www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info COBOL Software Modernization www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Series Editor Jean-Charles Pomerol COBOL Software Modernization From Principles to Implementation with the BLU AGE® Method Franck Barbier Jean-Luc Recoussine www.it-ebooks.info First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK John Wiley & Sons, Inc 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2015 The rights of Franck Barbier and Jean-Luc Recoussine to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955859 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84821-760-7 www.it-ebooks.info Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi ACRONYMS xiii INTRODUCTION xvii CHAPTER SOFTWARE MODERNIZATION: A BUSINESS VISION 1.1 Software-based business 1.2 Information-driven business 1.2.1 Adaptation to business 1.3 The case of tourism industry 1.4 IT progress acceleration 1.5 Legacy world 1.5.1 Exiting the legacy world 1.5.2 Legacy world professionals 1.6 Conclusions 11 13 15 16 18 CHAPTER SOFTWARE MODERNIZATION: TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT 21 2.1 Legacy system 2.2 Modernization 2.2.1 Replacement 2.2.2 Migration 2.2.3 Modernization versus migration www.it-ebooks.info 21 22 24 25 27 vi COBOL Software Modernization 2.2.4 The superiority of white-box modernization 2.3 Software engineering principles underpinning modernization 2.3.1 Re-engineering in action 2.3.2 Re-engineering challenges 2.4 Conclusions 29 31 33 36 37 CHAPTER STATUS OF COBOL LEGACY APPLICATIONS 39 3.1 OLTP versus batch programs 3.2 Mainframes 3.3 Data-driven design 3.4 COBOL degeneration principle 3.5 COBOL pitfalls 3.6 Middleware for COBOL 3.7 Moving COBOL OLTP/batch programs to Java 3.8 COBOL is not a friend of Java, and vice versa 3.9 Spaghetti code 3.9.1 Spaghetti code sample 3.9.2 Code comprehension 3.10 No longer COBOL? 3.11 Conclusions 4.1 Software architecture versus information system urbanization 4.2 Software architecture evolution 4.3 COBOL own style of software architecture 4.4 The one-way road to SOA 4.5 Characterization of SOA 4.5.1 Preliminary note 4.5.2 From objects to components and services 4.5.3 Type versus instance 4.5.4 Distribution concerns 4.5.5 Functional grouping 4.5.6 Granularity www.it-ebooks.info 59 CHAPTER SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA) 51 52 53 56 57 58 49 41 42 43 44 46 47 59 60 61 64 66 66 66 67 68 68 69 Contents 4.5.7 Technology-centrism 4.5.8 Composition at design time (… is definitely modeling) 4.5.9 Composition at runtime 4.6 Conclusions vii 70 72 77 78 CHAPTER SOA IN ACTION 79 5.1 Service as materialized component 5.2 Service as Internet resource 5.2.1 Pay-per-use service 5.2.2 Free service 5.2.3 Data feed service 5.3 High-end SOA 5.4 SOA challenges 5.5 The Cloud 5.5.1 COBOL in the Cloud 5.5.2 Computing is just resource consumption 5.5.3 Cloud computing is also resource consumption, but… 5.5.4 Everything as a service 5.5.5 SOA in the Cloud 5.5.6 The cloud counterparts 5.6 Conclusions 81 85 87 89 90 93 95 97 98 99 www.it-ebooks.info 109 CHAPTER MODEL-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT (MDD) 101 102 104 105 106 6.1 Why MDD? 6.2 Models, intuitively 6.3 Models, formally 6.4 Models as computerized objects 6.5 Model-based productivity 6.6 Openness through standards 6.6.1 Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) 6.7 Models and people 6.8 Metamodeling 6.8.1 Metamodeling, put simply 6.9 Model transformation 6.10 Model transformation by example 110 111 112 113 118 118 120 121 123 123 125 125 viii COBOL Software Modernization 6.11 From contemplative to executable models 6.12 Model execution in action 6.13 Toward Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) 6.14 Conclusions 126 127 129 132 CHAPTER MODEL-DRIVEN SOFTWARE MODERNIZATION 135 7.1 Reverse and forward engineering are indivisible components of modernization 7.2 Architecture-Driven Modernization (ADM) 7.3 ASTM and KDM at a glance 7.4 Variations on ASTM 7.5 From ASTM to KDM 7.6 Variations on KDM 7.7 Automation 7.8 Conclusions 137 138 142 146 148 149 153 153 CHAPTER SOFTWARE MODERNIZATION METHOD AND TOOL 155 8.1 BLU AGE overview 8.2 The toolbox 8.2.1 BLU AGE format required for forward engineering 8.2.2 Reverse tooling 8.3 BLU AGE as an ADM- and MDA-compliant tool 8.4 Modernization workflow 8.4.1 Initialization 8.4.2 Realization 8.4.3 Validation and deployment 8.5 Conclusions 156 158 160 162 170 173 173 182 187 188 CHAPTER CASE STUDY 191 9.1 Case study presentation 9.2 Legacy modernization in action 9.2.1 Creating modernization project 9.2.2 Better dealing with the legacy material 9.2.3 Strategy for modernizing screens www.it-ebooks.info 192 195 196 196 202 240 COBOL Software Modernization [LIE 80] LIENTZ B.P., SWANSON E.B., Software Maintenance Management: A Study of the Maintenance of Computer Application Software in 487 Data Processing Organizations, Addison-Wesley, 1980 [MCF 12] MCFEDRIES P., Cloud Computing: Beyond the Hype, HP Technology Series, 2012 [NAS 08] NASCIO, Digital States at Risk! Modernizing Legacy Systems, survey, December 2008 [OMG 99] OMG, COBOL Language Mapping Specification, June 1999 [OMG 00] OMG, Currency Specification, version 1.0, June 2000 [ORA 08] ORACLE, Unlocking the Mainframe: Modernizing Legacy Systems to a Service-Oriented Architecture, white paper, June 2008 [POP 11] POPP K.M., “Software industry business models”, IEEE Software, July/August 2011 [RIE 01] RIEHLE D., FRALEIGH S., BUCKA-LASSEN D., et al., “The architecture of a UML virtual machine”, Proceedings of of OOPSLA’01, ACM Press, pp 327–341, 2001 [SEA 02] SEACORD R.C., “Modernizing legacy systems”, Software Engineering Institute News, December 2002 [SEL 13] SELIP S., Healthcare Membership System Modernization – COBOL Pacbase to JEE: High in Quality and Right on Target, BLU AGE® Corporation, February 2013 [STE 08] STEINBERG D., BUDINSKY F., PATERNOSTRO M., et al., EMF – Eclipse Modeling Framework, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 2008 [SZY 02] SZYPERSKI C., GRUNTZ D., MURER S., Component Software – Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 2002 [ULR 10] ULRICH W.M., NEWCOMB P.H., Information System Transformations: Architecture Driven Modernization Case Studies, Morgan Kaufmann, 2010 www.it-ebooks.info Bibliography 241 [ULR 14] ULRICH W.M., “A status on OMG architecture-driven modernization task force”, Model-Driven Evolution of Legacy Systems workshop in EDOC’14, 2014 [VIG 13] VIGNOLA C., Batch Applications for the Java Platform, Version 1.0, Final Release, April 2013 www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Index A, B abstraction, 28, 30, 32, 47, 51, 64, 76, 106, 111, 117, 126, 136, 142 activity diagram, 56, 73, 129, 137, 159–161, 169, 170, 184, 185, 206, 209, 213, 215, 219, 221– 225, 230–232, 234 adaptability, 21, 22, 133 ADM, 135–142, 146, 149, 151, 153–156, 170, 174, 188, 236 agility, 21, 22, 110, 236 annotation, 166, 179, 182, 183, 210, 218 application design, 44, 45, 72, 77 development, 13 generation, 154, 191, 196, 234 server, 57, 84, 99, 100, 176 assembly, 32, 35, 77 availability, 2, 19, 21, 22, 45, 64, 74, 76, 81, 87, 96, 102, 119, 125, 145, 155, 218 batch processing, 48, 180 program, 41, 44–51, 101, 161, 182, 210 BLU AGE, 155–164, 167–176, 180–184, 188–191, 195, 196, 204–219, 223, 229, 232, 235– 237 BPMN, 73, 76–78, 80, 105, 118, 126, 127 BSP, 171, 180, 191, 236, 237 business functionality, 160, 162 logic, 7, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 46, 47, 49, 53, 58, 97, 129, 136, 137, 148, 151, 156, 157, 159, 169, 170, 176, 179, 206, 221, 226 object, 62, 114, 137, 160, 161, 184, 206, 232 process, 2, 3, 11, 42, 44, 52, 59, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 96, 118 C CICS, 28, 50, 51, 62, 63, 79, 93, 110, 148 class diagram, 73, 128, 137, 160, 178, 208 www.it-ebooks.info 244 COBOL Software Modernization cloud computing, 11, 13, 15, 26, 39, 57, 59, 64, 65, 76, 94, 97, 101, 102, 104, 106 code analysis, 227 base, 38, 86, 126, 170 comprehension, 56, 167, 178 generation, 36, 126, 129 mining, 79 production, 85, 86 complexity, 5–7, 27, 53, 55, 107, 111, 122, 140, 150, 158, 164 component diagram, 62, 73 computing framework, 100, 101 infrastructure, 18, 48, 65, 93, 94, 97, 100, 103, 107 platform, 48, 58, 100 configurability, 82, 85 configuration, 62, 68, 70, 98, 140, 154, 157, 191, 235 contemplative model, 117, 118, 126, 152 control flow, 53, 56, 73, 80 CORBA, 114 COTS, 13, 15, 53, 57, 65, 81, 85, 96, 145 CRUD, 160, 216, 218 cyclomatic complexity, 54, 55 D DAO, 45, 50, 51 data feed, 87, 90–93, 95, 105 flow, 73, 129 format, 40, 43, 44, 47, 51–53, 122 item, 163, 164, 168, 169, 179, 180, 184, 196–204, 207, 208, 213, 221, 228 migration, 173, 188 structure, 25, 26, 46, 50, 124 database, management, 103 server, 180, 191, 235 degeneration, 39, 40, 44, 45, 64, 107, 109 deployment, 35, 37, 63, 68, 70, 73, 98, 100, 140, 173, 186, 187, 188, 237 diagram, 63, 73, 98 distribution, 25, 26, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 68, 98 DSML, 123, 126, 129–131, 134, 153 E, F, G EJB, 29, 30, 68–71, 76, 85, 86, 92, 95, 157, 158, 170, 172, 180 elasticity, 101 emf, 122 ERP, 69 ESB, 93, 94, 95 evolvability, 7, 14, 30, 132 executable model, 126, 327 extraction, 16, 28, 31, 37, 51, 53, 139, 164, 165, 168, 169, 175, 207 flat file, 26, 52, 53, 157, 216 foreign key, 144 forward engineering, 31–33, 36, 37, 80, 97, 120, 121, 129, 137, 138, 139, 142, 149–151, 154– 157, 160, 176, 192 FUML, 129 www.it-ebooks.info Index GASTM, 144–149, 174 grammar, 34, 122, 126, 143–147, 170, 172, 174, 175, 229 H, I HQL, 216, 219 IaaS, 87, 97, 98, 101–104 IDL, 113–118, 122–127 information system, 3–9, 11, 13– 18, 21, 37, 46, 59–62, 65, 78, 90, 94, 99, 103–107, 109, 119 inheritance, 25, 131, 144 integration, 36, 37, 49, 77, 93, 175–177, 181, 185–187 integrity, 23, 100 internet computing, 33, 43, 51, 59, 65, 86, 97, 105 interoperability, 10, 72, 87, 96, 104, 138, 141, 145, 151, 180 IT, 2, 4, 7–13, 16–18, 21, 38, 51, 59–61, 93, 99, 103–107, 110, 112, 122 J, K, L JAAS, 180 Java EE, 29, 49, 50, 67, 68, 83, 84, 87, 99, 100–103, 133, 136, 235 JBI, 93 jclouds, 106 JMS, 180 JPA, 45, 160, 170, 179, 180 JSF, 102, 170, 179, 180, 235 JSL, 49 JSON, 87, 91–95, 105, 113 JTA, 42, 170 JTS, 41 JVM, 128 245 KDM, 35, 120, 123, 130–132, 136, 138–154, 158, 163, 164, 170–176, 182, 184, 196 legacy application, 13, 29, 39, 79, 97, 137, 140, 146, 150, 151, 155, 164, 171–173, 175, 177, 184, 201, 203, 209, 212, 226, 234 people, 12, 13, 152, 153, 156 load, 44, 84, 99–101 balancing, 84, 100 M mainframe, 4, 25, 29, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 58, 62, 100, 103, 110 maintenance, MDA, 120–122, 139, 140, 155– 158, 170, 172, 188, 236 metadata, 124 metamodel, 35, 120, 123–125, 127, 136, 142–147, 155, 158, 160, 171, 172, 174, 196 metamodeling, 123–125, 129, 143, 172 metatype, 125, 131, 144–147, 149, 161, 192, 211, 213, 222 middleware, 4, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 57, 62, 79, 94, 97, 98–100, 103, 114, 148, 158, 176 migration, 11, 22–27, 29–31, 35, 50, 157, 173, 178, 187, 188 mockup, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 175, 196, 199, 204, 206, 210, 222, 226, 227 model transformation, 117, 118, 119, 124–126, 129, 138, 141, 146, 149, 157, 170, 171, 172 www.it-ebooks.info 246 COBOL Software Modernization modeling, metamodeling, 123–125, 129, 143, 172 transmodeling, 159, 169, 179, 182–185, 196, 210, 211, 219, 220, 223–229 modern application, 45, 46, 171– 173, 179–181, 203, 213, 227, 234 modernization, 1, 21, 135, 155 modernized application, 97, 107, 136, 139, 157, 161, 162, 176, 187, 188, 203, 209, 235 MOF, 130, 131 MVC, 41, 180, 191, 192 O, P object orientation, 39, 51, 68 oriented programming, 13, 67, 69 obsolescence, 106, 110, 166 OCL, 129 OLTP, 41–46, 49–51, 58, 101, 164, 170, 172, 236 PaaS, 87, 97, 98, 101–104, 136 pattern matching, 178, 183, 215, 219 PDM, 120, 132, 139, 171, 191, 237 performance, 14, 26, 27, 37, 43, 46, 76, 81, 84, 100, 106, 188 persistence, 26, 45, 99, 151, 152, 160, 170, 176, 180, 188, 191, 197, 216, 220 PIM, 120, 132, 139–141, 157, 162, 170, 171, 175, 236 POJO, 45 polymorphism, 25, 149, 213 primary key, 144, 207 program chain, 40, 44, 47, 48, 53 PSM, 120, 139, 157, 158, 163, 164, 170–175, 182 Q, R QoS, 60, 76, 77, 81, 83, 85, 85, 89, 96, 102 recasting, 22 reconfiguration, 60 recovery design, 31, 36 fault, 42, 48, 76, 81 redevelopment, 30, 57 reengineering, 31, 33, 35–37, 135 refactoring, 26, 35, 55, 81, 135, 178 reliability, 14, 43, 66, 102 renovation, 22, 27 replacement, 15, 22–25, 29, 31, 52, 55, 76, 77 requirement business, 21, 57, 64, 110, 187 functional, 72, 86, 95, 97, 139 reverse engineering, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 52, 79, 97, 121, 130, 137–142, 149, 151, 153, 154, 166, 191 S SaaS, 97, 98, 102–105 SASTM, 144–149, 153, 174 SBVR, 35 scalability, 36, 78, 101, 132, 155, 167, 211 SCXML, 129 security, 10, 68, 78, 81, 87, 95, 96, 102, 104, 106, 178, 180 www.it-ebooks.info Index semantics, 2, 26, 35, 38, 60, 66, 68, 80, 127–129, 132, 144, 146, 148, 149, 213, 218 service bus, 93 computing, 26, 39, 68, 72, 78, 99 SLA, 76, 81, 83, 87, 96, 102 SOA, 59, 79 software architecture, 9, 35, 42, 49, 51, 59–62, 64, 65, 142 component, 2, 33, 42, 66, 67, 74, 75, 161 engineering, 2, 31, 37, 43, 47, 66, 109, 135, 155, 156 service, 7, 107 spaghetti code, 52, 53, 55, 58 stereotype, 129, 205, 207, 213, 218, 219 subclass, 207, 213, 229 substitutability, 95 subtype, 146, 149 sustainability, 10, 96, 119, 153 247 transaction, 34, 41, 42, 49, 68, 164, 170, 176, 180, 185, 236 transcription, 25–27, 222 translation, 42, 50, 126, 132, 172 UI, 146, 150–153, 159, 164, 175, 180, 191, 200, 209, 220, 234 urbanization, 4, 5, 59–61, 63 use case, 25, 137, 206 V, W, X validation, 44, 77, 104, 128, 173, 176, 177, 186–188, 227 verification, 44, 104 virtual machine, 100, 101, 128 Virtualization, 68, 97, 98, 102 workflow, 21, 73, 77, 112, 140, 156, 159, 172, 173 WS-BPEL, 74–78, 80, 105, 118 WS-Choreography, 78 WSDL, 88 XMI, 119 T, U tagged value, 129, 205 testing, 12, 24, 36, 37, 156, 173, 176, 177, 185, 187, 188, 196, 234, 235 www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Other titles from in Computer Engineering 2014 BOULANGER Jean-Louis Formal Methods Applied to Industrial 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More precisely, there is a renewal of expectations for IT users and stakeholders, software as a service (SaaS) especially, that may conflict with, not COBOL as a tool, but COBOL as a vehicle for old-fashioned ideas This book, COBOL Software Modernization, is not a front-end attack against COBOL The reason for this is that COBOL has brought a lot of value to the initial integration of business in computers... challenge in terms of software management In short, what is good in COBOL (its business facet and culture) must, in a conceptual way, be retained when modernizing www.it-ebooks.info xxiv COBOL Software Modernization I.3 Why the Cloud? Discussing COBOL modernization toward SOA obliges us to pay attention to cloud computing How do we keep our head on our shoulders when reading software marketing reports... and seamless way www.it-ebooks.info