Common Mistakes at IELTS Advanced

Tài liệu "Common Mistakes at IELTS Advanced".

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dulie Moore

CAMBRIDGE

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ss available from the British Library 'no responsiblity or the persistence or third-party internet websites referred to in Eguarantee that any content on such websites is, ‘Information regarding prices, travel

given in this work are correct at Came Unvesty Pres does not guarantee

n thereafter

1 Aictes: the before general 2 Axtices: alan before ndun

3 When dotuse capitalleters? 7 Test1 8

4 When doluse when, ifand whether? 10

5 Punctuation: commas with discourse mates 6 Punctuation: using apostrophes 12

Test2 12

7 Common spelling mistakes 15

8 Spelling: one word or two? 16

9° Adjective forms 4g

Yest3 18

400° UengprepoatlaaEwittiteOE

11 Using prepositions: after verbs 21

12 _ Using prepositions: describing trends and changes

Test4 23

13 Describing statistics: using prepositions 25 14 Describing statistics: nouns 26

15 Describing statistics: verbs 27

Test 5 2s

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|nouns: habits, customs and practices 45

(nouns: eft, influence and impact 46

sỉ

Britain, British or Briton? 52

" Articles: the before general

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair

1 Many peope are worried about the bad effects of ob Db Many people are worved about the bad effects of mob 2 a `Weneed folook otfoclors sách os the molebif of ' Weneedlolockot foclorssích os rolcbif of bedfhooe

We use the before nouns which describe a general type of thing)

example of that thing

These are problems for students living away from the family

We dont know the effects of such chemicals on the body : The role ofthe student at university level varies greatly from country to coun Most of our business is carried out over the telephone

‘Theis also uted before abstract nouns which describe a situation, a DI ora change These words are often followed by of something

There isa problem with the availability of clean water in some villages The distribution of income is uneven in most countries

On the whole, the standard of living is better in urban areas ‘Many residents complained about the frequency of bus services This advance was brought about by the development of antibiotics

He made a number of recommendations for the improvement ye We use the developmentlimprovement, etc of something to describe of staff training

a general process of change, but developments/improvements, etc in something to desi é

specific changes:

We ty to keep up-to-date with new developments in information technology

2 Correct the mistake below

Dosis ava ess Inpoanc fabled dt

Doctors always stress

3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those: A diet high in cholesterol is bad for heart

‘The introduction of computerised systems led to an increase in ‘We all benefit from development of new technologies

‘We were unhappy about quality of the food available,

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bs (very, really, quite, etc.) in these phrases: fof women working in senior government posts phrases to be careful with:

gree: [agree with you to a certain degree We have a wide range of books to choose from

‘numberlamount: an equal number of men and wornen proportion/percentage: a small proportion of patients

"in the same order to form correct sentences, adding any or prepositions

‘troublemakers / were / responsible for / problems important / role / education / nowadays

| ‘When do | use capital letters?

1a She explained that Thal food offen rexpines & ot Of ingredient 1b She explcined that thai food offen reqires alot of ngrecints 2 a Sixty percent of students enroled a the universfy ane male Sixty percent of students eneoled atthe University are me, Capital letters are always used for nouns in the following groups: ‘+ countries: Germany, the United States, Britain, the Czech towns, cities, states and regions: Tokyo, Paris, Texas, New South nationalities, ethnic groups and religions ~referring to people, a

from a county, egion or culture:

Can you speak Chinese? You can hear he's o a Buddhist temple months and days of the week: October, Sth April, Tuesday, S Ta lke to learn more about + Capital leters are not used forthe seasons: spring summer, + names of organisations and institutions: the United Nations, the! ‘Where a word like museum, university, station ox hospitals

institution, it has a capital letter: Harvard Universing Karachi However, when these words are not part of name, they do not They built a new 100-bed hospital in the provincial capital He first joined the company in 2008

Also remember: the Earth (but not the World, the Third country, AIDS, CDIDVD (plural CDs/DVDs)

| mecca secre

| 3 Add the correct punctuation, including capital letters, in visitors to china should remember not to give a clock as these customs are common in muslim countries such as she started work for microsoft in july 2005

{went to university in geneva in switzerland ‘we took a taxi from york station to the royal

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trlcle: gian, the or— (no ardicle)

concentration of acid in a/thel- stomach bly long time for the results to be announced

{improvements in althe/— quality as well as an/thel- ‘of businesses fail in the first year

‘athe! significant number of homes had two cars ‘sharp decline in a/thel- proportion of aid allocated to health ole of an/thel- extended family in caring for older people have succeeded to a/the/- certain extent

-althel- basic education

‘deals with a/the!- recruitment of new staff of these figures? ent communication skils

Janumber of mistakes with articles (the, a/an) and capital ‘and correct them

¬

yarn,

er for Refugees (UNHCR) was established on ‘was set up to protect refugees throughout World problems It has its headquarters in hhas a staff of around 6,540 in safeguard rights and well-being of n of the 20.8 milion people which UNHCR

pecially in countries in africa and asia More

ug are in europe and united

nth Đội

3 Put the words below together to make three cai punctuation and extra words (such as articles or preposit 1 odile is french she was born lyon 21 september 1968 she moved britain 20 years ago and now has british

citizenship she speaks english fluently but she still has quite strong french accent

corinne lives with her husband steve near melbourne australia steve is australian but corinne has german mother and american father she was born united states and met steve while they were both working europe

andré is travel photographer he lives switzerland buthe spends large part of the year travelling around world last summer he went on long trip south america to photograph ancient inca temples

Rewrite the sentences below using the word given and necessary to keep the meaning the same +

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"X - Bene sicrg nena

whether aniversities should charge tuition fees

‘an eventor situation that we believe will happen: ‘finish my studies (expect to finish.)

jyou arrive atthe airport (We expect the person to arrive.) out a hypothetical possibility, especially in conditional sentences:

sift was a real emergency

sare any problems (Problems are only a possibility) lifLasked you a few questions about the accident?

re we are considering two possibilities: to have the beef or the lamb

shave to get part-time jobs whether or not they want to

gto discuss whether they should take further action

iswhether immigrants should adopt local customs

{t's useful or just a waste of money, they could give us a breakdown of the marks,

eeeeee«.e.ee 0F not he had the disease,

| Punctuation: commas with discourse

‘certain verbs (and nouns) which involve considering two options:

1 @ Inconclusion the world population is expanding at an a b_Inconclasion the world population is expending at an 2a Tr welook for exanpl, a sport in schools

b Tf welock, for exanple, at sport in schools

Discourse markers are words or phrases which show how ideas ‘They are often separated from the rest of the text by commas,

