Dictionary of Banking and Finance

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Dictionary ofthird editionA & C Black ț London www.acblack.comOriginally published by Peter Collin Publishing in 1991Second edition published 1999Third edition published 2003Reprinted 2005A & C Black Publishers Ltd38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB© P. H. Collin 1991, 1999© Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 2003© A & C Black Publishers Ltd 2005All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproducedin any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers.A CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryeISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0227-5 ISBN-10: 0 7136 7739 2ISBN-13: 978 0 7136 7739 3A & C Black uses paper produced with elemental chlorine-free pulp,harvested from managed sustainable forests.Text typeset by A & C BlackPrinted in Italy by Legoprint Preface to the first editionThis dictionary provides a basic vocabulary of terms used in the fields ofbanking, investment, the Stock Exchange, and general finance. It covers bothBritish and American usage.The main words and phrases are defined in simple English, and manyexamples are given to show how the words may be used in context. In somecases, the definitions are expanded by explanatory comments. We also givequtoations from newspapers and financial magazines from various parts ofthe world.The supplements at the back of the book offer additional information.Preface to the second editionThe vocabulary of banking and finance, like that of so many moderndisciplines, moves forward rapidly, and we have expanded and edited thetext of the dictionary to keep pace with current changes. We have also madea further selection of recent quotations from newspapers and magazines.At the same time, to make the dictionary more useful to students, we nowgive phonetic transcriptions for all the headwords.Preface to the third editionThe text and supplements have been thoroughly revised for this new editionand many new entries have been included to reflect recent changes in thefield of banking and finance.We are grateful to Stephen Curtis for his help with this edition. Thanks arealso due to Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Daisy Jackson, Sarah Lusznat, JillGarner and Sandra Anderson for the excellent presentation of the text. Pronunciation GuideThe following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the mainwords in the dictionary.Stress is indicated by a main stress mark (  ) and a secondary stress mark (  ). Notethat these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its positionin the sentence.Vowels Consonantsback b buckɑ harm d deadɒ stop ðothera type d jumpaυ how f fareaə hire  goldaυə hour h headɔ course j yellowɔ annoy k cabehead l leaveeə fair m mixe make n nileυ go ŋ sing word p printi keep r resti happy s saveə about ʃ shop fit t takeə near tʃ changeu annual θ theftu pool v valueυ book w workυə tour x loch shut  measurez zone AA/sŋ(ə)l e/,AA/db(ə)l e/,AAA /trp(ə)l e/nounletters thatshow how reliable a particular share,bond or company is considered to bećThese bonds have a AAA rating.‘…the rating concern lowered its rating tosingle-A from double-A, and its senior debtrating to triple-B from single-A’ [Wall StreetJournal]COMMENT: The AAA rating is given byStandard & Poor’s or by Moody’s, and in-dicates a very high level of reliability for acorporate or municipal bond in the USA1/e wɒn/adjective˽ship which isA1 at Lloyd’s a ship which is in the bestpossible condition according to Lloyd’sRegisterAADabbreviationArab accountingdinarABAabbreviationAmerican BankersAssociationabandonment/əbndənmənt/nounan act of giving up voluntarilysomething that you own, such as an op-tion or the right to a propertyabatement/əbetmənt/nounan actof reducingABA transit number/e bi etrnzt nmbə/nouna number allo-cated to an American financial institu-tion, such as a bank(NOTE: The numberappears on US cheques in the topright-hand corner, above the ‘checkrouting symbol’.)ABIabbreviationAssociation of BritishInsurersabove par/əbv pɑ/adjectivere-ferring to a share with a market pricehigher than its par valueabove the line/əbv ðə lan/ad-jective,adverb1.COMPANIESformingpart of normal income and expenditurebefore taxćExceptional items arenoted above the line in company ac-counts.2.relating to revenue items in agovernment budget3.ADVERTISINGre-lating to advertising for which paymentis made (such as an ad in a magazine ora stand at a trade fair) and for which acommission is paid to an advertisingagency. Comparebelow the lineabsolute/bsəlut/adjectivecom-plete or totalabsolute monopoly/bsəlut mə-nɒpəli/nouna situation where onlyone producer produces or only one sup-plier supplies somethingćThe com-pany has an absolute monopoly ofimports of French wine.ćThe sup-plier’s absolute monopoly of the prod-uct meant that customers had to accepthis terms.absolute title/bsəlut tat(ə)l/nouna form of ownership of a pieceof land in which the owner’s right isguaranteed by being registered with theLand Registry(NOTE: Absolute titlealso exists to leasehold land, givingthe proprietor a guaranteed validlease.)absorb/əbzɔb/verbto take in asmall item so that it forms part of alarger one˽overheads have absorbedall our profits all our profits have gonein paying overhead expenses˽to ab-sorb a loss by a subsidiary to include asubsidiary company’s loss in the groupaccounts˽a business which has beenabsorbed by a competitor a small busi-ness which has been made part of alarger oneabsorption/əbzɔpʃən/nountheprocess of making a smaller businesspart of a larger one, so that the smallercompany in effect no longer existsabsorption costing/əbzɔpʃənkɒstŋ/nouna form of costing for aproduct that includes both the directcosts of production and the indirectoverhead costs as well absorption rate/əbzɔpʃən ret/nouna rate at which overhead costs areabsorbed into each unit of productionabstract/bstrkt/nouna shortform of a report or documentćto makean abstract of the company accountsa/c, accabbreviationaccountaccelerate/əkseləret/verb1.tomake something go faster2.to reducethe amount of time before a maturitydateaccelerated depreciation/ək-seləretd dpriʃeʃ(ə)n/nounasystem of depreciation which reducesthe value of assets at a high rate in theearly years to encourage companies, as aresult of tax advantages, to invest in newequipmentCOMMENT: This applied in the UK until1984; until then companies could depreci-ate new equipment at 100% in the firstyear of purchase.acceleration/əkseləreʃ(ə)n/nounthe act of making an unpaid balance orbond repayment become payableimmediatelyaccept/əksept/verb1.to take some-thing which is being offered˽to acceptdelivery of a shipment to take goodsinto the warehouse officially when theyare delivered2.to say ‘yes’ or to agreeto somethingćShe accepted the offer ofa job in Australia.ćHe accepted £2000in lieu of notice.ć60% of shareholdershave accepted the offer.acceptable/əkseptəb(ə)l/adjectivewhich can be acceptedćBoth partiesfound the offer acceptable.ćThe termsof the contract of employment are notacceptable to the candidate.ćThe offeris not acceptable to the shareholders.acceptance/əkseptəns/noun1.theact of signing a bill of exchange to showthat you agree to pay it˽to present abill for acceptance to present a bill forpayment by the person who has ac-cepted it2.˽acceptance of an offerthe act of agreeing to an offer˽to givean offer a conditional acceptance toaccept an offer provided that specificthings happen or that specific terms ap-ply˽we have their letter of accep-tance we have received a letter fromthem accepting the offer3.a bill whichhas been accepted4.the act of acceptingan offer of new shares for which youhave appliedacceptance credit/əkseptənskredt/nounan arrangement of creditfrom a bank, where the bank acceptsbills of exchange drawn on the bank bythe debtor: the bank then discounts thebills and is responsible for paying themwhen they mature; the debtor owes thebank for the bills but these are coveredby letters of creditacceptance sampling/əkseptənssɑmplŋ/nounthe process of testing asmall sample of a batch to see if thewhole batch is good enough to beacceptedaccepting house/əkseptŋ haυs/,acceptance house /əkseptəns haυs/nouna firm (usually a merchant bank)which accepts bills of exchange (i.e.promises to pay them) at a discount, inreturn for immediate payment to the is-suer, in this case the Bank of EnglandAccepting Houses Committee/əkseptŋ haυzz kəmti/nounthemain London merchant banks, which or-ganise the lending of money with theBank of England. They receive slightlybetter discount rates from the Bank.acceptor/əkseptə/nouna personwho accepts a bill of exchange by sign-ing it, thus making a commitment to payit by a specified dateaccess/kses/noun˽to have ac-cess to something to be able to obtainor reach somethingćShe has access tolarge amounts of venture capital.íverbto call up data which is stored in a com-puterćShe accessed the address file onthe computer.Access/kses/a credit card systemformerly operated by some Britishbanks, part of the MasterCard networkaccess fee/kses fi/nouna feecharged to bank customers for using on-line servicesaccess time/kses tam/nounthetime taken by a computer to find datastored in itaccident insurance/ksd(ə)ntnʃυərəns/nouninsurance which willpay the insured person when an accidenttakes placeaccident policy/ksd(ə)ntpɒlsi/nounan insurance contractabsorption rate 2 accident policy which provides a person with accidentinsuranceaccommodation/əkɒmədeʃ(ə)n/noun1.money lent for a short time2.˽to reach an accommodation withcreditors to agree terms for settlementwith creditorsaccommodation address/ə-kɒmədeʃ(ə)n ədres/nounan ad-dress used for receiving messages, butwhich is not the real address of thecompanyaccommodation bill/əkɒmə-deʃ(ə)n bl/nouna bill of exchangewhere the person signing (the ‘drawee’)is helping another company (the‘drawer’) to raise a loanaccordance/əkɔdns/noun˽inaccordance with in agreement orconformity with, as a result of whatsomeone has said should be donećInaccordance with your instructions wehave deposited the money in your cur-rent account.ćI am submitting theclaim for damages in accordance withthe advice of our legal advisers.accord and satisfaction/əkɔdən stsfkʃən/nounthe payment bya debtor of (part of) a debtaccordingly/əkɔdŋli/adverbinagreement with what has been decidedćWe have received your letter and havealtered the contract accordingly.according to/əkɔdŋ tu/preposi-tion1.in accordance withćThe com-puter was installed according to themanufacturer’s instructions.ćTheshares were bought according to writteninstructions from the client.2.as statedor shown by someone‘…the budget targets for employment andgrowth are within reach according to the latestfigures’ [Australian Financial Review]account/əkaυnt/noun1.a record offinancial transactions over a period oftime, such as money paid, received, bor-rowed or owedćPlease send me youraccount or a detailed or an itemised ac-count.2. (in a shop)an arrangementwhich a customer has to buy goods andpay for them at a later date, usually theend of the monthćto have an accountor a charge account or a credit accountwith HarrodsćPut it on my account orcharge it to my account.ćThey are oneof our largest accounts.˽to open anaccount(of a customer.)to ask a shopto supply goods which you will pay forat a later date˽to open an account, toclose an account(of a shop)to start orto stop supplying a customer on credit˽to settle an account to pay all themoney owed on an account˽to stop anaccount to stop supplying a customeruntil payment has been made for goodssupplied3.˽on account as part of a to-tal bill˽to pay money on account topay to settle part of a bill˽advance onaccount money paid as a part payment4.a customer who does a large amountof business with a firm and has an ac-count with itćSmith Brothers is one ofour largest accounts.ćOur sales peo-ple call on their best accounts twice amonth.5.˽to keep the accounts towrite each sum of money in the accountbookćThe bookkeeper’s job is to enterall the money received in the accounts.6.STOCK EXCHANGEa period duringwhich shares are traded for credit, and atthe end of which the shares bought mustbe paid for(NOTE: On the LondonStock Exchange, there are twenty-fouraccounts during the year, each runningusually for ten working days.) 7.notice˽to take account of inflation, to takeinflation into account to assume thatthere will be a specific percentage of in-flation when making calculationsíverb˽to account for to explain and re-cord a money transactionćto accountfor a loss or a discrepancyćThe repshave to account for all their expenses tothe sales manager.account aggregation/əkaυntreeʃ(ə)n/nouna service for on-line banking customers, which allowsthem to group various accounts, includ-ing credit card accounts, togetheraccountancy/əkaυntənsi/nounthework of an accountantćThey are study-ing accountancy or They are accoun-tancy students.(NOTE: The US term isaccounting in this meaning.)accountant/əkaυntənt/nouna per-son who keeps a company’s accounts ordeals with an individual person’s tax af-fairsćThe chief accountant of a manu-facturing group.ćThe accountant hasshown that there is a sharp variance inour labour costs.ćI send all my incometax queries to my accountant.accommodation 3 accountant accountant’s opinion/ə-kaυntənts əpnjən/nouna report ofthe audit of a company’s books, carriedout by a certified public accountantaccount book/əkaυnt bυk/nounabook with printed columns which isused to record sales and purchasesaccount day/əkaυnt de/nounaday on which shares which have beenbought must be paid for (usually a Mon-day ten days after the end of an ac-count). Also calledsettlement dayaccount end/əkaυnt end/nountheend of an accounting periodaccount executive/əkaυnt -zekjυtv/noun1.an employee wholooks after customers or who is the linkbetween customers and the company2.an employee of an organisation suchas a bank, public relations firm oradvertising agency who is responsiblefor looking after particular clients andhandling their business with theorganisationaccounting/əkaυntŋ/nounthework of recording money paid, re-ceived, borrowed or owedćaccountingmethodsćaccounting proceduresćanaccounting machinećThe auditorshave introduced a new accountingsystem.‘…applicants will be professionally qualifiedand have a degree in Commerce or Accounting’[Australian Financial Review]accounting period/əkaυntŋpəriəd/nouna period of time at theend of which the firm’s accounts aremade upAccounting Standards Board/ə-kaυntŋ stndədz bɔd/nounacommittee set up by British accountinginstitutions to monitor methods used inaccountingaccount number/əkaυnt nmbə/nouna special number given to anaccount, either a bank account (in whichcase it appears on cheques) or a cus-tomer accountaccount reconcilement/əkaυntrekənsalmənt/nounsame asbankreconciliationaccounts department/əkaυntsdpɑtmənt/nouna department in acompany which deals with money paid,received, borrowed or owedaccounts manager/əkaυntsmndə/nounthe manager of an ac-counts departmentaccounts payable/əkaυntspeəb(ə)l/nounmoney owed by acompanyaccounts receivable/əkaυnts r-sivəb(ə)l/nounmoney owed to acompanyaccount statement/əkaυntstetmənt/nouna written documentfrom a bank showing the balance of anaccount at the end of a periodaccount trading/əkaυnt tredŋ/nounbuying shares and selling the sameshares during an account, which meansthat the dealer has only to pay the differ-ence between the price of the sharesbought and the price obtained for themwhen they are soldaccrete/əkrit/verbto have some-thing added to it, especially (of a fund)to have interest added to itaccretion/əkriʃ(ə)n/nounthe pro-cess of adding interest to a fund over aperiod of timeaccrual/əkruəl/noun1.the act ofnoting financial transactions when theytake place, and not when payment ismade2.a gradual increase by addition˽accrual of interest the automatic addi-tion of interest to capitalaccruals basis/əkruəlz bess/,accruals concept /əkruəlzkɒnsept/nouna method of preparingaccounts in which revenues and costsare both reported during the period towhich they refer and not during the pe-riod when payments are received ormadeaccrue/əkru/verbto increase andbe due for payment at a later datećIn-terest accrues from the beginning of themonth.accrued dividend/əkrud dv-dend/nouna dividend earned since thelast dividend was paidaccrued interest/əkrud ntrəst/nouninterest which has been earned byan interest-bearing investmentćAc-crued interest is added quarterly.acctabbreviationaccountaccumulate/əkjumjυlet/verbtogrow in quantity by being added to, or toget more of something over a period ofaccountant’s opinion 4 accumulate accumulated depreciation 5 active accounttimećWe allow dividends to accumu-late in the fund.accumulated depreciation/ə-kjumjυletd dpriʃieʃ(ə)n/nounthe total amount by which an asset hasbeen depreciated since it was purchasedaccumulated profit/ə-kjumjυletd prɒft/nouna profitwhich is not paid as dividend but istaken over into the accounts of the fol-lowing yearaccumulated reserves/ə-kjumjυletd rzvz/plural nounreserves which a company has put asideover a period of yearsaccumulation/əkjumjυleʃ(ə)n/nounthe process of growing larger bybeing added to, or of getting more andmore of somethingaccumulation unit/əkjumjυ-leʃ(ə)n junt/nouna type of unitin a unit trust, which produces dividendswhich are used to form more units(as opposed to an income unit, whichproduces dividends which the investorreceives as income)ACDabbreviationauthorized corporatedirectorACHabbreviation USautomatedclearing houseachieve/ətʃiv/verbto succeed indoing something, to do something suc-cessfullyćThe company has achievedgreat success in the Far East.ćWeachieved all our objectives in 2001.‘…the company expects to move to profits ofFFr 2m next year and achieve equally rapidgrowth in following years’ [Financial Times]acid test ratio/sd test reʃəυ/nounsame asliquidity ratioACP statenounan African, Carib-bean and Pacific state which is linked tothe European Community through theLomé Convention (1985)acquire/əkwaə/verbto buyćto ac-quire a companyćWe have acquired anew office building in the centre oftown.acquirer/əkwaərə/nouna personor company which buys somethingacquisition/kwzʃ(ə)n/nounsomething boughtćThe chocolate fac-tory is our latest acquisition.ćThecompany has a record of making profit-able acquisitions of traders in the retailsector.acquisition accounting/kw-zʃ(ə)n əkaυntŋ/nouna fullconsolidation, where the assets of asubsidiary company which has beenpurchased are included in the parentcompany’s balance sheet, and the pre-mium paid for the goodwill is writtenoff against the year’s earningsacross-the-board/əkrɒs ðə bɔd/adjectiveapplying to everything or ev-eryonećan across-the-board price in-crease or wage increaseacross-the-board tariff increase/əkrɒs ði bɔd trf nkris/nounan increase in duty which applies to awhole range of itemsact/kt/nouna law passed by parlia-ment which must be obeyed by the peo-pleíverb1.to workćHe has agreedto act as an agent for an American com-pany.ćThe solicitor is acting for us oron our behalf.2.to do somethingćTheboard will have to act quickly if thecompany’s losses are going to be re-duced.˽to act on something to dowhat you have been asked to do bysomeonećto act on a letterćThe law-yers are acting on our instructions.ACTabbreviationAdvance Corpora-tion Taxaction/kʃən/noun1.a thing whichhas been done˽to take action to dosomethingćYou must take action if youwant to stop people cheating you.2.˽to take industrial action to do some-thing (usually to go on strike) to showthat you are not happy with conditionsat work3.a case in a law court where aperson or company sues another personor company˽to take legal action tosue someonećan action for libel or alibel actionćan action for damagesćShe brought an action for wrongful dis-missal against her former employer.active/ktv/adjectiveinvolvingmany transactions or activitiesćan ac-tive demand for oil sharesćan activeday on the Stock ExchangećComputershares are very active.active account/ktv əkaυnt/nounan account, such as a bank accountor investment account, which is used(i.e. money is deposited and withdrawn)frequently [...]... definitions are expanded by explanatory comments. We also give qutoations from newspapers and financial magazines from various parts of the world. The supplements at the back of the book offer additional information. Preface to the second edition The vocabulary of banking and finance, like that of so many modern disciplines, moves forward rapidly, and we have expanded and edited the text of the dictionary. .. charge of a branch of a bank ć They asked their bank man- ager for a loan. bank mandate / bŋk mndet / noun a written order to a bank, asking it to open an account and allow someone to sign cheques on behalf of the account holder, and giving specimen signatures and relevant information banknote / bŋknəυt / noun 1. a piece of printed paper money (in Eng- land, issued by the Bank of England; in Scotland,... work υə tour x loch  shut  measure z zone Dictionary of third edition A & C Black ț London Preface to the first edition This dictionary provides a basic vocabulary of terms used in the fields of banking, investment, the Stock Exchange, and general finance. It covers both British and American usage. The main words and phrases are defined in simple English, and many examples are given to show how... warehouse officially when they are delivered 2. to say ‘yes’ or to agree to something ć She accepted the offer of a job in Australia. ć He accepted £2000 in lieu of notice. ć 60% of shareholders have accepted the offer. acceptable / əkseptəb(ə)l / adjective which can be accepted ć Both parties found the offer acceptable. ć The terms of the contract of employment are not acceptable to the candidate. ć The offer is... Abbreviation BIN banking / bŋkŋ / noun the business of banks ć He is studying banking. ć She has gone into banking. ˽ a banking crisis a crisis affecting the banks banking account / bŋkŋ ə- kaυnt / noun US an account which a customer has with a bank Banking Code / bŋkŋ kəυd / noun a voluntary code of practice adopted by banks and building societies in their dealings with their customers banking hours / bŋkŋ... insurance company banco noun the word for bank in Spanish and Portuguese Banco de España noun the central bank of Spain Banco de Portugal noun the central bank of Portugal band / bnd / noun a range of figures with an upper and a lower limit, to which something, e.g. the amount of someone’s salary or the exchange value of a currency, is restricted but within which it can move ć a salary band bank / bŋk / noun a business... further selection of recent quotations from newspapers and magazines. At the same time, to make the dictionary more useful to students, we now give phonetic transcriptions for all the headwords. Preface to the third edition The text and supplements have been thoroughly revised for this new edition and many new entries have been included to reflect recent changes in the field of banking and finance. We are... days will be one of the crucial questions for the stock market this year’ [Financial Times] block / blɒk / noun 1. a series of items grouped together ć I bought a block of 6,000 shares. 2. a series of buildings forming a square with streets on all sides ć They want to redevelop a block in the centre of the town. ˽ a block of offices, an office block a large building which only contains offices í verb to stop... a ship, plane or train ć Customs officials boarded the ship in the harbour. ‘CEOs, with their wealth of practical experience, are in great demand and can pick and choose the boards they want to serve on’ [Duns Business Month] board meeting / bɔd mitŋ / noun a meeting of the directors of a company board of directors / bɔd əv da- rektəz / noun 1. GB a group of direc- tors elected by the shareholders... the signatures of its officials. It is the lender of last resort to commercial banks and supervises bank- ing institutions in the UK Its Monetary Pol- icy Committee is independent of the government and sets interest rates. The Governor of the Bank of England is ap- pointed by the government. Bank of Japan / bŋk əv dəpn / noun the central bank of Japan. Abbre- viation BOJ bank on / bŋk ɒn / verb to . supplements at the back of the book offer additional information.Preface to the second editionThe vocabulary of banking and finance, like that of so many moderndisciplines,. first editionThis dictionary provides a basic vocabulary of terms used in the fields ofbanking, investment, the Stock Exchange, and general finance. It covers