T09 primary data observation

Dissertation TOPIC 09 PRIMARY DATA THROUGH OBSERVATION LECTURER: THANG NGUYEN @ FSB HANOI BASED ON: SAUNDERS ET AL (2012) RESEARCH METHODS FOR BIZ STUDENTS OUTLINE ƒOverview ƒParticipant observation ƒStructured observation OVERVIEW OBSERVATION FOR DATA COLLECTION ƒParticipant observation: qualitative Meanings attached to actions ƒStructured observation: quantitative Frequency of actions ƒQuestionnaire: respondents ƒTake part in: participants ƒTo be observed: informants PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ƒRoots in social anthropology & ethnography ƒResearchers in a community to observe ƒImmersion in the research setting ƒTo discover delicate nuances of meanings ƒAttempt to learn informants’ symbolic world Symbolic interactionism Sense of identity PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION TWO DIMENSIONS & FOUR TYPES ƒRevelation of identity of researchers ƒDegree of immersion in observed setting Revealed (Overt) Concealed (Covert) Take part in Participant as observer Complete participant Observe only Observer as participant Complete observer PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION COMPETE PARTICIPANT ƒConceal identity & participate ƒResearcher becomes a member of community ƒPossible ethical problem: spying COMPETE OBSERVER ƒConceal identity & observe ƒUnobtrusive observation PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION OBSERVER-AS-PARTICIPANT ƒReveal identity & observe ƒFree to what necessary ƒBut lose emotional involvement PARTICIPANT-AS-OBSERVER ƒReveal identity & participate ƒCan get emotional involvement PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION FACTORS BEHIND CHOICE OF ROLE ƒPurpose of research ƒYour status ƒTime allowance ƒSuitability for participant observation ƒOrganisational access ƒEthical considerations PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ƒNote making & data recording: primary, secondary, experiential, contextual ƒData collection Descriptive observation Focused observation Record right away Other methods: data streaming, video ƒData analysis: qualitative analysis PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ISSUES OF RELIABILITY & VALIDITY ƒObserver error: Lack of understanding Overfamiliarity => misinterpretation ƒObserver bias: Use subjective view to interpret Covert: cannot check with informants Overt: can check => informant verification ƒObserver effect Presence affecting behavior Covert/minimal interaction/habituation STRUCTURED OBSERVATION STRUCTURED OBSERVATION ƒHigh level of predetermined structure ƒDetached stance to collect data ƒQuantify behavior: how often things happen ƒDoesn’t answer why things happen ƒMore than surveillance: valuable findings ƒTools Computers Videos, CCTV Internet: virtual structured observations STRUCTURED OBSERVATION ADVANTAGES ƒBy anyone after training ƒHighly reliable results & replicability ƒRelationship recording ƒReal-time recording in natural setting ƒCan record various data DISADVANTAGES ƒStill requires presence if not virtual ƒLimited to overt action ƒPossibly slow & expensive to collect data STRUCTURED OBSERVATION DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS ƒUsing coding schedules to collect data If suitable, choosing ‘off-the-shelf’: p360 Otherwise, develop your own May use hybrid schedules ƒData analysis Complexity dependent on RQ & R-Obj STRUCTURED OBSERVATION ISSUES OF VALIDITY & RELIABILITY ƒObserver error ƒObserver effects ƒInformant error Choose suitable sampling techniques ƒTime error Use different intervals [...]... record various data DISADVANTAGES ƒStill requires presence if not virtual ƒLimited to overt action ƒPossibly slow & expensive to collect data STRUCTURED OBSERVATION DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS ƒUsing coding schedules to collect data If suitable, choosing ‘off-the-shelf’: p360 Otherwise, develop your own May use hybrid schedules Data analysis Complexity dependent on RQ & R-Obj STRUCTURED OBSERVATION ISSUES...STRUCTURED OBSERVATION STRUCTURED OBSERVATION ƒHigh level of predetermined structure ƒDetached stance to collect data ƒQuantify behavior: how often things happen ƒDoesn’t answer why things happen ƒMore than surveillance: valuable findings ƒTools Computers Videos, CCTV Internet: virtual structured observations STRUCTURED OBSERVATION ADVANTAGES ƒBy anyone after training ... PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ƒNote making & data recording: primary, secondary, experiential, contextual Data collection Descriptive observation Focused observation Record... ƒOverview ƒParticipant observation ƒStructured observation OVERVIEW OBSERVATION FOR DATA COLLECTION ƒParticipant observation: qualitative Meanings attached to actions ƒStructured observation: quantitative... ƒCan record various data DISADVANTAGES ƒStill requires presence if not virtual ƒLimited to overt action ƒPossibly slow & expensive to collect data STRUCTURED OBSERVATION DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS