Dr Clifford Jones Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation © 2010 Dr Clifford Jones & Ventus Publishing ApS ISBN 978-87-403-0456-5 Dedicated to: Professor James Penman FRSE Colleague of the author’s over the period 1995 to 2000 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Contents Contents Author’s Preface 10 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Physical properties of organic liquids Introduction Viscosity Deinitions, dimensions and units Benzene as a model compound Extension to other organic compounds Further remarks Acoustic impedance Introduction Examples of values for organic liquids Thermal conductivities Electrical properties Optical properties Concluding remarks References 11 11 11 11 12 14 16 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 21 2.1 2.2 Physical properties of crude oils Classiications of crude oil by density Densities and viscosities of crudes from different sources 22 22 23 e Graduate Programme for Engineers and Geoscientists I joined MITAS because I wanted real responsibili Maersk.com/Mitas Real work International Internationa al opportunities ree work wo or placements Month 16 I was a construction supervisor in the North Sea advising and helping foremen he solve s problems Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Contents 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Examples Viscosity and pumping Viscosity of blended crude oils Coeficient of thermal expansion Acoustic impedance Further background Acoustic impedance of crude oils Thermal conductivity Introduction Values for crude oils Electrical conductivities Refractive index Concluding remarks References 23 26 26 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 Physical properties of gasolines Introduction Densities and viscosities Typical values Viscosities of blends The vehicle fuel pump Coeficient of thermal expansion Acoustic impedance, thermal and electrical conductivities Refractive index 35 35 35 35 35 36 37 38 38 www.job.oticon.dk Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Contents 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.7 3.8 3.9 Vapour pressure Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) Reinements to the RVP Thermal conductivity Concluding remarks References 39 39 41 42 43 43 A1 A2 A3 A4 Appendix on natural gas condensate Introduction Physical properties of natural gas condensate Concluding remarks References 45 45 45 45 45 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 Physical properties of kerosenes Introduction Density Solid deposition Viscosity Viscosities at light altitudes A correlation for variation of viscosity of kerosene with temperature Kerosene as a diluent for lubricating oils Acoustic impedance Capacitance Electrical conductivities 46 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 51 51 52 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Contents 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 Refractive index Vapour pressure Thermal conductivity Concluding remarks References 52 52 53 54 55 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Diesel fuels Introduction Solid deposition Background Cloud point depressants Viscosities Refractive index Electrical conductivity Lubricity Vapour pressure Thermal conductivity Concluding remarks References 56 56 57 57 57 58 59 61 61 62 64 64 65 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 Products of reinery residue Heavy fuel oils Introduction Density and viscosity of residual oils 67 67 67 67 Join the Vestas Graduate Programme Experience the Forces of Wind and kick-start your career As one of the world leaders in wind power solutions with wind turbine installations in over 65 countries 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tars Coal tar pitch Introduction Viscosities Vapour pressure Fine chemicals from coal tar 77 77 77 77 78 79 79 79 81 81 In Paris or Online International programs taught by professors and professionals from all over the world BBA in Global Business MBA in International Management / International Marketing DBA in International Business / International Management MA in International Education MA in Cross-Cultural Communication MA in Foreign Languages Innovative – Practical – Flexible – Affordable Visit: www.HorizonsUniversity.org Write: Admissions@horizonsuniversity.org Call: 01.42.77.20.66 www.HorizonsUniversity.org Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Contents 7.5 7.6 Concluding remarks References 84 84 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 8.7 8.8 Alcohol-containing fuels Introduction Methanol Ethanol Comparisons of methanol and ethanol with gasolines Methanol-gasoline blends Ethanol-gasoline blends Introduction Vapour pressures Further details of E85 Concluding remarks References 86 86 86 87 88 89 89 89 89 93 94 94 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.6 9.7 9.8 Biodiesel fuels Introduction Viscosity Thermal conductivity Refractive index Particle deposition Single compounds Biodiesel cloud points Vapour pressures Concluding remarks References 96 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 101 101 101 10 10.1 10.2 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Hydrocarbons existing either as cryogens or as liqueied gases Introduction Vapour pressures Comparison of properties Consequences of the high pressure in stored liqueied gases Ethylene Simple hydrocarbons used as refrigerants Concluding remarks References 103 103 104 104 106 108 109 110 110 Postscript 111 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com [...]... bookboon.com 25 Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of crude oils 2.2.2 Viscosity and pumping The steady flow equation, that is the First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system, can be applied to a pump and to a good approximation pressure energy only, to the exclusion of thermal, kinetic and potential energies, need... 12 can be set to zero It was originally published in ‘Nature’ in 1949 and is still in widespread use in applications including haematology * Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 26 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of crude oils Secondly, were an average molecular weight to be assigned to each oil and determined (perhaps... on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of crude oils Light Crude: API gravity higher than 31.1 degrees Medium Crude: API gravity between 22.3 and 31.1 degrees Heavy Crude: API gravity below 22.3 degrees Converting to fundamental units, light crudes are below 870 kg m-3, medium crudes are between 870 and 920 kg m-3 and heavy crudes... calculation for each of the compounds to determine the factor by which in the exponential the heat of vaporisation must be multiplied in order for the viscosities in the table and calculated ones to match * Joint Army, Navy and Air Force Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 14 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of organic liquids... ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of organic liquids Values of L used in the calculations are those at the boiling point rounded to the nearest whole number in units kJ mol-1 There is good agreement with the general rule [2] that the heat of vaporisation in the exponential is multiplied by a factor of 0.3 to 0.4 Having regard to. .. suffice The statement applies equally to this volume Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 10 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of organic liquids 1 Physical properties of organic liquids 1.1 Introduction This chapter will provide background on some of the properties of hydrocarbons which are prevalent in discussion and in quality control The respective... metals tend to differ widely from organic liquids because of their high thermal conductivities but clearly the very high value for the acoustic impedance of mercury is a density effect Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 17 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of organic liquids The unit of rayl breaks down to: 1 rayl = 1 kg m-2s-1 and these are... Riazi M.R., Roomi Y.A ‘Use of the refractive index in the estimation of the thermophysical properties of hydrocarbons and petroleum mixtures’ Ind Eng Chem Res 40 1975-1984 (2001) Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 21 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of crude oils 2 Physical properties of crude oils 2.1 Classifications of crude oil by density Density... ought to explore our world of work www.careersinbritishintelligence.co.uk TOP GOVERNMENT EMPLOYER Applicants must be British citizens GCHQ values diversity and welcomes applicants from all sections of the community We want our workforce to reflect the diversity of our work Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 31 Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation. .. this introductory chapter about the viscosities of simple organics will be carried forward to subsequent chapters in which crude oil and fractions therefrom will be discussed The range of viscosities in the tables is sufficient for direct comparison with crude oils or any distillate Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 16 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties ... Clifford Jones Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation ©... bookboon.com 26 Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of crude oils Secondly, were an average molecular weight to be assigned to each oil and determined... Click on the ad to read more Hydrocarbons – Physical Properties and their Relevance to Utilisation Physical properties of organic liquids Liquid Thermal conductivity () /W m-1K-1 Acetone 0.180 Methanol