‘We usually use a comma after a phrase or an adverb which

In addition, many disabled people suffer discrimination at work On the other hand, the unemployment rate has fallen rs

Finally, local councils need to consider the cost of eeyeling schemes Unfortunately, there were no more tickets available 5 Similarly, animals kept outdoors are also vulnerable to infection ‘We also use commas around certain words and phrases in the middle

‘This problem can, however, be solved quite so simply

There are more jobs in the city, but, of course, the cost of living sn l

Which option you choose depends, to a certain extent, on your budget,

Water is particularly scarce in arid regions, for examplefor instance in Af People who live in cold countries, such alike Norway, have to spend mores

-Where an adverb describes an adjective, commas are not needed: This was matched by a similarly dramatic increase in Maye

However careful you are, accidents can always happen

Inevitably there's nays something you forge

3 Add commas in the sentences below where needed 1 What happens if for example you forget your password?

‘To sum up I like to recap the main advantages and Statistics can however be misleading,

Low-lying countries such as Bangladesh are p Furthermore not everyone will be able to afford

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contractions - where a leter or letters have been missed out ‘used in informal writing or to represent spoken language send the goods by firs class post

dy gone through passport control, so Tcouldn't go back like to change the booking

shas) been invited to the party? is this? (whose = belonging to who)

( have not) been announced yet

ithe answer or Ido not know the answer (not Hdenot-knew-sheanswer}

15 we need to consider te ease for ĐỘ)

Uneray, webu lod for oameple a ways

‘such a5 rook insulation and double-glazing a Poreote ưng to perme Lt toll He owerbutlaings

Stoonally its much easier for governments of rich veguistions for industry without their econonses st

"` tu? (thế {atuvø, However portant this i

Underline the best word or phrase to complete each sentence 1 I would be grateful when/iffwhether you could confirm the booking’ 2 What's the best way to deal with a patient who'stuhoselwho 3 It's important to start saving towards a pension naw so that!

secure iffas/when you retire

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5 (especially single rises will cause real difficulties r- Feal difficulties

to surgery for some patient i for some patients hbins are not feasible (such as those in flats)

‘of precautions we would recommend (therefore) es recommend, for cutting emissions (toa certain extent) cutting emissions, -wulnerable to such infections (for instance) : such infections, unavoidable, {the box to complete the advice below Use one word in each gap_

ure and, ultimately, gain more from

- You get back! “a We have becone very dependant on computers } Webave becone very dependent on computers

2 You reed fo have cleared of what goo went fo achios 1 You need to have a clear idea of what you want to acheive

‘Nouns which are commonly misspelt include: 4

faccomsynodation, benefit, country, environment, government, percentage, moiTE

tn British English, the noun programme has two matn meanin

7 ining programme =a series of sessions, a TV programme = aT broadcast {gut a computer program = computer software

“Words containing the ie or ei vowel combination often cause problems British es

Wiuldren learn a rhyme to help them remember: “T before E except after” sehievetachieverent, believebelef, hygienethygleta, retievelretrieval ut receivereceipt, deceiveldecet, ceiling

tn British English, practice is the spelling ofthe noun and practises the verb form: Now they can put into practice what they have learnt

si

{rl be a good opportunity to practise speaking English

‘The adjectives dependent and independent are spelt with -entat the end: ‘The degree of influence is dependent on a number of factors

‘Dependant is a noun referring to a person who depends on someone else financial: ‘The company provides private healthcare for workers and their dependants

3 Correct any spelling errors in the sentences below

1 beleive that successful companies need an experienced workloress We need to look at goverment expenditure on enviromental projects: Food hygine is a major concern for restaurant owners

‘Many farmers are dependent on foreign investors

‘This money should be spent to benifit the poorest countarles Strong health and educational programes are vital for dev ‘The propotion of women who acheive first class d ¢

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Tfepon ljespis website, wilde, workforce, workplace ome, outside, overall, overcome thing, someone, sometimes

nowadays, trowghout, whereas

hich are written with a hyphen include:

fie te

h ae written as separate words include: spend a lot of money on clothes

ds of pollution have decreased in the past five years

‘even though she knows its bad for her health

his 7 ar ‘has been delayed (= an adverb meaning perhaps)

‘iain reason for the change may be financial (= a verb phrase)

Nobody seems to talk face-to-face now-a-days

n the compounds and phrases in the sentences below they were satisfied, where as only 60% of men were happy nd every thing was neatly arranged,

are due to changes in lifestyle,

health and well being of all our residents re the outbreak of the civil war

n of people living in the country side, in school should be compulsory

{through out the country

the correct sentence in each pair 11a Nery university students have a port=tine jobs

1b Nary university students have a part tne jobs

2 These Jobs comot be done by unexperienced young people 1b These obs cannot be done by inexperienced young people :

‘There are many compound adjectives in English which are usually ‘good-looking, good-natured, well-known, well-educated, well-paid badly-behaved, bad- tempered, ill-equipped, hard-working, easy-going short-lived, short-tempered, short-term, long-term, long-lasting {fully-qualified, full-scale, full-size, full-time, part-time, time-co

‘Many phrases describing the age, size or length of something are form ‘way When they are used before a noun, they are hyphenated: six-year-old boy He is six years old

‘three-month training course ‘The course lasts three months, ‘a two-bedroom flat 4 flat with two bedrooms

‘Adjectives are also formed using prefixes, especially to describe opposites: dis- dissatisfied, disorganised ‘over- overcrowded, overpriced

inexpensive, inexperienced, inappropriate post- post-chool, postgraduate im- immoral, immature, impolite pre- pre-school, prearranged ron- nonexistent, non-smoking un- unaware, unsuitable, tr Some of these adjectives are spelt with a hyphen and some as one words check a

dictionary for the correct spelling

2 Correct the mistake below Don't you think thats bit unappropriate for

2 job interview?

