (health·ier , healthi·est) for putting a bottle of wine in to cool it /wɪŋd / adj having wings: winged insectsill/sick: days of youth the heady scent of hot spices a heady winged having good health and not likely become ALD9 Data to Standards Ltd, Frome, wingless -winged (inOUP adjectives ) having the number or Somerset – 5/9/2014 mixturefarm of desire and(SAfrE) fear a SYNONYMS [not ˈwine noun VINEYARDAT (=EXCITING a place where Keep healthy by eating well a healthy2child/animal/tree type of wings mentioned: a long-winged bird before noun] (of a person ) excited in)a way that makes you GRAPES are grown for making wine and exercising regularly unhealthy ATSomerset – 8/9/2014 SYNONYMS OUP ALD9 Data Standards Ltd, Frome, things without about the possible results: She wing·er (r)/ before noun (also wing) eitherhealth: of the a ˈwine glass nounworrying a glass for drinking wine from WELL /ˈwɪŋə [usually noun] good(sport) for your VISUAL (days, scent, mixture) felt heady with attacking players who play towards side of the VOCAB PAGE V19success healthy diet/climate/lifestyle the unhealthy playing [usually or HOCKEY area in noun] sportsshowing such as football before that you(SOCCER are in )good health: to have wine·grow·er /ˈwaɪnɡrəʊə ; NAmE ‑ɡroʊ‑ / noun a per /hiːl/ verb [I, T](r)to become healthy again; to a healthy appetite a shampoo that hair looking /ˈwɪŋləs/ adj (especially of keeps insects ) without son who winea long time for the wounds wing·less make sth grows healthyGRAPES again:for It took healthy normal and sensible: The child showed a © Oxford University Press wings winged ~up to heal.gum The cuta healed up without leaving a scar ˈwine noun (BrE) small fruit-flavoured sweet/candy healthy curiosity She has a healthy respect for her rival’s ~sth This will help to heal your cuts and scratches (figmirror (BrE) (NAmE ˈside-view mirror) noun a mirˈwine list noun a list of wines available in a restaurant ˈwing talents It’s not healthy the way she clings to the past ror that sticks out from the side of a vehicle and allows the urative) It was a chance to heal the wounds in the party (= to AT RESTAURANT COLLOCATIONS ving and twisting loyalty D Collocation Collocation dis·ap·pear What is collocation? dis·agree most dis·ap·point Types of collocation L M dis·ap·point·ed dis·ap·point·ing Collocation in this dictionary dis·ap·point·ment most·ly dis·agree·ment wine luck dis·ap·proval heady healthy heal winner The passive Use the passive: ■ When you make this into a passive sentence, the object of the verb becomes the subject: ▶ A valuable painting was stolen from the museum last night The passive is formed with the auxiliary verb be and the past participle of the verb: ▶ The painting is valued at million dollars ▶ The lock had been broken and the cameras had been switched off ▶ Other museums have been warned to take extra care ▶ Staff at the museum will be questioned by police tomorrow ▶ Museum security is to be improved when you not know who performed the action, or when this information is not important It is common in formal writing, for example scientific writing: ▶ The liquid is heated to 60 o and then filtered NOTE If you want to mention who performed the action, you use by at the end of the sentence: ▶ The theft is being investigated by the police ■ when you want to save new or important information until the end of the sentence for emphasis: ▶ The picture was painted by Constable It is possible to put a verb that has two objects into the passive: ▶ ( active ) The director told the staff the news this morning ▶ (passive) The staff were told the news this morning by the director Some verbs cannot be used in the passive, and this is shown at the entries Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities: Third conditional First conditional if clause past perfect; main clause conditional perfect tense if clause present tense; main clause future tense used to talk about the consequence of a possible action: ▶ If I write my essay this afternoon, I will have time to go out tonight ( it is still morning, and it is quite possible that I will this ) Second conditional if clause past simple; main clause conditional tense used to talk about the consequences of a hypothetical action: ▶ If I wrote my essay this afternoon, I would have time to go out tonight ( it is still morning, but I think it is less likely that I will this ) used to talk about the possible consequence of an action that did not happen: ▶ If I had written my essay this afternoon, I would have had time to go out tonight ( it is now evening, and I haven’t written my essay: it is now impossible for me to go out ) Zero conditional Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility The zero conditional is used to talk about something that is always true, or that was always true in the past: ▶ If you mix blue and red, you get purple ( present simple in both parts of the sentence ) ▶ If I asked her to come with us, she always said no ( past simple in both parts of the sentence) © Oxford University Press The passive Conditionals In an active sentence, the subject is the person or thing that performs the action: ▶ Masked thieves stole a valuable painting from the museum last night This appendix lists all the verbs with irregular forms that are included in the dictionary, except for those formed with a hyphenated prefix and the modal verbs (e.g can, must ) Irregular forms that are only used in certain senses are marked with an asterisk (e.g *abode) Full information on usage, pronunciation, etc is given at the entry Infinitive Past tense Past participle abide abided, abided, *abode *abode arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken babysit babysat babysat bear bore borne beat beat beaten become became become befall befell befallen beget begot, *begat begot, *begotten begin began begun behold beheld beheld bend bent bent beseech beseeched, beseeched, besought besought beset beset beset bespeak bespoke bespoken bet bet bet betake betook betaken bid bid bid bid bade, bid bidden, bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown, *blowed break broke broken breastfeed breastfed breastfed breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast browbeat browbeat browbeaten build built built burn burnt, burned burnt, burned burst burst burst bust bust, busted bust, busted buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cleave cleaved, *cleft, cleaved, *cleft, *clove *cloven cling clung clung come came come cost cost, *costed cost, *costed creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive dived dived (NAmE also dove) draw drew drawn dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed drink drank drunk drip-feed drip-fed drip-fed drive drove driven dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought Infinitive Past tense Past participle find found found fit fitted fitted (NAmE usually fit) (NAmE usually fit) flee fled fled fling flung flung floodlight floodlit floodlit fly flew, *flied flown, *flied forbear forbore forborne forbid forbade forbidden forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted foresee foresaw foreseen foretell foretold foretold forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forgo forwent forgone forsake forsook forsaken forswear forswore forsworn freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got got (NAmE, spoken gotten) give gave given go went gone, *been grind ground ground grow grew grown hamstring hamstrung hamstrung hang hung, *hanged hung, *hanged hear heard heard heave heaved, *hove heaved, *hove hew hewed hewed, hewn hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt inlay inlaid inlaid input input, inputted input, inputted inset inset inset intercut intercut intercut interweave interwove interwoven keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt (NAmE also (NAmE also kneeled) kneeled) knit knitted, *knit knitted, *knit know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leaned leaned (BrE also leant) (BrE also leant) leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped learn learnt, learned learnt, learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit, *lighted lit, *lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met miscast miscast miscast © Oxford University Press Irregular verbs Irregular verbs Irregular verbs Infinitive Past tense Past participle mishear misheard misheard mishit mishit mishit mislay mislaid mislaid mislead misled misled misread misread misread misspeak misspoke misspoken misspell misspelled, misspelled, misspelt misspelt misspend misspent misspent mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood mow mowed mown, mowed multicast multicast multicast narrowcast narrowcast, narrowcast, narrowcasted narrowcasted offset offset offset outbid outbid outbid outdo outdid outdone outgrow outgrew outgrown output output output outrun outran outrun outsell outsold outsold outshine outshone outshone overcome overcame overcome overdo overdid overdone overdraw overdrew overdrawn overeat overate overeaten overfeed overfed overfed overfly overflew overflown overhang overhung overhung overhear overheard overheard overlay overlaid overlaid overlie overlay overlain overpay overpaid overpaid override overrode overridden overrun overran overrun oversee oversaw overseen oversell oversold oversold overshoot overshot overshot oversleep overslept overslept overspend overspent overspent overtake overtook overtaken overthink overthought overthought overthrow overthrew overthrown overwrite overwrote overwritten partake partook partaken pay paid paid plead pleaded pleaded (NAmE also pled) (NAmE also pled) preset preset preset proofread proofread proofread prove proved proved (also proven especially in NAmE) put put put quit quit quit (BrE also quitted) (BrE also quitted) read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/ rebuild rebuilt rebuilt recast recast recast redo redid redone redraw redrew redrawn rehear reheard reheard remake remade remade rend rent rent rerun reran rerun resell resold resold reset reset reset resit resat resat restring restrung restrung retake retook retaken retell retold retold rethink rethought rethought rewind rewound rewound © Oxford University Press Infinitive Past tense Past participle rewrite rewrote rewritten rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring2 rang rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawn (NAmE also sawed) say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn, sewed shake shook shaken shear sheared shorn, sheared shed shed shed shine shone, *shined shone, *shined shit shit, shat shit, shat (BrE also shitted) (BrE also shitted) shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown, *showed shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk shut shut shut simulcast simulcast simulcast sing sang sung sink sank, *sunk sunk sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slink slunk slunk slit slit slit smell smelled smelled (BrE also smelt) (BrE also smelt) smite smote smitten sow sowed sown, sowed speak spoke spoken speed speeded, *sped speeded, *sped spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled spend spent spent spill spilled spilled (BrE also spilt) (BrE also spilt) spin spun spun spit spat (also spit spat (also spit especially in NAmE) especially in NAmE) split split split spoil spoiled spoiled (BrE also spoilt) (BrE also spoilt) spotlight spotlit, spotlit, *spotlighted *spotlighted spread spread spread spring sprang sprung (NAmE also sprung) stand stood stood stave staved, *stove staved, *stove steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank, stunk stunk strew strewed strewed, strewn stride strode — strike struck struck (NAmE also stricken) string strung strung strive strove, *strived striven, *strived sublet sublet sublet swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen, swelled Infinitive Past tense swim swing take teach tear telecast tell think throw thrust tread typecast typeset unbend underbid undercut undergo underlie underpay undersell understand swam swum swung swung took taken taught taught tore torn telecast telecast told told thought thought threw thrown thrust thrust trod trodden, trod typecast typecast typeset typeset unbent unbent underbid underbid undercut undercut underwent undergone underlay underlain underpaid underpaid undersold undersold understood understood undertake undertook undertaken underwrite underwrote underwritten undo undid undone unfreeze unfroze unfrozen unwind unwound unwound uphold upheld upheld upset upset upset wake woke woken waylay waylaid waylaid wear wore worn weave wove, *weaved woven, *weaved wed wedded, wed wedded, wed weep wept wept wet wet, wetted wet, wetted win won won wind2 /waɪnd/ wound /waʊnd/ wound /waʊnd/ withdraw withdrew withdrawn withhold withheld withheld withstand withstood withstood wring wrung wrung write wrote written Full forms Short forms be, do, have Negative short forms be present tense I am I’m I’m not you are you’re you aren’t / you’re not he is he’s he isn’t / he’s not she is she’s she isn’t / she’s not it is it’s it isn’t / it’s not we are we’re we aren’t / we’re not you are you’re you aren’t / you’re not they are they’re they aren’t / they’re not be past tense I was — I wasn’t you were — you weren’t he was — he wasn’t she was — she wasn’t it was — it wasn’t we were — we weren’t you were — you weren’t they were — they weren’t have present tense I have I’ve I haven’t / I’ve not you have you’ve you haven’t / you’ve not he has he’s he hasn’t / he’s not she has she’s she hasn’t / she’s not it has it’s it hasn’t / it’s not we have we’ve we haven’t / we’ve not you have you’ve you haven’t / you’ve not they have they’ve they haven’t / they’ve not have past tense (all persons) had I’d hadn’t you’d etc present tense I — I don’t you — you don’t he does — he doesn’t she does — she doesn’t it does — it doesn’t we — we don’t you — you don’t they — they don’t past tense (all persons) did — didn’t present participle past participle be do have being doing having been done had Infinitive Past tense Past participle The negative full forms are formed by adding not ■ Questions in the present and past are formed by placing the verb before the subject: ▶ am I? isn’t he? was I? weren’t we? I? don’t you? did I? didn’t I? have I? hadn’t they? etc ■ Questions using the negative full form are more formal: ▶ has he not? do you not? etc ■ The short negative question form for I am is aren’t: ▶ aren’t I? ■ When or have is used as a main verb, questions and negative statements can be formed with do/does/doesn’t and did/ didn’t: ▶ How did you it? ▶ I don’t any teaching now ▶ Do you have any money on you? ▶ We didn’t have much time ■ The short forms ’ve, ’s and ’d are not usually used when have is a main verb: ▶ I have a shower every morning j not I’ve a shower every morning ■ The short form ’s can be added to other subjects: ▶ Sally’s ill The car’s been damaged ■ The other tenses of be, and have are formed in the same way as those of other verbs: ▶ will be would be has been will would has done will have would have have had; etc ■ The pronunciation of each form of be, and have is given at its entry in the dictionary ■ © Oxford University Press Irregular verbs Past participle Modal verbs Modal verbs Ability can • could • be able to ▶ No necessity don’t have to • shouldn’t have • didn’t need to • needn’t have ▶ ▶ Can he swim? My brother could swim when he was two ▶ I couldn’t find my keys this morning ▶ I could have run faster, but I didn’t want the others to get tired ▶ She has not been able to walk since the accident ▶ He was able to speak to Ann before she left ▶ Will people be able to live on the moon one day, you think? Possibility could • may • might • can Could / Might you have lost it on the way home? ▶ She may / might / could be ill I’ll phone her ▶ I may have / might have left my purse in the shop ▶ Amy might / may know the answer ▶ I might / may not go if I’m tired ▶ He might have enjoyed the party if he’d gone ▶ It can get very cold in here at night ▶ Permission can • could • may Can we come in? Could we possibly stay at your flat? ▶ Staff may take their break between 12 and (written) ▶ May I sit here? (formal) ▶ ▶ Prohibition must not • may not • cannot You mustn’t tell her anything You can’t get up until you’re better ▶ Crockery may not be taken out of the canteen (written ) ▶ You must not begin until I tell you ( formal ) ▶ ▶ Obligation have (got) to • must All visitors must report to reception on arrival ( written ) ▶ I must get that report finished today ▶ Do you have to write your name on the form? ▶ She had to throw the burnt cake away ▶ You will have to wait, I’m afraid ▶ © Oxford University Press You don’t have to pick us up – we can take a taxi ▶ They didn’t have to go through customs ▶ You shouldn’t have bothered making lunch – we could have bought a sandwich ▶ He didn’t need to have any fillings at the dentist’s ▶ They needn’t have waited Advice and criticism ought to • should Ought we to / Should we write and thank him? She ought to / should go out more often ▶ You ought to have / should have gone to bed earlier ▶ You shouldn’t borrow the car without asking ▶ I ought to / should go on a diet ▶ I ought to have / should have asked her first ▶ ▶ Assumptions and deductions will • should • must • can’t That will be James – he’s often early The book should be interesting ▶ There must be a leak ▶ You must have dialled the wrong number ▶ You can’t have finished already! ▶ ▶ Requests can • could • will • would Can you pass me the dictionary? Could you help me with my translation? ▶ Will you buy me an ice cream, Mum? ▶ Would you type this letter for me, please? ▶ ▶ Could and would are more formal than can and will NOTE Offers and suggestions shall • will Shall I the washing-up? Shall we go now? ▶ I’ll take you to the airport ▶ ▶ ➔ For more information about modal verbs, look at the notes at the entries for CAN , MODAL , MUST , NEED and SHOULD The passive Use the passive: ■ When you make this into a passive sentence, the object of the verb becomes the subject: ▶ A valuable painting was stolen from the museum last night The passive is formed with the auxiliary verb be and the past participle of the verb: ▶ The painting is valued at million dollars ▶ The lock had been broken and the cameras had been switched off ▶ Other museums have been warned to take extra care ▶ Staff at the museum will be questioned by police tomorrow ▶ Museum security is to be improved when you not know who performed the action, or when this information is not important It is common in formal writing, for example scientific writing: ▶ The liquid is heated to 60 o and then filtered NOTE If you want to mention who performed the action, you use by at the end of the sentence: ▶ The theft is being investigated by the police ■ when you want to save new or important information until the end of the sentence for emphasis: ▶ The picture was painted by Constable It is possible to put a verb that has two objects into the passive: ▶ ( active ) The director told the staff the news this morning ▶ (passive) The staff were told the news this morning by the director Some verbs cannot be used in the passive, and this is shown at the entries Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities: Third conditional First conditional if clause past perfect; main clause conditional perfect tense if clause present tense; main clause future tense used to talk about the consequence of a possible action: ▶ If I write my essay this afternoon, I will have time to go out tonight ( it is still morning, and it is quite possible that I will this ) Second conditional if clause past simple; main clause conditional tense used to talk about the consequences of a hypothetical action: ▶ If I wrote my essay this afternoon, I would have time to go out tonight ( it is still morning, but I think it is less likely that I will this ) used to talk about the possible consequence of an action that did not happen: ▶ If I had written my essay this afternoon, I would have had time to go out tonight ( it is now evening, and I haven’t written my essay: it is now impossible for me to go out ) Zero conditional Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility The zero conditional is used to talk about something that is always true, or that was always true in the past: ▶ If you mix blue and red, you get purple ( present simple in both parts of the sentence ) ▶ If I asked her to come with us, she always said no ( past simple in both parts of the sentence) © Oxford University Press The passive Conditionals In an active sentence, the subject is the person or thing that performs the action: ▶ Masked thieves stole a valuable painting from the museum last night Personal pronouns subject object I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them personal pronouns replace nouns: ▶ Silvia is from Argentina She’s a student I met her in Madrid Subject pronouns subject pronouns are used mainly as subjects before verbs: ▶ I live in Valencia ▶ They are leaving tomorrow Object pronouns object pronouns are used in most other cases: ■ after the verb to be: ▶ Who’s there? It’s me ■ in comparisons: ▶ She’s taller than him ■ after prepositions: ▶ They got there before us ■ when they stand alone: ▶ ‘Who came first?’ ‘Me!’ Reflexive pronouns myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself themselves herself itself reflexive pronouns are used: ■ when you something to yourself: ▶ He hurt himself when he fell over ▶ Look at yourself in the mirror NOTE ■ Many reflexive verbs not have the idea of doing something to yourself: ▶ Did you enjoy yourself? ▶ Behave yourself! for emphasis: ▶ I made it myself ▶ She told me the news herself Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns possessive possessive adjectives pronouns my your his her its our your their mine yours his hers ours yours theirs possessive adjectives agree with the owner, not the possession: ▶ She went with her husband ▶ He was playing with his children Possessive pronouns are used without a following noun No article is used with them: ▶ This is my mobile Where’s yours? We not say a my friend but a friend of mine: ▶ My mother told me that my new French teacher is a friend of hers NOTE Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns This and these are used with or without nouns to talk about things that are close to the speaker They are usually used with nouns when talking about people: ▶ This boy is looking for his parents ▶ This tastes delicious ▶ These shoes are too tight ▶ What you think of these? That and those are used with or without nouns to talk about things that are further away from the speaker They are usually used with nouns when talking about people: ▶ Who’s that man? ▶ That smells terrible ▶ I love those shoes you’re wearing ▶ I’d rather have those than these They can also be used without nouns when you are identifying people: ▶ These are my children, Tom and Jenny ▶ ‘Hello, is that Sam?’ ‘This is Alex.’ © Oxford University Press Pronouns Pronouns Regular verbs ■ ■ Regular verbs The simple tenses The verb forms for I, you, we and they are the same The verb forms for he, she and it are the same The present simple I look he looks ■ I look? does he look? When the verb ends in a consonant + -y, the third person singular (he / she / it) is formed by removing the -y and adding -ies (study – studies) I not look (don’t look) he does not look (doesn’t look) ■ When the verb ends in -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z or -o, the third person singular is formed by adding -es (watch – watches) The past simple I looked he looked ■ ■ ■ did I look? did he look? When the verb ends in -e, the past simple is formed by adding -d (care – cared) When the verb ends in a consonant + -y, the past simple is formed by removing the -y and adding -ied (study – studied) When the verb ends in one stressed vowel and one consonant (except w or y), the past simple is usually formed by doubling the I did not look (didn’t look) he did not look (didn’t look) ■ consonant and adding -ed (refer – referred) When the verb ends in -l it is doubled in British English even if the vowel is not stressed (travel – travelled (BrE ) / traveled (NAmE ) (Exceptions to these rules are shown at the verb entries.) When the verb ends in -c, the past simple is formed by adding -ked (picnic – picnicked) The present perfect have / has + past participle I have looked (I’ve looked) have I looked? he has looked (he’s looked) has he looked? I have not looked (haven’t looked) he has not looked (hasn’t looked) The past perfect (pluperfect) had + past participle I had looked (I’d looked) had I looked? he had looked (he’d looked) had he looked? I had not looked (hadn’t looked) he had not looked (hadn’t looked) The future simple will + infinitive I will look (I’ll look) he will look (he’ll look) will I look? will he look? I will not look (won’t look) he will not look (won’t look) The future perfect will have + past participle I will have looked (I’ll have looked) he will have looked (he’ll have looked) will I have looked? I will not have looked (won’t have looked) will he have looked? he will not have looked (won’t have looked) The conditional would + infinitive I would look (I’d look) he would look (he’d look) would I look? would he look? I would not look (wouldn’t look) he would not look (wouldn’t look) The conditional perfect would have + past participle I would have looked he would have looked would I have looked? would he have looked? I would not have looked (wouldn’t have looked) he would not have looked (wouldn’t have looked) © Oxford University Press The progressive tenses Regular verbs ■ ■ ■ The progressive tenses are sometimes called the continuous tenses The verb forms for I, you, we and they are the same except for the present progressive and past progressive, where a different form for you is shown with an asterisk (*) The verb forms for he, she and it are the same ■ ■ When the verb ends in -e, the -ing form is usually formed by removing the -e and adding -ing (care – caring) Exceptions are shown at the relevant verb entries When the verb ends in one stressed vowel and one consonant (except w or y), the -ing form is formed by doubling the consonant and adding -ing (run – running) The present progressive am / is / are + -ing form I am looking (I’m looking) am I looking? are you looking? * you are looking (you’re looking) he is looking (he’s looking) is he looking? I am not looking (I’m not looking) you are not looking (aren’t looking) he is not looking (isn’t looking) The past progressive was / were + -ing form I was looking * you were looking he was looking was I looking? were you looking? was he looking? I was