xxvi COBOL Software Modernization I.5 Human weight on successful modernization One key concern of this book is the integration of people in modernizing activities Once convinced of transforming COBOL applications into Java EE for instance, the modernization method must greatly take care of business analysts, project managers, software architects, developers and so... www.it-ebooks.info 2 COBOL Software Modernization The shift is the fact that the business model of “modern companies” is changing, critically relying on software In this context, transforming car engineers into software engineers would be a huge challenge, or, in the opposite way, a very bad idea; this is the same for jewelers So, new business models have to be invented to tame software From a software engineering... manner that highlights COBOL as a very debatable technological solution Accordingly, this book puts forward the idea of software modernization, in general, which may benefit from two proven technologies: MDD and SOA This book strives to create the glue between the two in a ready-to-use “development + maintenance” technological framework I.1 Behind software modernization is modernization : the car... background, culture, state of mind, etc., were/are also a great component of the overall COBOL influence on today’s running software As observed, COBOL is thus not a closed world without any link to the Internet computing in general That is the reason why going on with COBOL is always technically possible Strategically, COBOL software evolution strongly depends upon proprietary solutions that www.it-ebooks.info... require software and information systems with higher adaptation capabilities With this new reality, it is not certain that COBOL computing is the strategic track to be followed Nowadays, the worldwide COBOL offer is “modern” COBOL may run on any operating system with seamless Internet integration In spite of this modernity, the COBOL offer attempts to create a technological continuity between the legacy COBOL. .. Language (COBOL) remains a representative programming language Namely, in 1997, 310 billion lines of software were in use and more than 220 billion lines were in COBOL (source: Wikipedia) Beyond this, five billion lines of new COBOL were developed every year, nowadays leading to an incommensurable mass of code In fact, most enterprise software today is based on legacy technologies because COBOL had... we mean it is important to build software differently and beyond this to have software evolution under control because of proliferation In this line of reasoning, most of the classical software providers still suffer from handmade practices Introducing these practices in non -software companies might be a nightmare Software divisions of future companies will include software builders/maintainers or... Changing is not a natural way of being People tend to be conservative However, modernization without motivation and www.it-ebooks.info xx COBOL Software Modernization expected progress makes no sense Changing is merely a fear of people in everyday life Changing contexts, environments and practices is also disturbing To that extent, software has the particularity of accentuating this phenomenon through the ... are able to accomplish COBOL software modernization in an end-to-end and seamless way www.it-ebooks.info xxvi COBOL Software Modernization I.5 Human weight on successful modernization One key... 21 22 24 25 27 vi COBOL Software Modernization 2.2.4 The superiority of white-box modernization 2.3 Software engineering principles underpinning modernization 2.3.1... and stakeholders, software as a service (SaaS) especially, that may conflict with, not COBOL as a tool, but COBOL as a vehicle for old-fashioned ideas This book, COBOL Software Modernization, is