Dontt you think

3 Underline the correct word

The figure rose steadily over a 30 year/30-year period The stalls sell a variety of non-expensivelinexpensive snacks

He was a polite, well-educated/good-educated man

The family live in a simple, single-storey/single storeys house

She is punctual, conscientious and hard work/hard-working

Everyone needs a healthy, well-balanced/well balanced diet All supervisors must attend a week-long/one week long sa

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@ Z armed, I was tod by a rather urpite

as only a single room availble 1 then Fit was a Fifth Fox room and the Ft was

“rorthaugh I had « runber of heavy bags, no body me

Larva at my room, I realised that I had \ Thế uramract key and had to retum 40 the reception Whnon I Finally Found some ore Ảo exchange the key and gd fo.gct wto my room, 1 foud that it was cramped

sth no phone a tdevson as advertised on your

2 Underline the correct words in the text below

Stayfit QB (

The Stayfit Health Club offers a wide range of fitness (1) progre

suit your (2) lifestyle/tfestyle Choose from a package of cone of our (3) fully-trained/full-trained instructors or joi

(4) twenty-five/twenty five different exercise classes we run e

you can brush up on your serves or (5) practice/practise your t

(6) fullsize/full size indoor tennis courts

Apply now for a 20% discount* (7) 12 months/12-month membership j

“hvala (6) dependent dependanton demand `

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hosing prepositions: after verbs

(1 Tiek the correct sentence in each pair

| |

| ng

screen, such asa television: | the tain times on the internet

‘music and store it on your computer every night on the TV news

ing: No one explained the reason for the delay

ig something: There are many reasons for choosing a small car was forced to leave early for family reasons | used to introduce a reason for something Due to already contains the |

sowe do not use due to + a reason:

isavailable on the university website | | | 2 Correct the mistake below

‘below (in the same order) to create sentences Add any necessary ‘articles, and put the verbs in an appropriate form

ƒ copy | role models / they / see / television performance / personal / reasons / public

/ safety concerns

1 Compares inthe US spend nore money on research and development 'b Gomponies in the US spend nove noney forcesearch and development 2 a Wiehave fo provide doctors with the resoarces thay need fo do the obs ` 1b Wehave to provide doctors the resources they need to do than jobs ‘There are a number of common verb + object + preposition combi

You can check the patterns used with a particular verb in a good! + spend + timelmoney + on something

The average person spends £100 a month on transport Also: Expenditure on/Spending on education has risen invest + money + in something

It up to local government to invest money in improved leisure facilities Also: The protesters want more state investment in agriculture 5 provide + something + for someone ` The project will provide employment for young artists and performers ‘Also: There has been progress in the provision of facilities for the disabled provide + someone + with something 3

We aim to provide the children with an opportunity fo experience a help + someone + (out) + with something

She visits rwice a week to help her grandmother out with the housework ‘Also: Some students need extra help with reading and writing,

On average, how much

‘There is one incorrect or missing preposition in each sentence ‘changes or additions necessary to correct the sentences

Some companies spend huge sums in advertising,

‘The new labels provide customers better information about ing have a problem I think you can help me

‘The party promised to increase investment for education

‘There are no facilities provided to passengers with young Spending for photographic film has dropped dramatically ‘There's a porter in reception to help guests their bags

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TEST 4

41 Complete the news stories below with one preposition in each:

‘The number of births in Scotland has risen to its highest level since 1999, according to the Registrar General Figures suggest that more than $4,000 babies were born in 2005, a rise () 420 births on the previous Year ~ that’s an increase (2) noun 1658 than 1% The increase (3) births ‘cuts in the level of spending ‘improvements m in health care, ‘ation, et in something on the elderly | _ almost 396 between 2003 and 2004 The | | ts tower chi Perea ct Registrar General for Scotland said: “The

|

| |

in the bird population

‘changes in people’ lifestyles ——.: „ Vi dũng recent upturn (S) the birth ratejs encouraging but it may be easing off” nga change or the result of a change + of + a number s

the numbe

ductiontrse, etc of + number the numb : \areduction 0ƒ20% in energy costs as a result ofthe measures eh TH experienced listeners to a total audience of2.1 million, | and heart disease, two of Scotlan

Mime - : | three causes J fall @) soon the number of death There was also a of both

marriages and divorces,

2 There are 10 mistakes with prepositions in the paragraph below or missing prepositions Find the mistakes and correct them — either

In the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase of the number of bi airlines which offer cheap flights throughout Europe Ifyou look in the in will nd some amazing deals at their websites These ‘no fils airlines few facilities their passengers, but when they're only spending a few euros ‘most people are happy with a basic service This reduction of the cost of E {travel has, inevitably, led to an explosion of the number of people who can take foreign holidays The growth to air travel and changes to patterns:

been a slight rise inlofto the number of men employed etthere tobe a fall by/offin approximately 30% over the next decade | | investment for many regional airports and boosted local economies Within Europe have had both positive and negative impacts Ithas eee a

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from five people who have chosen to give up their cars, but sare in the incorrect order Rewrite them to form correct sentences

ribing statistics: using p

4 Tick the correct sentence in each patt,

1 a The chont shows that only 18% men work ess than 151 1b The chart shows that ony 18% of nen work ess than 15 2 a TF welook at the Figores for people between 20 and 30 yee J we look at the figures for people between 20 to 30 ‘There are several key prepositions which are used when + X% of something

(Only 28% of customers said that they were satisfied with + between Xand¥

The rate rose dramatically between july 2005 and February the figure/percentageltota, etc for a group or category Looking at the figures for winter and sumer

‘we compare the percentages for skilled and unskilled workers ‘The average income for government employees is

ata levelirate

Inflation has remained at roughly the same level over a umber of years They can obtain loans at cheaper rates

bbe highest | come top / rank second, etc with X Footbal scored highest with 68% of the vote

aris is second in the table with 76 million passengers per year

ot the mistake below

80% dogs Sald they preferred

3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those with

1 France has the greatest number at 12 million, followed by! ‘The percentage fluctuated between 3.5 to 4%

‘The total value is approximately 18,000 yen from the eu Data is only available of the UK 1 The drop-out rate reached a peak of 18% in 2001 ‘The table shows the annual usage for

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lescribing statistics: verbs

‘Tick the correct sentence in each palr n 1 a Thebith rate has reduced over the post fen years

b The beth rate has chopped over the past fen years 2 a The graph shows a risen the ranber of accidents

b The graph represents a rise inthe ranber of accidents Common verbs used to describe graphs, charts and diagrams ‘The chartlgraph shows levels of post-school education in four: ral noun to describe part ofa total, expressed as parts of 100:

‘af households with more than one car ‘The chartigraph compares average working hours in the UKand d to describe part ofa total: We can see from the chartigraph that the number of visitors peaks in

Mr n orhow fast something happens, and some other measures: | Ty varirics/igures suggest that people in rural areas are healthier co Sằ Common verbs used to describe figures and statisties include: sa cốoếễêố ` The figure will increase further, reaching 6 million in 2020 (not:

vate, the birthideath rate, the exchangelinterestrate | Demand rose by 48% in just 2 years (not eieed by-48) (the vertical axis and the horizontal axis) ‘Time spent with the family dropped from 21% to just 6% (not

andalineorcurveshowinga trend „ sz Verbs such as rise, drop, decline and fall describe a change which! tics in visual form, often as coloured lines ›; ‘A person or organisation can raise or reduce something:

‘chart) or as sections ofa circle (a pie chart) ‘The Bank of England has raised interest rates something, usually numbers, organised within a

{going across ++) and columns (going down |) is a general word for something represented in a

‘achat The pie chart shows proportion af an average

a day a student spends on different activites ‘The number of visitor

student spends on different activities 3 Complete the sentences using an appropriate verb From the chart, we can

The inflation rate has _ its lowest point in 10 years ‘The chart the amount of water consumed pet Diagram 2.4 sown the life cycle of a butterfly

The results of the survey vue that most people are: public transport

‘The percentage of households without a phoRê ‘To combat global warming, we all need to š

consume, the rate/percentage of fights delayed by more than 60 minutes

the unemploymentiunemployed rates in six European countries, artillustrates the planned layout of the buildings a Seventy percentagelpercent success rate

t proportion/rate of people aged 65 and over films increase the criminallerime rate

a

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water slide = least popular ride ~ only 2% ‘The wer slide was te eas poplar re who chart shows % employees work late approx figures show average no, days holiday skilled & rate tooth decay dropped 10% 1960-1990

we can see § children watch more than 4hrsTV/day Zurich = 2" in table most expensive European cities: 1st graph compares % single-parent families diferent

‘Vocabulary extension, There are many different words used to English, Use a dictionary if necessary to put the words in the bx i column below dramatically jump downturn trough Er TLthen (10) 3 th levels towards the end of the year gradually arp boost gain “TEMAMTTASONE

i |Words to describe a | Words to describe a

cconmpimperpcton —_/movementor rend | movements end

of our water usage Re e3 pwards ZX downwards \

and cleaning Then showering ‘next, accounting for around sven ening |(nouns and verbs) | (nouns and verbs) a

~- of our daily consumption Couey as

{Incorrect prepositions or add prepositions where necessary in the below

'dropped dramatically between 2000 to 2008 shortages of language teachers in al levels,

ishows the average rates of pay in workers in four key industries, pecupy only 5% senior posts in the banking sector seame top in the survey at a 75% approval rating

‘overall budget is spent on training?

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bl fo a growing anount of people ocessbl fo a growing ranber of people the nanber of people who vied the galery each doy niser of people who vated the galery each cou -ofbefore a plural countable noun:

the number of hoursipassengers/peoplelschoolsitimes, et oftbefore an uncountable noun:

he amount ofenergyfeod!information/moneyitimelwast, etc number oflamount ofto talk generally about a quantity fpassengers carried each year has risen gradually the amount of water we waste

before an adjective + number oflamount oft are used to describe the actual quantities Percentage, proportion, rate, etc are used measurements as part of a total:

ge of students with blue eyes is 25% ‘of students with blue eyes is 6

inthe amount of butterflies this year,

country has lowest people living in poverty?

‘were asked about time they spend doing different activities, ‘customers who were attracted into the shop by special offers Ieisure time spent with friends and with family members generate large money for the tourism industry, total overseas students at UK universities has risen,

somparisons

‘correct sentence in each pair, ‘rate of union nenbership rose to 26.2%,

b The figure is now theee fies higher than in 1968,

are a number of common words and phrases that we use 10 «compare something (to/with something)

“itsimpossible 1o compare modern films with those made maybe 20 “Many have compared her voice to Aretha Franklins ( they have said

‘compared tolwith something ‘Women’s income rose by 31% compared to only 13% for men (not ‘incomparison (to(with something)

US workers get very little holiday in comparison with their European “After 1wo weeks in a tent, the simple tittle hotel seemed luxurious i

{(draw!make) a comparison between two things

There is no comparison between my life here and the way of life in my

"Its impossible to draw a direct comparison between the two conflicts + something is bigger/higher/lower/more important, ete than somethingelse

Prague has more churches than any other European city -mething is double/half, etc that of something else

fritain’s population density is double that of China (noteeraperad s9) ẤT uc: the mistake below

“Fifi really quite big

4 Are the sentences right or wrong? Correct those which are wrong

1 66.6 million people travelled abroad in 2007, comparing to 64.6 million in:

Non-smokers’ risk of heart attacks is roughly half that of people who

In comparative with other writers, she uses very simple, everyday!

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2 ae “".- ays a year from work Good sleepers, 2) on the

“contrarylin contrast, miss only 2 days on average “This chart (3) contrastvcompares the average (@) numberoroportion of hows ep aight for "people indifferent professions Mechanics get the

i ‘most sleep, with 7.6 hours per night, (5) in contrast | yeshlegsss nn

sities lve with thelr families, in contrast to 29% in Japan isa contrast between two things which are very different: o/in contrast doctors and company directors, who

M ^< services, unsurprisingly, get relatively litte sleep (6) in comparison

jespecialy in speech, to introduce the opposite of whathas | those in nine-to-five jobs How stressful your job is could also pi

‘an opposite opinion: (7) amountinumber of sleep you get, with one in five insomniacs blaming work dropped since theattack?"‘On the contrary, they've risen slighthy| fr their sleeplessness The figures suggest that goverment employees are good (@) compared tolcompares to private sector workers, o pethaps job security ‘on the other hand to introduce an opposite viewpoint: Kến

to warn their child about things to avoid, hut, on the other hand, they ic 2 Match the two halves of the sentences 1 The sample contained an equal number of Tim a bit of ftnes fan 2 They are expected to make a certain number of

My sister, onthe contrary, 3 The job involves a fair amount of refer less energetic hobbies /} 4 There is only a limited amount of

x 5 We try to cause the minimum amount of

6 There are the same number of calls per hour

|| & Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing it,

1 Spain has a relatively low crime rate compared with other European countries (comparison) Spain has

The average life expectancy of someone living in Mozambique is only 31 years compared with 78 years in the UK, 79 in France and nearly 81 in Japan

ee (contrast) The average life expectancy of someone living in Mozambique is 0

itshrink when it tums into ice, but, re nhóc cm ge life expectancy §

R- vw the two politicians could not be greater ._ ohherslong the coast ` 3 AMeuniia biking and track cycling are completely different (no comparison) There “ ‘sensitive than our own Birds, Many people have compared them to the Beatles

(comparison) Many people have

Most European students receive some funding nthe USA, however, work their way through college

(hand) Most European students receive some funding,

‘with one of the phrases from above

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table and uncountable nouns

ig Tick the correct sentence in each pair 2 very country has its own custons 1 a Internationa b Intemational aids are very inportant after natural asters ids very inportont after natural easter and behaviodrs

ery country hs ts own custors and behaviour

Many common nouns in English are uncountable ~ they de nothave aj

they are followed by a singular verb form These include: aid, behaviour, elo

een those living in other regions, “London is also home to the high Alot of information is available on the internet, employment, equipment, furniture, help, information, pollution, software,

groups ~29 percent of its population, shopping, swimming, training, etc Nouns ending -ing to describe an activity are also uncountable: This type of farming causes damage to the environment,

Some words have countable [C] and uncountable {U] forms used in different ex He has no work experience (U: knowledge and skills you gain by doing: fice eal Going into hospital is often a stressful experience (C: a particular event or: large limited increasing} } ow much time do you spend commuting? (U: hours, minutes, etc) How many times do you go each week? (C: occasions)

‘the waiters all wear local dress (U: clothes for a particular context) ‘iso: We often go walking in the country (singular: the countryside) ‘had two bridesmaids in pink dresses (C: a piece of women's clothing) canoe i haa He's visited a number of countries (C: a nation) 2 Correct the

number of places still available {measure of wine, spirit or beer contains the

4 Underline the correct word in each sentence

¬_ < amount of disruption 1 The shop sells children’s clothingsiclothing and footwear

2 In developing countries/country, malaria stil kills millions each year 3 She has 20 years of experienceslexperience as a nurse

4 The company sells specialist softwares/software for comput 8 These patients need injections several rimes/time a day

6 Ithas excellent facilities, with all the latest equipmentslequipment 7 Cigarette advertisings/advertising has been banned in many

Trang 20

{going on fobigher education have increased orm (is, has, makes, needs, etc.)

‘amount of sleep per night

Cnt ih sae ty er fom are

portion, etc of

{US have similar rates of literacy

that where you tse more than one verb in a sentence with the same

ust albe in the same form:

sa place for children to play safely and keeps them out of trouble

with the correct present form of the verb in brackets (allow) us to analyse the data in seconds

they and them

‘Tick the correct sentence in each pair

1 a There have been big changes in the Food we eat and the way we 1b There have been big changes inthe food we eat andthe wey we o 2 a Sach fins are not suitable for chicren because they contain viclenos

1b Such files are not suitable for chiceen because it contains violence Itrefers back to a singular or uncountable noun we have mentioned The lost my umbrella, have you seen it anywhere?

Emergency aid can help in the short term, but it isnt the answer in Each school has its own computer support officer

‘They refers back to a plural noun when the pronoun is the subject of a ver Such events costa lot of money, but they can also creat obs for Teal people: Dont take these painkillers when driving as they may cause drowsiness, ‘Them refers back to a plural noun when the pronoun is the object of ‘Medical facilities have to be located where people can make best use oft

‘We use their before something which belongs to a plural noun:

Vie help developing countries to manage their natural resources carefully

‘te We usually only use he/him and she/her to refer to people and not to things:

‘My car's quite old, but it's stil fairly reliable (not she’) Soveet the wlatake below

‘Tom, don't take all the toys,

‘Complete the sentences with one pronoun in each space

1 With a digital camera you can take photos and send t9

2 I did all my homework and handed 3 The plane was forced to land when

4 You should take off your shoes and leave we

5 Ifyou drink too much coffee, can st0p you sleeping

6 Fifty years ago, most women didn't work, stayed at

7 We need to crack down on illegal drugs and the people

8 Such huge companies have a number of ad 0

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3 In the letter below, there are 10 verbs in bold In se, which is the subject of the verb Is the verb in the correct forn ‘are wrong

ofthe nouns from the box Each word is used ‘the noun Ifnecessary

‘equipment behaviour information country

responsible for the of their children, wvailable on our website

to the school buildings

for fundraising events several w» but kept getting the answering machine

the most sparsely populated snes in the world n ctions below Each paragraph contains 8 errors ~find the and correct them

rẻ

st young children finds it easier to learn languages than 'no doubt thạt learring new languages are more ‘but they are certainly not impossible Many people inifeand becomes fluent speakers But what are the

ong children are increasing In the UK, for example, the

ave doubled in the past 10 years Some people believes

ting too much fast foods Others, however,

‘Dear Mohammed,

How are you? I'm getting in touch because I'm planning to Egypt on holiday soon and I'd like to ask you for some advice: know that alot of tourists visits visit Egypt every year, so Td like choose a time when the main tourist attractions lis least crowded When is the best time? 1 also know that your country *has a hot Are the weather hot all year round?

Ta be keen to know more about Egyptian customs too What Sortof ˆˆ

dress ‘are appropriate when you are out in the street? Irealise that in many Muslim countries, women “cover their heads and wears which “cover their arms and legs Are tourists expected to dress im the

same way?

‘And what about the food? T've heard that Egyptian cooking spices and many dishes ‘contains meat As I'ma vegetarian, doyou ^ "use alot think will have a problem? sa

Sorry for all my questions Could you recommend any websites whic has information about Egyptian culture and customs? Thanks for ` your help nét | Best wishes, ‘Anna, 4 Vocabulary extension, Are these words countable Label them C or U Use a good learner's dictionary or uncountable? to check if

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ny used in continuous forms (being and having) Soy ith theirbasic meaning — be = 10 ist, fave = 0 Possess:

"he most disadvantaged in society (not-are-bein)

“family to look after them (notare having)

The moment can she call you back? (= showeriNg) joying our visit)

about giving me time off ( behaving in an awkward way)

is only used with adjectives which describe an attitude or

ttc), not those describing feelings (happy, sad, etc)

o be used after certain words and phrases, including

Took forward 10, be advantages to, be worth, a reason for, ——

1a Sone people cor't afford fo jon private langoage coorses 1 Some people cart afford to attend privat longoage courses 2a Theciversty brary provides free internet access for stodents The university brary gies free infernat access for students ‘We use join to talk about becoming @ member of something, such s Try to stay healthy, so T've joined a gym

‘We use attend to talk about going regularly to a class, course, school Wehad the chance to attend a presentation skils workshop (HOte#đ) â T We also attend an organised event, such as a conference, meeting or church)

The Prime Minister attended a memorial service for the victims

‘We usually use go fo instead of attend in more informal writing and speech:

‘Are you going to this afternoon's lecture? (not aétending)

“We use provide to talk about making something available for people to use: We: ‘especially about services supplied by the government, a company or other 0 One of the roles of the state is to provide a basic education

We need to provide better facilities for visitors

‘The tourist office provides visitors with helpful information Give is usually used in more informal contexts or when one person: something to someone else:

The Red Cross gave the most malnourished children high-energy drinks

All team members are expected

3 Underline the best verb to complete the sentences

1 Allemployees have the opportunity to join/attend TT training courses ‘The couneil should giveprovide better public services for local He is due to go/attend a meeting in Munich tomorrow: Š

Trang 23

‘verb + noun combinations (collocations) in English ‘the team have made progress this season

Ibi important to make a good first impression We believe we can make a difference to children's lives

wg happylcomfortablelefective, etc: The system can be improved

“This incident will have a negative effect on tourism ipeople have more time to spend on their hobbies

fi: Tea is believed to have health benefits tion: He didn't give any explanation

\chancelopportunity: Give her a chance to explain first 3: There are several problems we need to deal with ‘that he didn't commit the crime

(Can you make me ‘one reason wy | should give it back?

}with an appropriate form of one of the verbs above him one final chance,

-vv Such emergency situations

but it didnt any difference,

in the city last year,

time to cook fresh meals

‘advantages and disadvantages,

life easier for asthma sufferers TEST 8°

“My wife's 6 months pregnant and I'm really looking forward to, a father When she frst told me she (6) was having/has a baby, ft of a shock; | knew it would (7) have/make a huge effect on our

‘now I've got used to the idea, | (8) ‘m/m being really excited about it ˆ

“Iwas quite surprised when we were (9) given/pro timetables at the start of term We only have to (10) six lectures a week, so we (11) have/spend plenty of time other stuff The course so far has been really interesting at quite challenging without (12) been/being too tough”

2 Use the words below in an appropriate form and in the same order to sentences Add any necessary articles or prepositions

Example:

the children be used to have structure their day “The chitdren are used to having a structure to their day,

{usually grab sandwich lunchtime rather than have cooked meal not take room without have look first

building have smoke alarms every room, he not give reason for be late

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iso many foreign nurses are not "provided proper training in language and ‘cultural differences and they are often nơt equipped to manage the problems they face with patients They sometimes don't know how to talk about sensitive Issues without to be rude or too direct Many newly-arrved nurses said that the

hints and advice they received from

colleagues give 2 big difference and become ft easier to ft in

‘Complete the sentences below using the correct form of make, Ifnecessary, check the underlined noun in a good learner's dictionary

good start to the year — - much success in persuading her to stay

lunch at their desk, usually just a quick sandwich new friends

/aword with the receptionist about it nasty comment about her hait

Commonly confused nouns: habits,

1 @ Asc tourist you should show respect for locallbhaviour b As tourist you should show respect For ioeal customs

2a They encourage the practice of feachers reading cloud fo young c 1b They encourage the habit of teachers reading aloud fo yoong children

‘Ahabitis something a person does regularly in a particular way a5 everyday life often without thinking about

‘After a while, separating rubbish for recycling jut becomes hab, `

People’s eating habits have changed Families no longer eat meals together

‘A custom is something people in a particular country or of a particular r ethnic group do because it has been part of their culture or way of life for: He studied Maori culture and customs

‘The custom of decorating eggs goes back hundreds of years

[A practice is a method of doing something which is usually used, nị particular country, industry, etc In this sense, practice is a countable noun: ‘The report condemned the practice of keeping prisoners in chains

Modern agricultural practices are to blame for the decline in wild flowers

Someone's behaviour is the way they behave generally or on a particular Behaviour is usually an uncountable noun and has no plural form:

The appalling behaviour of a minority of fans ruined the event for everyone

Itis@ British habit for a man to carry his new wife into thelr new home

The people of the island are proud of their history and It is now a common practice/custom to allow calculators} Parents need more control over their children’s viewing! In accordance with Muslim custom/habit, he was buried’ He’ picked up some bad behaviours/habits from his: ‘We hope to end the habit/practice of employing chill

Trang 25

‘causes people to think or behave in a different way: tthe influence of violent computer games on young people

influence on our personality

{to someone or something as a result of something else: ‘harmful effects of stress on the mother and unborn baby

‘beneficial effect on local businesses (not effaerto) 'a noun The verb form is affect:

‘most seriously affected by the hurricane | leflect of something, especially something new, on a person or

Shave had a massive impact on the personal computer industry

ces is also used to talk about the results, often bad, of an action: ‘ete very wored about the effects of transport policy for wide

Commonly confused nouns: time words

41 Tiek the correct sentence in each pair

1 a Theeifects wil ony be seen over along dination The effects wil ony be sean over along pexod of fine 2 a Nenagers are expected fo work for long tine Managers are expected fo work onghoors

‘We use hours to talk about the time during a day or week when happens, especially the time when someone works or when something is working hours ‘Most nannies work long hours for low pay (= they work many hours a day) office hours opening hours

We use period or period of time to talk about a particular length of time: Sales rose by 20% over a six-month periadlover a period of six months

Sportsmen can earn a lot of money, but only for a relatively short period of time ‘We use duration in formal writing to talk about how long something lasts: ‘Make sure that your visa is valid for the duration of your stay

‘The timing of something is when it happens within the context of other events: He said the timing of the announcement is not related to next week’s board meeting Time is also used in a number of common expressions:

How do people spend their spare timelfree timelleisure time? We spent most ofthe time on the beach (not mostofshesimes)

We haven't seen each other for a long time (not fortong.time)

Excuse me Can you tell me

3 Complete the sentences using one of the words above In each gap 1 Iewill take along - to repair all the damage

2 The rate fell gradually over the {from 1990 to 2000 3 Passengers are not permitted to smoke for the e

are from 9.00am to 5.30pm, 5 Many have criticised the „ 0F the

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jn their tea before eating them

rs don't carry guns

ss you!" when someone sneezes

‘are vaccinated against a number of diseases texts below with one preposition in each gap

| ere the environment emissions fom fights has

il take many years to grow wll only be noticed (4) of time The effects (5)

rom aircraft ae, however, immediate

hed record levels Thousands of people in ybe evacuated from areas affected (7)

| part of life, many believe that the (9) human intervention plains especially means that excess Wis

2 People don't realise the health consequences 3 Tourists aren‘t familiar with the American custom 4 The shop was shut down for the duration 5 You should try to get out of the habit 6 The report assesses the potential impact 7 We have seen the increasing political influence 8 He works away from home most

9 You pay the loan off gradually over a period 10 Many were surprised by the timing

‘The paragraph below contains 10 errors Edit the text by finding and errors

The effects to employees of working for long hours can be very serious, especially over

a scale of time Businesses need to look at whether their working practises encourage overwork We should consider the impact of lng working times on health and for family life Children whose parents are at work most of the times really miss out Where parents have very litle free-time to spend with their family, children often develop problems with their behaviours and get into bad habits ts easy for children ` to get out of control because their busy parents leave very litte influence on them the best learner's dictionary to

‘com the box to complete the sentences, Use a good eck any collocations you are not sure about common annoying serious big unsocial harmful bad knock-on

Cuts to the service could have Nurses are often expected to work People claim the cartoon series is a Always wear sun cream to avoid the ‘The congestion charge has had a

Tris "1 Practice to include a 10% sevice charge on thebill

Trang 27

effect on the outlook of public spaces ‘effect on the appearance of public spaces gations between parents and feachers

emma boomer cand teachers,

fng is the way itooks and a person's appearance is the way ‘body, hair, etc.) and the way they dress:

sare sometimes added to enhance the taste or appearance of food en spend a lot of time on their appearance (not their appearances)

ks srefers to how attractive they are — their face, etc but not their clothes:

land lost her loos (-she was not as atactve as before)

‘is the way they think about their life and the future: changed her outlook on life She enjoys each day at a time }isan uncountable noun and refers to the act of talking to people’ excellent communication skills

‘main means of communication (not sean-of communication) s (plural) refers to all the methods of sending information, for

email, post, etc:

le phones and other communications equipment

1 don think you should Judge people ‘on thelr appearances

pay much attention to his appearancellooks

ron their health and beautylappearance just because of his loklappearances, ar essential for a successful business than in the past

„ Using nouns and adjectives: male or men?

1a There are ow nore opportunities for fancles within the police serves: 'b There ore now nore cpporluntie for wonen within the poice service 2 a The chart shows the nunber of hours worked by men and wonen enplouees 'b The chert shows the snes of hours worked by ele and female employees

Male and female can be used as nouns, but they are only used in very’ ‘technical writing, or when talking about animals rather than people: ‘The male tree frog sings to attract a female

In most spoken and written contexts, we use the nouns man/men or: jursing and teaching degrees still attract more women than men ‘The life expectancy for an average man in Switzerland is 77 years

Male and female are used as adjectives in written and spoken English: We have a roughly equal number of male and female students All the eanciidates on the shortlist were male

In informal conversation, people sometimes use woman ot lady before another noun Ô instead of female Some people do not like lady used in this way:

awomanflady doctor ‘a womantlady golfer ‘She was the first woman president of Ireland 2 Correct the mistake below

‘The competition is open to both ‘Women sometimes prefer to see a

Trang 28

Fema ternien ovr e197 vox rece " - Bee ete cap gt " -.- - M - - - M -ẽ-ễ .- tat fod tana lsg _ TEST 10 © ‘space Add any articles (a/an/the) where necessary

the US government (not he-USA governmen’)

from a place is usually the same word as the adjective: la German, a Thai, an Asian, a European

shave a different word to refer toa person from that country ‘a Frenchman/Frenchwoman, a Dutchman/Dutchwoman x0, a Filipino (the Philippines), a Finn (Finland), a New Zealander,

Spaniard (Spain) a Swede (Sweden), a Turk (Turkey)

used to refer toa person from Britain in writing and news reports, but

| we usually talk about a British person/man/woman

‘common informal words for nationalities, such as Brit, Aussie and ‘not appropriate in more formal writing

contributed $54 million in aid ~~ drinks 7.8 kilograms of coffee a year What do we drink? Bottled water County Amount”

` ‘5 Germany 109.2 litres: 5 Belgium

6 Austra 26.5 Wes 8 Austnla [ TumeoSuie— | 4651me 8 Canada 23,7 tres 7 Unite Kingdon @-Nethedands

9 eins DAI 9: New Zealand 70 Unted Kingdom | 254Hwes | [710 Sweden

‘Litres per person per year

‘The tables show the amount of bottled water and carbonated soft drinks consumed

per person per year in countries around the world, Bottled water is most popular in drinking

ranks second with 146.6 litres per person 4 (example) 8aly,

155 litres per year (2)

In fact, the top six countries in terms of consumption of bottled water are all

@) @) „and (8)

next in seventh and eighth posidons, with (6)

œ consuming the least bottled water of the countries mentioned (8)

bottled water a year

, with the average (1)

The country which consumes by far the greatest quantity of soft drinks per

@ 00

a year, thats almost double the consumption of ay other country

an country, (12)

while (13) drinker are ranked at number two average of 126 litres annually (14)

quantity of soft drinks as (1) ‘whereas another (16)

just features in the top ten, with the average (18)

82.4 litres a year The (18) and the (20) drink similar amounts, 96.5 and 96.1 litres per year

Trang 29

sons between the two sides in the dispute ‘the British Parliament, just 19.7% of MPs ofa building

industry in the UK politicians at alocal smake a huge difference to the

ter regulation of the in the proportion

his good from his father “are smaller and have dark brown feathers, g abroad has really broadened my

n Countries and nationalities crossword Answer key Unit 1 11b 2a the importance ofa balanced diet ‘bad for the heart correct

‘benefit from the development of unhappy about the quality of correct correct ‘depending on the standard of accommodation 8 the role of the family 2 3 Unit2 Tie 2b

2 have an equal chance of winning 3 1 Onlyasmall number of troublemakers were responsible for

the problems

Computers play a very important role in education nowadays 3 She cant afford to study on a full-

time basis,

4 Teenagers should be allowed a ‘greater degree of freedom 5 They have aslightly different

approach to studying 6 Wehad a one-week intensive

training course

7 There has been a gradual increase in the number of thefts

8 They offer quite a wide variety of courses

2a

2 Heathrow Airport on 12th January at 5.30 in the mot

3 1 Visitors to China should remember not to give a clock as a present 2 These customs are common in ‘Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia

8 She hopes to compete for France

in the European Championships

in August a

‘Test 1 11 the concentration; the stomach 2 an incredibly ~ improvements; long time — quality;

efficiency

Ahigh percentage a significant number

a sharp decline; the proportion of the extended family

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really bored Where's its 5 dont 6 Let's 7 isnt 8 who’

1 an energy crisis and, undoubtedly, one of the keys; It ism', however, as straightforward; Firstly, we need ; We could look, for example, at ways; Many measures, such as roof insulation and double-glazing, are often; Moreover, many poor people; houses which aren't as easy; Secondly, it’s much easier; However, for a developing country; In conclusion, we can say; some will, inevitably, need help 21 if 5 whether

2 who's 6 Forexample 3 when 7 its

4 8 whether 3 1 is, of course, slower

2 people, especially single parents,

these rises will cause

are, however, alternatives to surgery people, such as those in flats, compost bins are

5 ae, therefore, a number of precautions we would orare a number of precautions, therefore, we would orate a number of precautions we would, therefore,

6 are, toa certain extent, responsible for ‘orate responsible, to a certain extent, for people, for instance, are more vulnerable to are, unfortunately, unfortunately, are 4 1 whether 5 i8 2 obviously 6 when 3 Its 71 4 However 8 Hke Unit7 rib 2a 2 more practice before you take your test 3.1 believe 2 government; environmental 3 hygiene 4 no errors 5 benefit; countries 6 programmes 7 proportion; achieve 8 noerrors Units Lib 2b

2 talk face-to-face nowadays

3-1 Said they were satisfied, whereas only 60% of men 2 clean and everything was neatly 3 noerrors

4 the health and well-being ofall our residents 5 no errors

6_ research into the lifespan of people living in the countryside, 7 Maybe learning a foreign language 8 runs twenty-six hostels spread

‘throughout the country Unit 9

lives 2b

Trang 31

fluctuated between 3.5 and 4%

of of d0 ốn 3 on exchange rate 18,000 yen at the current in of = 2 of 11 on 4 only available forthe UK 5 correct in 13 for 6 correct

in in in 16 of 14 on 15 on 7 Teast popular destination 8 12% of interviewees only 6% of ghts with 2 dramatic increase in the number; Jookon the internet; deals on their tế VỆ

xeheles Eeiel 2 few euros ona fight; reduction the pmeenges, | 1 h in the ‘

"ï" - 2 the proportion ofan average day

offin air travel; changes in patterns; investment in many regional airports 5, 1 eee 2 unemployment 9 cae : og

3 1 uolono[29% fn (te numberof injuries s25 mdncion } $ dagam 4 percent 8 gap bait

2 agreat deal of variation one region to another availabilty ofthis treatment from in the Ô— J1 1 b | Unitl§ 2a

3 arise of 40% /a40%rise inhouse prices | 2 reachesapeakinJuy 31 roe 4 reach a peak of around 30°C in summer } ' 2 see 3 reached

5 (tomake) improvements in computer access for students | 4 compares 5 ilustrates or shows or shows 6 more/greater investment in staf training 6 suggest or show

7 dropped or fell 4.1 Mymain carwas environmental reason for giving up my — 8 reduce

2 Improvements transport mean that I just dont Saag in local public | FS Sade ope uh 2 compares 9 rate gà Di 3 decided number of diferent reasons to getrid ofmy carfora | se a An di È 4 Itwasnt economic moreduetothehighcostatfuel, to run a car any cD Ẻ on 1 ae

NM h na 20 emt ame

i 2 2 teachers at all levels Unit 13 3 rates of pay for workers

` ¿ 4] 4 only 5% of senior posts

5 1 the survey with a 75%

t4 Sido snore Vote 6 proportion ofthe overall budget 7 “rising ata rate of 8mm

Trang 32

in contrast to 78 years in the UK, 79 in France and nearly 81 in Japan 3 isno comparison between ‘mountain biking and track cycling,

.-made/drawn a comparison between them and the Beatles

Inthe USA, on the other hand, students work their way through college

4 in comparison with/to other EU countries; income in tax compared with only 29.7%; almost half that of workers

{in Germany; In contrast, Scotland; ‘Compared with/to those living in other

regions; the highest

proportion/percentage of people from non-white ethnic groups; 29 percent of its population, compared with 8 percent 4 5 51 fir 3 marked 2 increasing 7 large 8 enommous 6 direct | | | 4 limited 9 stark 5 same 10 certain Unit 19 lla i 2b i

2 were meant to come in evening dress

31 clothing 2 countries 5 times | 6 equipment 3 experience 7 advertising i 4 software 8 transport | Unit20 11a i \ 2a ; 2 love playing with the animals 4 3 5 receives = i 4 have 3.1 them 2 it 5 it 6 they 3 it 7 them 4 them 8 their Test7 1 1 behaviour 6 shopping 2 information 7 help 3 damage 8 training 4 ideas 9 times 5 equipment 10 countries Research has shown; young children find it easier; learning new languages 1s more difficult; but it is certainly not impossible; and become fluent speakers; the best teaching methods

Inmany western countries, obesity among children is increasing; overweight children has doubled; Some people believe that children are getting fatter; eating too much fastfood: argue that they are not getting enough exercise

New technology allows us; other information online; newspapers are necessary; or whether they will soon disappear; news websites which are updated; newspapers still continue to be printed and people continue to buy them

‘the main tourist attractions are Teast crowded

‘your country has a hot climate verb form correct

Is the weather hot

‘What sort of dress is appropriate women cover their heads ~ verb form correct women cover their heads and wear clothing slothing which covers their arms and legs -»» Egyptian cooking uses a lot of spices

‘many dishes contain meat

Trang 33

of

3 1 There will be ofthe police at the march 2 People dont of heavy drinking 3 Tourists arent of tipping 15% in restaurants 4 The shop of the war

5 You should of adding salt to your food

6 The report of climate change

7 Wehave of trade unions 8 He works ofthe time 9 You pay of five to ten years 10 Many were of his resignation 4 The effects on employees; working for long hours can; over a period of time;

Trang 34

our notice, we will be happy to inc

acknowledgements on reprinting

For the logo UNHCR on p.8: used by kind permission of the UN High

Refugees; for the texts on p.23: ‘Birth rates continue to rise’ and ‘Spending

dwarfed by ICT’, used by permission of bbc.co.uk; for the text on p.53: ‘What « drink?’, statistics used by permission of NationMaster.com

Illustrated by Julian Mosedale

The Cambridge Learner Corpus

This book is based on information from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a collecti over 90,000 exam papers from Cambridge ESOL It shows real mistakes students m and highlights which parts of English cause particular problems for learners

The Cambridge Learner Corpus has been developed jointly with the University of < Cambridge ESOL Examinations and forms part of the Cambridge International Corpt To find out more, visit

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