not looking (wasn’t looking) you were not looking (weren’t looking) he was not looking (wasn’t looking) The present perfect progressive have been / has been + -ing form I have been looking (I’ve been looking) he has been looking (he’s been looking) have I been looking? I have not been looking (haven’t been looking) has he been looking? he has not been looking (hasn’t been looking) The past perfect progressive (pluperfect progressive) had been + -ing form I had been looking (I’d been looking) he had been looking (he’d been looking) had I been looking? I had not been looking (hadn’t been looking) had he been looking? he had not been looking (hadn’t been looking) The future progressive will be + -ing form I will be looking (I’ll be looking) he will be looking (he’ll be looking) will I be looking? I will not be looking (won’t be looking) will he be looking? he will not be looking (won’t be looking) The future perfect progressive will have been + -ing form I will have been looking will I have been looking? I will not have been looking (won’t have been looking) (I’ll have been looking) he will have been looking will he have been looking? he will not have been looking (he’ll have been looking) (won’t have been looking) The conditional progressive would be + -ing form I would be looking (I’d be looking) he would be looking (he’d be looking) would I be looking? I would not be looking (wouldn’t be looking) would he be looking? he would not be looking (wouldn’t be looking) The conditional perfect progressive would have been + -ing form I would have been looking would I have been looking? he would have been looking would he have been looking? © Oxford University Press I would not have been looking (wouldn’t have been looking) he would not have been looking (wouldn’t have been looking) Relative clauses Relative clauses Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses defining relative clauses define or identify which person or thing you are talking about: ▶ The man who came in late is the boss non-defining relative clauses add extra information about somebody or something which could be left out and the sentence would still make sense This extra information is separated from the main clause by commas: ▶ The film, which was shot in Mexico, has won an Oscar There is no comma before a defining relative clause The pronouns that you use in these clauses are who, whom, that and which They are called relative pronouns Use who or that: when the subject is a person: ▶ The man who came in late is the boss or The man that came in late is the boss Use that or which: when the subject is a thing: ▶ I sit at the desk that faces the window or I sit at the desk which faces the window ( formal ) Use who, that, whom, or no relative pronoun: when the object is a person: ▶ She’s the girl who/that I met last night or She’s the girl I met last night or She’s the girl whom I met last night ( formal ) Use that, which, or no relative pronoun: when the object is a thing: ▶ I’ve finished the book that you lent me or I’ve finished the book you lent me or I’ve finished the book which you lent me ( formal ) That, who and which can be left out when the thing or person is the object of the verb NOTE Use whose: to show that something belongs to somebody: ▶ He helped a woman whose car had broken down ▶ They’re the people whose house was burgled Whose is not usually used to refer to a thing Of which is usually used instead: ▶ He’s reading the book, the name of which I can never remember but it is more natural to say: ▶ He’s reading that book – I can never remember its name © Oxford University Press The pronouns that can be used in non-defining clauses are who, whom, which and whose Use who: when the subject is a person: ▶ My sister, who is a vegetarian, ordered a salad Use which: when the subject is a thing: ▶ The tickets, which can be bought at the station, are valid for a month Use who or whom: when the object is a person: ▶ Peter, who nobody had met before, arrived late or Peter, whom nobody had met before, arrived late (formal) Use which: when the object is a thing: ▶ The tickets, which I’ve paid for, are still valid Use whose: when something belongs to somebody: ▶ Lucy, whose car had broken down, didn’t go Relative clauses and prepositions In spoken English a preposition in a relative clause is usually placed at the end of the clause, and the relative pronoun may be omitted A more formal alternative is to put the preposition before the relative pronoun: when the object is a person: ▶ The man I spoke to was very friendly or The man who / that I spoke to was very friendly or The man to whom I spoke was very friendly (formal) when the object is a thing: ▶ The house I was born in is gone or The house that I was born in is gone or The house in which I was born is gone (formal) Reporting statements reported speech (also called indirect speech) is the term used for the words that are used to report what someone has said or thought If the reporting verb (say, ask, etc.) is in the present or present perfect, then the tense of the sentence does not change: ▶ ‘I’m going home.’ ▶ He says he’s going home ▶ He’s just told me he’s going home Reporting statements in the past When you report somebody’s words using said, asked, etc., you usually change the tense to one further back in the past: (present simple) ‘I don’t know whether Jane wants to come.’ (past simple) He said he didn’t know whether Jane wanted to come (present progressive) ‘She is thinking of staying at home tomorrow.’ (past progressive) He said she was thinking of staying at home the following day The modal verbs should, would, might, could, must and ought to are not usually changed: ▶ ‘We might go to the cinema.’ ▶ They said they might go to the cinema NOTE It may also be necessary to change other words in the sentence to show that the point of view has changed: ▶ ‘I’ll it myself.’ He said that he would it himself ▶ ‘We’re going home tomorrow.’ He said that they were going home the next day ▶ ‘I don’t like these pears.’ She said that she didn’t like those pears ▶ ‘We love living here.’ They said that they loved living there ▶ ‘You can come whenever you like.’ She told me I could go whenever I liked Reporting questions The word order in reported questions is the same as that in a normal statement, not as in a question, and there is no question mark You use if or whether to report yes/no questions: ▶ ‘Are you ready?’ ▶ She asked if/whether I was ready (present perfect) ‘Have you booked your ticket?’ (past perfect) She asked whether he had booked his ticket With wh- questions, the wh- word stays in the sentence: ▶ ‘When are you leaving?’ ▶ She asked me when I was leaving (past simple) ‘I finished my exams yesterday.’ (past perfect) He said he had finished his exams the day before ➔ For more information about reported questions, look at the entry for IF (will) (would) (can) ‘I can’t speak Portuguese.’ (could) She admitted she couldn’t speak Portuguese When you report a request or an order, you usually use a to-infinitive: ▶ ‘Will you open the window please?’ ▶ She asked me to open the window ▶ ‘Don’t eat all the chocolate!’ ▶ She told the children not to eat all the chocolate ‘I’ll ring from the station.’ He promised he would ring from the station Reporting requests and commands © Oxford University Press Reported speech Reported speech Talking about the present Talking about the past The present progressive is used: The past simple is used: to talk about an action that is happening ■ now, or about a temporary situation: ▶ We’re just having breakfast ▶ What are you reading? ▶ She’s not listening to me ▶ They’re spending a year in Spain to talk about something that is not yet finished, even if you are not doing it at the moment when you are talking: ▶ I’m learning Italian ▶ She’s writing a novel to talk about an action that took place in the past: ▶ He got up, paid the bill and left ▶ I didn’t read the letter, I just gave it to Lee ▶ What did you say? ■ NOTE Often a specific time in the past is mentioned: ▶ Did you speak to Amy yesterday? ■ with always, to talk about something that happens often, and that you find annoying: ▶ He’s always asking silly questions ▶ They’re always coming round here to borrow something ■ NOTE Some verbs are not used in the progressive tenses, for example need, want, know, agree, seem, appear, understand, smell, hear, etc These verbs refer to a state, not an action ▶ I need some new shoes ▶ He wants to go home ▶ Do you know Tania Smith? ▶ They love Japanese food ▶ She hates her job NOTE Other verbs are used in the present progressive when they refer to an action, and the present simple when they refer to a state: ▶ He’s tasting the soup ▶ The soup tastes salty ▶ She’s being difficult again ▶ She’s a difficult child ▶ What are you thinking about? ▶ Do you think I should leave? The present simple is used: to talk about a permanent situation or something that is always true: ▶ He lives in Spain ▶ Does he work in a factory? ▶ Insects have six legs ▶ What temperature does water boil at? ■ to talk about things that happen regularly: ▶ She leaves for school at o’clock ▶ We don’t often go out for a meal ▶ What time you catch the bus? ■ to talk about a state that continued for some time, but that is now finished: ▶ I went to school in Scotland ▶ Did she really work there for ten years? ■ to talk about actions that happened regularly in the past: ▶ I often played tennis with her She always won ▶ They never went to the cinema when they lived in the country ■ The present perfect is used: to talk about something that happened during a period of time that is not yet finished: ▶ The train has been late three times this week ▶ He still hasn’t visited her ■ when the time in the past is not mentioned, or is not important: ▶ He’s written a book ▶ We’ve bought a new computer ■ when the action finished in the past, but the effect is still felt in the present: ▶ He’s lost his calculator ( and he still hasn’t found it ) ■ with for and since to show the duration of an action or state up until the present: ▶ I have worked here since 1998 ▶ She hasn’t bought any new clothes for years ■ in British English, with just, ever, already and yet: ▶ I’ve just arrived ▶ Have you ever been here before? ▶ He’s already packed his suitcases ▶ Haven’t you finished yet? ■ NOTE In informal American English the past simple can be used with just, already and yet: ▶ He already packed his suitcases ▶ Didn’t you finish yet? © Oxford University Press Use of tenses Use of tenses The present perfect progressive is used: with for and since to talk about an activity that started in the past and is still happening: ▶ I’ve been working since eight o’clock ▶ He’s been learning English for several years Use of tenses ■ to talk about an activity that has finished, but whose results are visible now: ▶ My hands are dirty because I’ve been gardening for requests, promises and offers: ▶ Will you buy some bread on your way home? ▶ We’ll be back early, don’t worry ▶ I’ll help you with your homework ■ However, other tenses and expressions are also used to express a ‘future’ idea ■ The past progressive is used: to talk about an action that was in progress at a particular time in the past: ▶ What were you doing in the summer of 1999? ▶ Was it raining when you left home? ■ to talk about something that was already in progress when something else happened (You use the past simple for the action that interrupts it): ▶ The doorbell rang while they were having breakfast ■ NOTE As with the present progressive, this tense cannot be used with ‘state’ verbs: ▶ The fresh bread smelled wonderful (not was smelling) The past perfect is used: The present progressive is used: to talk about future plans where the time is mentioned: ▶ He’s flying to Japan in August ▶ What are you doing this evening? ▶ I’m not starting my new job till next Monday ■ Be going to with the infinitive is used: to talk about what you intend to in the future: ▶ I’m going to phone Michael tonight ▶ What are you going to when you leave school? ■ About to with the infinitive is used: ■ The present simple is used: ■ to talk about something that happened before another action in the past: ▶ I had already met Ed before he came to Bath ▶ When I got to the station, the train had left ■ The past perfect progressive is used: ■ with for or since to talk about an activity that started at a time further back in the past than something else: ▶ She hadn’t been living there very long when she met Mark ■ to talk about an activity that had a result in the past: ▶ My hands were dirty because I had been gardening ■ ■ There are several ways of talking about the future to talk about a decision that you make as you are speaking: ▶ ‘It’s cold in here.’ ‘OK, I’ll close the window.’ ▶ I’ll have the salad, please ■ ■ to talk about what you know or think will happen in the future (but not about your own intentions or plans): ▶ Her mother will be ninety next week ▶ Will he pass the exam, you think? ▶ This job won’t take long to talk about future plans where something has been officially arranged, for example on a timetable or programme: ▶ We leave Palma at 10 and arrive in Luton at 12.30 ▶ School starts on September to talk about actions that will continue for a period of time in the future: ▶ I’ll be waiting near the ticket office I’ll be wearing a green hat ▶ This time next week you’ll be relaxing in the sun! to ask somebody about their plans or intentions: ▶ How many nights will you be staying? ▶ Will you be flying back or going by train? The future perfect or the future perfect progressive is used: ■ © Oxford University Press to refer to a future time after when, as soon as, before, until, etc.: ▶ Ring me as soon as you hear any news ▶ I’ll look after Jo until you get back ▶ You’ll recognize the street when you see it The future progressive is used: Talking about the future The future simple (will with the infinitive) is used: to talk about the very near future: ▶ Go and ask him quickly He’s about to go out ■ to talk about the duration of something that you will be looking back on at a particular time in the future: ▶ They’ll have lived here for four years in May ▶ She’ll have been working here for a year in October [...]... the present: ▶ I have worked here since 1998 ▶ She hasn’t bought any new clothes for years ■ in British English, with just, ever, already and yet: ▶ I’ve just arrived ▶ Have you ever been here before? ▶ He’s already packed his suitcases ▶ Haven’t you finished yet? ■ NOTE In informal American English the past simple can be used with just, already and yet: ▶ He already packed his suitcases ▶ Didn’t... is a thing: ▶ The tickets, which I’ve paid for, are still valid Use whose: when something belongs to somebody: ▶ Lucy, whose car had broken down, didn’t go Relative clauses and prepositions In spoken English a preposition in a relative clause is usually placed at the end of the clause, and the relative pronoun may be omitted A more formal alternative is to put the preposition before the relative pronoun:... tenses The present perfect progressive is used: with for and since to talk about an activity that started in the past and is still happening: ▶ I’ve been working since eight o’clock ▶ He’s been learning English for several years Use of tenses ■ to talk about an activity that has finished, but whose results are visible now: ▶ My hands are dirty because I’ve been gardening for requests, promises and offers: ... similar cause that Lt (BrE) ( NAmE Lt.) abbr ( in writing ) LIEUTENANT : Lt ( Helen ) adv yo u English, you need tothat know, example: I wouldn’t agree that’sfor the best solution good, successful,... ■ consonant and adding -ed (refer – referred) When the verb ends in -l it is doubled in British English even if the vowel is not stressed (travel – travelled (BrE ) / traveled (NAmE ) (Exceptions... somebody: ▶ Lucy, whose car had broken down, didn’t go Relative clauses and prepositions In spoken English a preposition in a relative clause is usually placed at the end of the clause, and the relative