Digital video for professional AV systems

Digital Design Guide Digital Video for Professional A / V Systems © 2009 Extron Electronics All rights reserved All trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners 09-06, 68-1787-01, Rev A cover_ddg.indd 10/12/09 10:49 AM Worldwide Sales Offices Extron Digital Design Guide Extron Electronics, USA - West Headquarters 1230 South Lewis Street Anaheim, California 92805 USA Sales/Tech Support: Order Support: Fax: +800.633.9876 +800.633.9873 (Inside USA & Canada only) +1.714.491.1500 +1.714.491.1517 Extron Electronics, USA - East 2205 Westinghouse Boulevard, Suite 102 Raleigh, North Carolina 27604 USA Sales: Fax: +800.633.9876 (Inside USA & Canada only) +1.919.863.1794 +1.919.863.1797 Extron Electronics, Europe Hanzeboulevard 10 3825 PH Amersfoort The Netherlands Sales: Fax: +800.EXTRON.S3 +800.3987.6673 (Inside Europe only) +31.33.453.4040 +31.33.453.4050 Extron Electronics, Middle East United Arab Emirates, Dubai Dubai Airport Free Zone F12, PO Box 293666 +971.4.2991800 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Calls are returned within 30 minutes Special Orders & Handling Next day shipment for stock items ordered by 2:00 pm (PST) is standard Open Account Information Qualified accounts may receive Net 30 day payment terms upon approved credit and acceptance of Extron’s international credit policy A hard copy Purchase Order (PO) is required by fax or mail International Shipping Terms Ex works Extron Anaheim, Ex works Extron Amersfoort, Ex works Extron Singapore, Ex works Extron Shanghai, and Ex works Extron Dubai Powered Product Warranty Three years parts and labor System Integrator ™ Speaker Warranty Five years parts and labor Cable Performance Warranty Limited lifetime Extron Cable Products will be free from defects in material and workmanship for as long as you or your customer own the cable The A/V industry is in the midst of a major transition, from analog to digital presentation technologies As a leading manufacturer of products engineered for the commercial A/V market, Extron has a long history with the development of digital solutions, going back nearly a decade with the release of many of the industry’s first DVI distribution and extension products Over the past five years, our product line has grown considerably and now includes the A/V industry’s most complete portfolio of digital switchers, cables and adapters, and twisted pair and fiber optic extenders Most importantly, Extron manufactures the interfaces and signal conversion products necessary to make possible the transition from analog to the many available digital formats, including DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, and HD-SDI This Digital Design Guide addresses the A/V industry’s primary challenge as it transitions from analog to digital how these new signal types and system topologies are integrated into A/V presentation systems that serve the communication needs of our customers It provides a reference for A/V system designers seeking to understand these emerging technologies and the options available, with a practical approach to integration in new and legacy presentation systems In this Guide you will find overviews of each of the digital video formats most commonly used in commercial A/V applications Next, you will find sample A/V system designs, ranging from a simple classroom to a network operations center, that describe the practical aspects of these transitional A/V systems, the type of equipment needed, and signal flow from one device to another Following the system design section is a condensed catalog of Extron products designed for the integration of these digital technologies At the end of the Guide, you’ll find a comprehensive Glossary of terms related to digital video for professional A/V applications Extron Worldwide Sales Offices USA West USA East Europe Middle East Asia Japan China +800.633.9876 (Inside USA only) +1.714.491.1500 +800.EXTRON.S3 +800.3987.6673 (Inside Europe only) +31.33.453.4040 7:00 am – 5:30 pm (PST) Monday – Friday 0900 – 1800 (+1 GMT) Monday – Friday 0900 – 1800 (+8 GMT) Monday – Friday Sales: Fax: Sales: Fax: 0900 – 1800 (+9 GMT) Monday – Friday 9:00 am – 6:00 pm (+8 GMT) Monday – Friday 8:30 am – 5:30 pm (+4 GMT) Sunday – Thursday Please refer to Extron business policies for full details cover_ddg.indd 10/12/09 10:50 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS Digital Video for Professional A/V Systems The Digital Connection Digital Video Signal Formats Anatomy of a Digital Video Signal 11 Understanding EDID - Extended Display Identification Data 14 DRM for the A/V Professional 18 Digital System Designs HD Video Conference & Presentation Room Digital Upgrade to Existing Analog System College/University Classroom System Network Operations Center System Corporate Training Room System Municipal Courtroom System Lecture Hall System 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 Extron Digital Video Product Solutions Extenders Distribution Amplifiers Switchers Matrix Switchers Signal Conversion Test & Measurement Cables & Adapters 42 47 49 53 58 63 64 Glossary Digital A/V Glossary 73 www.extron.com The Digital Connection The prevalence of various digital signal formats in the professional A/V industry presents opportunities as well as challenges for integration The A/V industry is currently in the midst of now In the medical, visualization, and computer a significant transition, from analog video to graphics segments, DVI has been an established digital video technologies and applications format since 1999 Continual evolution within Every day, system designers face the challenge the computer, broadcast, and now consumer of integrating digital and analog video signals electronics industries has brought digital signal into new and previously-installed A/V systems connectivity to the forefront with the introduction As digital video is associated with the cutting of two, newer digital video standards – HDMI edge in A/V technology, there is an increasing for consumer products and DisplayPort for desire by integrators and their customers to computers and related technologies incorporate digital video into their systems A wide array of digital video ports, including DVI, The prevalence of these various digital signal HDMI, DisplayPort, and HD-SDI, are present in formats presents opportunities as well as some form on virtually every new component challenges for integration of professional A/V found in the market today In addition, there is a systems DVI and DisplayPort are common to very large installed base of analog hardware, as PCs and laptops, and are standard on many well as content, which must be kept viable even professional displays and high-end projectors within new system designs For the foreseeable HDMI is primarily found on HDTV-capable future, then, most presentation environments will products such as Blu-ray Disc players, game require mix of analog and digital video products consoles, and satellite and cable DVRs and and technologies receivers While designed for consumer and residential applications, some HDMI-equipped Digital Video – It’s More Than Just HDMI products are now being utilized in commercial Although the digital transition is currently headline applications as well news, digital video is not new to the professional A/V industry The broadcast, teleproduction, and High definition digital video has also found its way rental/staging segments adopted serial digital into many applications beyond the broadcast video, SDI, more than 20 years ago, and HD- studio as a means to capture, distribute, and SDI has been in use for more than a decade display high definition content, extending Figure 1-1 Digital Transmission Can Achieve Perfect Signal Reconstruction Digital Source Device Internal Digital Functions Serialize Digital Display Device Deserialize Original digital video pixels Perfectly reconstructed digital video pixels 1 Digital video at serializer output Extron Digital Design Guide Internal Digital Functions 1 At deserializer input, distortions caused by cabling, etc can readily be corrected by practical means into house of worship and rental and staging Complicating the decision is the knowledge that, environments Just about every display available while new A/V technologies and signal types are today has some type of digital video capability continually introduced, not all of them survive Whether it’s a desktop PC display, ceiling- and the ones that generally don't immediately mounted projector, or a large flat-panel LCD on a replace the legacy formats For example, many wall, chances are that a DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort new digital source devices incorporate an connector is available to accept incoming signals assortment of analog video outputs, including from digital source devices composite video, S-video, and component video Correspondingly, most new digital displays are Why Digital? still equipped with analog inputs You might ask The implementation of digital A/V technologies “why manufacturers go to the extra effort, brings the promise of several distinct advantages and additional expense, to provide a variety over analog technologies First, for the of connectors on their products?” In a word, manufacturers of computers and displays, there is compatibility the potential of removing a considerable amount of processing circuitry from a device Since Most manufacturers realize that sources and signals are already digital within the electronics displays are rarely replaced at the same time New of virtually all A/V products, most if not all analog- sources, such as Blu-ray Disc players and higher- to-digital and/or digital-to-analog conversion can end laptop PCs, need to maintain compatibility be eliminated, resulting in lower manufacturing with older displays New, high-resolution flat panel costs and allowing for more competitive pricing displays and projectors, on the other hand, need Second, in comparison to analog-based devices to remain compatible with older sources, such as and systems, digital signals are by nature, VHS recorders and DVD players that are retained lossless, enabling the distribution of pixel-perfect for use with legacy content Digital signals by nature are lossless, enabling distribution of pixel-perfect and consistent, pristine quality images while reducing the time and effort required for system and display set-up and consistent, pristine quality images while reducing the time and effort required for system System designs for typical training and and display set-up (see Figure 1-1) Finally, a digital presentation facilities, therefore, very often infrastructure can be designed to accommodate accommodate a hybrid mix of analog and digital the high resolutions commonly found today, such capabilities, providing support for legacy analog as 1920x1200 and HDTV 1080p, and provide video formats while incorporating newer signal support for the higher rates on the horizon types such as DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort and, in some cases, HD-SDI Making the Choice – Analog, Digital, or Both? Part and parcel of any transition are uncertainty, Extron SW4 DVI A Plus Switcher with selectable cable equalization the fear of the unknown and desire to look for expert help and assistance in making decisions In your role as an A/V IT manager, consultant or A/V system integrator, your customers are depending on you to help them make the best choices In the face of a wide array of products and disparate technologies, customers want advice during the design and implementation phases to ensure that A/V systems meet their requirements for functionality and performance, stay within budget and, ideally, provide for future growth and further changes in technology www.extron.com The Digital Connection Basic questions you need to ask before designing a system: • • • Will the system need to accommodate both Analog and Digital formats? Is this an upgrade to an existing analog based system? Is the system expected to span a technology life of many years? The first question to be answered, then, is the around an all-digital switcher or matrix switcher, most difficult, as it goes right to the core of the with any legacy analog sources accommodated transition Should you: through the use of an analog-to-digital • Stick with a tried-and-true analog design for the time being? converter • Build an digital / analog hybrid system that incorporates a mix of technologies? The bottom line is that, just as video replaced • Or, build tomorrow’s system today with an alldigital design and some provision for legacy analog products? cassettes, digital technology in one or more forms The answer, as with so many decisions and presentation systems will move to a fully digital choices to be made, is “It depends.” design in the future; for the time being, however, motion picture film and DVDs replaced VHS will replace analog in the majority of applications over time Typical corporate and educational a hybrid system design that supports both analog Some systems are likely to remain predominantly and digital signals takes into account a wide analog for some time, with signal converters range of presentation needs and technologies added as needed to accommodate new digital and, in the long run, is the most prudent and displays or source devices For example, cost-effective approach technology budgets for K-12 classrooms typically not allow the wholesale upgrade of Later in this Guide, you’ll find examples of real- a media system simply to accommodate a new world applications and the system designs used technology Integrating a new, HDMI-equipped to address the particular needs of the customer playback source, however, may require nothing or presentation environment more than the appropriate digital extender and a direct connection to the digital input on the Matching Technology to Need projector Before undertaking a system design, full knowledge of the customer’s needs and Others, such as in university lecture halls expectations are necessary Once the primary and corporate boardrooms, are beginning to question – analog, digital, or both? – has been incorporate digital video technologies on a answered, many more questions remain to be broader, more systematic scale to accommodate asked the continuously evolving needs for digital media presentations while maintaining compatibility with • Is there a requirement for interoperability existing stores of analog content and playback between digital and analog components? equipment Digital input capability can be added Depending on the source content, this may not by changing out the central switcher or scaler be feasible due to digital rights management to one that accepts analog and digital signals; such as HDCP conversely, digital displays can be accommodated through the use of a switcher or scaler that outputs digital signals • Is this an upgrade to an existing system? If so, is there a need to support legacy devices while providing the flexibility to address future growth Finally, specialized applications such as capability? System longevity is also a key visualization, simulation, military and medical consideration in determining the appropriate imaging, and command and control, are product solutions adopting a fully digital approach that can deliver Extron Digital Design Guide uncompromised, very high quality, very high • Is the system expected to span a technology resolution images – one of the major benefits of life of many years? If so, perhaps an all-digital digital video These system designs are based infrastructure should be considered to support the continued evolution of video resolutions to destination In order to compensate for this System scope and size also determine limitation, signal conditioning products such as operational practicality equalizers can be used to recover and restore a signal to distances up to 200 feet (60 meters) Understanding the true operational requirements For even longer cable runs, or to accommodate of any system during the design phase will help the need to run cable through conduit, digital control potential cost overruns later For example, signals can be converted and distributed using if there are HDCP requirements, does protected standard, shielded Category cable, or with fiber content have to be viewable on all displays within optic technologies The effects of cablerelated losses for digital signals are far more noticeable and abrupt, with sparkles, flashing images, or complete image loss all together the system, or only in a few, select locations? Having an operational understanding of a system Second, there are very specific performance will go a long way in meeting the needs as well as and timing parameter requirements that the budget of the customer need to be maintained throughout the entire signal path For example, in HDMI, the RGB Going the Distance video lines, or channels, must be accurately A/V professionals face three primary challenges synchronized in order to be accurately handled in the handling of digital signals and the and reproduced throughout the system Terms management of their distribution to ensure such as equalization, jitter, and reclocking in robust, reliable operation The first is to maintain the digital world replace the familiar level and full signal integrity from source to destination peaking terminology of the analog world Signal Digital video signals are considerably different in conditioning requirements for digital signals are comparison to analog Digital video signals also different and must be understood accordingly not degrade linearly as with analog video For before designing a system analog signals, the effects of cable-related losses worsen gradually with cable length, but for digital The third challenge in the successful integration signals the impact is usually far more noticeable of digital A/V systems is to be able to reliably and abrupt, with sparkles, flashing images, or switch, distribute, and route signals Some digital complete image loss altogether, as cable length video connections, including DVI, HDMI, and increases beyond a “digital cliff” threshold DisplayPort, require two-way communication between a source and a display If this Technologies such as DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort communication is interrupted, such as following are primarily designed for short, point-to-point a disconnection, source switch, or signal split, connections, for example from a computer to a image display can be delayed, or even lost desktop monitor, or from a Blu-ray Disc player completely In many cases, the content being to a flat panel television Distances in these used has a direct effect on this communication applications are relatively short and, in light of as well For example, some early scaling DVD the very high data rates involved and a desire players with HDMI output did not allow the use of to reduce cost and power consumption, digital a repeater, and so the signal ended at the input source devices can rarely drive a signal more than of the switcher and was not passed through to a few feet Use of high quality, high performance the display cables can help to a degree and, in some cases, can provide for reliable signal transmission up to Later in this Guide, you’ll learn in detail about the 75 feet (25 meters) or so While suitable for most two primary forms of two-way communication: consumer applications, this distance limitation EDID - Extended Display Identification Data, where can have a serious effect on professional A/V applicable, DRM - Digital Rights Management installations where signals must be routed Both are extremely important aspects of digital many tens if not hundreds of feet, from source signal formats that can significantly impact www.extron.com The Digital Connection For reliable presentation of protected content within a system, all relevant signal paths must be fully HDCP compliant system reliability if not properly accommodated player is connected directly to a flat panel display, and implemented but both commercial and residential A/V systems usually present the necessity of sending signals In brief, EDID relates to the communication of a from multiple sources to multiple destinations display’s performance capabilities, such as its (see Figure 1-2.) The primary difference, though, native and supported resolutions, to the source between residential and professional A/V systems, connected to it EDID simplifies system setup, is the type of content that is being distributed and in that the display “tells” the source what pixel displayed on a regular basis rate and resolution it prefers, and the source then outputs the optimum rate and resolution for the In a home environment, virtually all content is display, generally resulting in perfect images that derived from commercial, copyrighted sources: are accurate on a pixel-for-pixel basis movies on Blu-ray, satellite broadcast, or streamed across the Internet; games on Blu-ray, DRM is the protection of intellectual property, of DVD, or solid-state memory; and sports or other which HDCP - High-bandwidth Digital Content live entertainment from pay-per-view satellite or Protection is the most widely implemented cable TV sources In order to protect the rights of HDCP encryption is found on commercially- the legitimate owners of this content, digital rights recorded Blu-ray Discs, high-definition digital management in general, and HDCP in particular, satellite and cable television, downloadable will become common content, and more DRM is a primary concern in residential applications, where content piracy Content regularly used in professional A/V is of great concern to copyright holders, such as applications, on the other hand, is almost always motion picture studios, who stand to lose millions locally generated This mostly includes the display of dollars if content is made available through of Microsoft® applications such as PowerPoint® unauthorized replication For reliable presentation or Excel ®; institutionally-produced video for of protected content within a residential training, demonstration, or sales presentations; entertainment system, all relevant signal paths and custom or proprietary software applications must be fully HDCP compliant and conforming designed specifically for institutional operations to specific rules This is relatively simple in the or command-and-control needs Very rarely is typical one-to-one scenario where a Blu-ray Disc the content used in professional applications Figure 1-2 Professional Digital A/V System with HDCP Blu-ray Projector Flat Panel Display DVR Projector Flat Panel Display Projector Flat Panel Display 1x4 DA Flat Panel Display 4x4 Matrix Switcher PC PC HDCP Source HDCP Repeater HDCP Sink Extron Digital Design Guide encrypted with HDCP Typically, rights-managed is the goal of all system designers The content is limited to the occasional use of implementation of digital signals does not change commercially-recorded materials, for example the fact that projectors are mounted on ceilings when a sales manager wishes to “rally the troops” with cables routed over long distances or run by playing a scene from his or her favorite movie through conduit Not every system involves matrix switching capabilities, but almost every The key is to select digital products based on A/V system is designed to accommodate the the day-to-day requirements of the application need to split or switch signals, or provide the for which the system is being designed In all signal conversion necessary to introduce analog applications, proper management of EDID signals into a digital system, or vice versa communications is a must For residential applications, compliance with a DRM scheme Extron offers a wide variety of product solutions such as HDCP is also mandatory for all system that address the digital video needs of all market components And for commercial applications, segments The diversity of product lines brings DRM must also be considered within the flexibility and choice, giving designers the means system design to allow the occasional use of to address systems at all levels Augmenting a commercially-generated content, but may not be legacy system with digital inputs and distribution necessary for all system components or for every capability can help keep upgrade costs down, signal path within the overall system design while still addressing customer needs Mixed format systems are easily achievable and can be Extron Digital Solutions accommodated in small to large systems with Professional A/V systems are highly customized, short to extremely long distance requirements each one designed to meet a particular set of An all-digital system can be designed with various presentation requirements Overcoming the levels of functionality, by utilizing products with challenges presented by various technologies, performance features that address the exact customer needs, or environmental parameters needs required by the integrator ■ Extron offers a wide variety of product solutions that address the digital video needs of all market segments www.extron.com Digital Video Signal Formats HDMI is not the only digital video standard found in commercial A/V environments Frequently encountered digital video formats include: DVI • HDMI • DisplayPort • SDI • HD-SDI • 3G-SDI • The video marketplace is currently dominated Some, such as SDI, have been in use for by high resolution plasma and LCD flat panel many years while others, such as HDMI and displays, and LCD and DLP projectors These DisplayPort, are relatively new and are being displays are natively digital in their design, updated continuously through the standards construction, and operation Similarly, the vast revision process At this point, it is premature majority of sources that drive these displays, to predict whether any one of these formats including computers, DVD and Blu-ray Disc will ultimately dominate professional A/V Each players, high definition digital video recorders or format has its own technical advantages as well DVRs, and A/V receivers, are inherently digital as unique capabilities to meet specific integration devices These products stand in contrast requirements within the A/V industry Let’s take a to the traditional, analog video sources and look at each one in some detail displays such as VHS recorders and CRT-based televisions or data monitors that utilized signal DVI - Digital Visual Interface interfaces such as composite video or RGBHV DVI and HDMI are based on a common signaling scheme for video known as TMDS - Transition- For a digital video source to initiate analog signal Minimized Differential Signaling A DVI TMDS link transmission, its digital output signals must be consists of three serial data channels, one for converted to analog video, a process known each color – red, blue, and green – plus a fourth as digital-to-analog conversion or DAC At the channel carrying a pixel rate clock which provides receiving end, a digital display must convert these the timing reference that keeps the three color analog signals back to digital, a process known channels synchronized All TMDS data and clock as analog-to-digital conversion or ADC Each lines are differential, or balanced, and are carried DAC and ADC conversion introduces errors and on twisted pairs within DVI cable assemblies distortion into the video signal By employing all- DVI connector digital transmission, these unnecessary errors, To support different resolution requirements, the as well as the extra expense of ADC and DAC DVI specification provides for one or two video circuitry, can be eliminated See Figure 2-1 links per connector, commonly known as single link or dual link, respectively The maximum pixel There are several standard signal formats in use rate for single link DVI is 165 MHz, corresponding for digital video transmission between sources to 4.95 Gbps, which is more than sufficient for and displays These include: WUXGA 1920x1200 and HDTV 1080p/60, with a • DVI - Digital Visual Interface • HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface • DisplayPort • SDI - Serial Digital Interface HDMI connector color depth of bits per color Higher resolutions and greater color depths can be supported by use of dual link DVI, which handles pixel rates up to 330 MHz and resolutions as high as 3840x2400 Figure 2-1 DAC/ADC Conversions Can Degrade Transmitted Signals Digital Source Device Internal Digital Functions Digital Display Device Unnecessary if source and destination are both natively digital ADC DAC The DVI specification also provides for two additional lines of communication, both of Internal Digital Functions which are essential in achieving successful DVI transmission between devices (see Table 2-1) The DDC - Display Data Channel is a serial connection for EDID and HDCP communication The HPD - Hot Plug Detect pin allows for implementation of hot plug detection, which Original digital video pixels Extron Digital Design Guide Transmitted analog video with errors due to DAC non-linearities Reconstructed digital video pixels with additional distortion caused by ADC quantization errors allows a computer, for example, to detect the presence of a display without user intervention Cables & Adapters DP-HDMIF DisplayPort Male to HDMI Female Adapter The Extron DP-HDMIF DisplayPort Adapter enables flawless transmission of signals from DisplayPort equipped sources to HDMI destinations This high quality, pretested adapter provides a convenient means of connecting dual mode DisplayPort equipped sources with an existing HDMI display, eliminating the costly expense of upgrading the display The DP-HDMIF features a locking DisplayPort male connector, providing a secure connection at the source. The adapter provides digital connectivity solutions for displays or equipment that not have DisplayPort connectivity The DP-HDMIF is ideal for use in MODEL DP-HDMIF applications that require connection of a dual mode DisplayPort enabled device, such as a PC, to an HDMI A/V system HDMI Female FEATURES: • Provides connectivity between dual mode DisplayPort equipped sources and HDMI destinations • HDMI 1.3 compliant up to 2.5 Gbps per channel • Compliant to VESA Interoperability Guideline • Latching DP connector • Transparent operation • 1080p/1920x1200 verified VERSION PART# DisplayPort M-HDMIF 26-655-01 DP-DVIDF DisplayPort Male to DVI Female Adapter The Extron DP-DVIDF DisplayPort Adapter enables flawless transmission of signals from DisplayPort equipped sources and DVI-D destinations This high quality, pre-tested adapter provides a convenient means of connecting dual mode DisplayPort equipped sources with an existing DVI-D display, eliminating the costly expense of upgrading the display The DP-DVIDF features a locking DisplayPort male connector, providing a secure connection at the source. The adapter provides digital connectivity solutions for displays or equipment that not have DisplayPort MODEL DP-DVIDF 70 connectivity The DP-DVIDF is ideal for use in applications that require connection of a dual mode DisplayPort enabled device, such as a PC, to a DVI-D A/V system FEATURES: • Provides connectivity between dual mode DisplayPort sources and DVI-D displays • Compliant to VESA Interoperability Guideline • Latching DP connector • Transparent operation • 1080p/1920x1200 verified VERSION PART# DisplayPort M-DVIDF 26-656-01 Extron Digital Design Guide DVI-D Female Notes www.extron.com 71 Notes 72 Extron Digital Design Guide Digital A/V Glossary In use throughout this Guide is the new language of the digital era This lexicon of words, phrases, acronyms, and abbreviations appropriate to digital technologies, distribution methods, and the products designed for use in digital A/V presentation systems is defined in the following Glossary of Terms Clock Period Signal Level Uncertainty Minimum Eye Opening Mask Usable Signal Swing Signal Level Uncertainty Timing Jitter/Uncertainty Timing Jitter/Uncertainty Eye Pattern Jitter The representation of a digital signal on an oscilloscope Eye patterns are used to evaluate the quality of digital signals when passed through cables or signal extension devices, switchers, signal processors, and other electronics The deviation of a signal’s timing transitions in relationship to their ideal positions Jitter can occur over long lengths of low quality cable, or through the cumulative effect caused by cascading several digital devices in line between the source and destination Before reclocking After reclocking Reclocking Reclocking is a process that is used to restore the amplitude, rise and fall times, and clock rate attributes of a digital signal www.extron.com 73 Digital A / V Glossary 2:2 pulldown 720p 2:2 film detection Progressive-scan HDTV transmission standard Refers to an active pixel rate of 1280x720 with a vertical refresh rate of 60 frames per second for NTSC countries or 50 frames per second for PAL/SECAM countries The 720p standard also allows refresh rates of 24, 25, and 30 frames per second See “2:2 film detection” The ability to determine whether PAL video has been converted from film using 2:2 pulldown Film material with 2:2 pulldown may result in artifacts and jaggies when the video signal is deinterlaced By using 2:2 film detection to determine if the material originated from film and was converted to PAL, the video processing algorithm can be used to optimize any video for deinterlacing so that the images are free of artifacts 3:2 pulldown The process of matching the frame rate of film (24 frames per second) to the frame rate of NTSC video (30 frames per second) In 3:2 pulldown, one frame of film is converted to three fields (1 1/2 frames) of video, and the next frame of film is converted to two fields (1 frame) of video This cadence is repeated (3 fields, fields, fields, fields…) until the film is fully converted to a video of approximately the same duration 3:2 pulldown detection A sophisticated technology in Extron scalers used to detect the presence of a 3:2 pulldown that helps maximize image detail and sharpness When film-originated material is detected, this technology applies video processing algorithms that optimize image reproduction and avoids causing jaggies 4:2:2 The ratio of the amount of information among luminance (Y) and two color difference signals (R-Y, B-Y) In digital component video format, it is the ratio of the sampling frequencies of the Y, R-Y, and B-Y For every four samples of Y, there are two samples each for R-Y and B-Y In analog component video format, it is the ratio of the bandwidth of the Y, R-Y, and B-Y Other compression standards include 4:2:0, the digital representation of S-video, four luminance samples for every two chrominance samples; and 4:4:4, the digital representation of RGB, where each color primary is sampled equally See “ITU-R BT.601.” 3G-SDI See “SMPTE 424M” 1080i Interlaced HDTV transmission standard Refers to an active pixel rate of 1920x1080 with a vertical refresh rate of up to 60 fields (30 frames) per second for NTSC countries or 50 fields (25 frames) per second for PAL/SECAM countries 1080p Progressive-scan HDTV standard Refers to an active pixel rate of 1920x1080 with a vertical refresh rate of up to 60 frames per second for NTSC countries or 50 frames per second for PAL/ SECAM countries 1080p is often stated with an associated framesper-second rate, such as: 1080p24 (24 fps, progressive), 1080p30 (30 fps, progressive) and 1080p60 (60 fps, progressive) 1080p is extremely rare in broadcasting; for example, the ATSC standard provides bandwidth sufficient only for 1080p24 and 1080p30 Bluray and other pre-recorded high definition schemes can support full 1080p60 content playback 74 Extron Digital Design Guide A AACS – Advanced Access Content System A digital rights management standard utilized with Blu-ray Disc and other optical formats AACS incorporates two parts: a set of embedded decryption keys within the source device, and a set of keys encoded in the content that describes each of the playback devices licensed to utilize the content This approach allows copyright holders to revoke the keys of a particular source device, thus preventing it from playing back future content AACS also provides for a managed copy system, that is, a mechanism by which one or several, but not an unlimited number of copies can be legally made as backups, for storage on a media server, or for use on a portable device The ICT – Image Constraint Token is a provision within AACS that allows the content provider to limit analog output resolutions AC-3 See “Dolby Digital” A/D Analog to Digital (converter) A device that converts an analog signal voltage to a digital value ADC Analog to Digital Converter A device that converts analog signals to digital signals AES/EBU Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union A digital audio transfer standard The AES and EBU developed the specifications for the standard The AES/EBU digital interface is usually implemented using 3-pin XLR connectors, the same type of connector used in a professional microphone One cable carries both left- and right-channel audio data to the receiving device Also see “AES3.” AES3 A digital audio standard defined by the Audio Engineering Society The standard specifies several basic physical interconnections between devices: Balanced - 3-conductor, 110 ohm cabling with an XLR connector, typically referred to as “AES/EBU audio.” Unbalanced - 2-conductor, 75 ohm coaxial cable with an RCA connector, typically used in consumer audio applications In many consumer products such as DVD players and A/V receivers, this is often referred to as a “digital coaxial” connection type AES-3id - A professional version of the 2-conductor 75 ohm coaxial cable terminated with a BNC connector AES3 unbalanced and AES-3id audio can be switched or routed using a video switcher with a minimum of 150 MHz (-3 dB, fully loaded) video bandwidth Digital A / V Glossary Optical – Plastic optical fiber using an F05 style connector, typically used in consumer audio applications In many consumer products, this is often referred to as a “digital optical” connection type TOSLINK is the most common implementation of this connection type AES – Advanced Encryption Standard A data encryption standard adopted by the US Government and approved by the National Security Agency for top secret information DCP, LLP, the licensing agency for HDCP, has adopted AES 128 encryption for the new HDCP 2.0 standard Analog Sunset A colloquial term associated with conversion from analog television broadcasting to digital television Because of the vast number of analog television sets in use worldwide, and the time required for consumers to replace them with sets capable of receiving digital transmission, communications management and policy agencies, such as the US Federal Communications Commission and its global counterparts, have established a multiple-year transition period for this process It is this transition period which is considered the “analog sunset.” Apple Cinema Display One of the first very high resolution monitors on the market and one of the first to utilize a dual-link DVI connection The 30" version provides a native resolution of 2560x1600 pixels the maximum bit rate at a specified error rate, expressed in bits per second (bps) Bit The shortened form of “binary digit” (0 or 1) A bit is the smallest unit of information in a computer Bit depth The number of bits per pixel Bit depth determines the number of shades of gray or variations of color that can be displayed by a computer monitor For example, a monitor with a bit depth of can display only black and white; a monitor with a bit depth of 16 can display 65,536 different colors; a monitor with a bit depth of 24 can display 16,777, 216 colors Bit Rate The rate of digital data transmission, commonly expressed in bits per second–bps, kilobits–kbps per second, Megabits per second–Mbps, and Gigabits per second–Gbps Blu-ray Disc An optical disc storage medium developed by Sony as the replacement for DVD Blu-ray is capable of storing high-definition video, audio, and data with a capacity of 50GB per disc Blu-ray players are backward-compatible with standard DVDs and audio CDs C Aspect ratio The relationship of the horizontal dimension to the vertical dimension of an image In viewing screens, standard TV is 4:3, or 1.33:1; HDTV is 16:9, or 1.78:1 Sometimes the “:1” is implicit, making TV = 1.33 and HDTV = 1.78 ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee The ATSC was formed to establish voluntary technical standards for advanced television systems, including digital high definition television – HDTV The ATSC is supported by its members, who are subject to certain qualification requirements CEC – Consumer Electronics Control A bidirectional serial control bus defined in the HDMI 1.0 specification and subsequent updates CEC is used to provide control for multiple products, connected via HDMI cables, from a single remote control Alternately, one device, for example a Blu-ray Disc player, can turn on another device, such as a display, when put into Play mode CEC command sets are proprietary to each manufacturer; Sony CEC commands cannot control devices from Panasonic or Sharp, and vice versa CAT 5 An Extron technology for scan converters and signal processors that simplifies setup by executing image sizing, centering, and filtering adjustments with a single button push Category Describes the network cabling standard that consists of four unshielded twisted pairs of copper wire terminated by RJ-45 connectors CAT cabling supports data rates up to 100 Mbps CAT is based on the EIA/TIA 568 Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard Auto-input switching CAT 5e Auto-Image™ The feature that enables a product to detect which input has an active sync signal and switch to that input B Enhanced Category The standard for the next higher grade of unshielded twisted pair – UTP beyond Category The CAT 5e specification was developed to provide more robust support for 1000Base-T CAT 5e specifies tighter limits than CAT for NEXT, ELFEXT, and return loss Bandwidth CAT 6 The total range of a frequency required to pass a specific signal without significant distortion or loss of data In analog terms, the lower and upper frequency limits are defined as the half power, or -3 dB signal strength drop, compared to the signal strength of the middle frequency, or the maximum signal strength of any frequency, expressed as xx Hz to xx kHz (or MHz) @ -3 dB In digital terms, it is Category The standard for the next higher grade of unshielded twisted pair – UTP cabling beyond CAT 5e The standard defines components (cable and connecting hardware) and cabling (basic link and channel) for Category channels, as well as Level III field tester requirements www.extron.com 75 Digital A / V Glossary CAT 7 Category The cable standard for 10 Gigabit Ethernet using shielded twisted pair – STP) cable Cat features strict guidelines for crosstalk and system noise, requiring shielding for each pair of wires and the cable as a whole CCIR Comite Consultatif International des Radio-Communications, the International Radio Consultative Committee The CCIR has been superseded by the International Telecommunications Union, or ITU See “ITU.” CCIR 601 See “ITU-R BT.601.” Cr Digital recording formats such as D1 (Sony, BTS/Philips) and D5 (Panasonic) utilize component digital recording technology Component digital is the digital representation of the component analog signal set, Y, B-Y, R-Y; it is often represented as 4:2:2 The encoding parameters are specified by ITU-R BT.601-2 (formerly known as CCIR 601) Compression A process in which the digital data is reduced to meet bandwidth requirements, while at the same time without negatively affecting the capability to convey image, video, or audio information, or the contents of a data file Compression artifacts In fiber optics, the outer layer surrounding the core of a fiber that serves as an optical barrier as well as protection for the core The index of refraction for the cladding is always lower than that for the core in order to maintain total internal reflection and thus ensure that the light always travels within the core Compacting of a digital signal, particularly when a high compression ratio is used, may result in small errors when the signal is decompressed These errors are known as artifacts, or unwanted defects The artifacts may resemble noise or may cause parts of the picture, particularly fast moving portions, to be displayed as distorted or incomplete Typical artifact types include “mosquito wings” and “blocking.” Cliff effect Core Cladding The sudden loss of a digital signal at the receiver In the analog domain, video quality will gradually degrade as signal strength is lost, resulting in a “snowy” but discernible image on screen With digital signals, the image is either perfect or non-existent When the quality of a signal falls below the threshold over which the receiver can correct or recover it, the screen goes blank and the signal is said to have “fallen off the cliff.” The central core of an optical fiber in which the light travels The core’s index of refraction is always greater than that of the cladding which surrounds it, to maintain total internal reflection and therefore keep the light within the core Color space DA A model of the color spectrum with the order of colors defined by three parameters in a 3D space: intensity, saturation, and hue There are several color space definitions, each used to support the specific identity of colors within a structured identification system In A/V presentation, there are two primary video color space definitions: RGB, which describes the three color primaries, Red, Green, and Blue; and Component or YUV, which describes the luminance channel (Y) and two chrominance channels, U (Blue minus Y) and V (Red minus Y), with the remainder representing Green RGB is most commonly used with high-resolution computer video signals, while YUV is the primary color space for motion video and television transmission because it requires less bandwidth Digital standards such as DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort support both RGB and YUV color space, and color space conversion is common in sources such as Blu-ray Disc players and both flat panel and projection display devices Distribution amplifier A device that allows connection of one input source to multiple, isolated (buffered) output destinations such as monitors or projectors Color space and color space conversion pose a unique challenge when switching between signals with different color spaces, for example, switching a source in YUV color space to a display device set up to receive signals in RGB color space Many digital displays will automatically detect the change in color space, but may require several seconds or more to lock to the new signal and display it properly Some displays, on the other hand, require manual intervention to select the new color space through an on-screen display menu Component digital Digital video using separate color components, such as Y, Cb, 76 Extron Digital Design Guide D D/A Digital to analog DAC Digital to analog converter DDC Display Data Channel A bi-directional communications standard developed by VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) that defines a universal data transmission standard for the connectivity between display devices and computers DDWG Digital Display Working Group The DDWG develops standards for digital displays Developer of the DVI standard Deep Color A very wide color gamut with a bit depth of 30 bits, capable of displaying billions of colors The HDMI Licensing group has adopted Deep Color modes for the HDMI 1.3 specification Deep Color is often stated as xvYCC color space Digital A system of data or image values in the form of discrete, noncontinuous codes, such as binary When data is in a digital format, Digital A / V Glossary it can be processed, stored (recorded), and reproduced easily while maintaining its original integrity DisplayID Released in December 2007, this second-generation version of VESA EDID – Extended Display Identification Data is intended to replace all previous versions DisplayID represents a 256-byte data structure that conveys display-related information to attached source devices It is meant to encompass PC display devices, consumer televisions, and embedded displays such a LCD screens within a laptop without need for multiple extension blocks Display ID is not directly backward compatible with previous EDID/E-EDID versions DisplayPort The newest digital audio/video interconnect standard, designed primarily for use between a computer and display device DisplayPort supports data rates up to 10.8 Gbps at a distance of meters over standard copper cable DisplayPort is not directly compatible with DVI or HDMI, but a DisplayPort connector can pass these signals, and the standard does provide an emulation mode for ease of integration with DVI or HDMI equipped products Dolby® Digital A digital audio encoding and decoding technology utilized for DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, video games, and many cable and satellite television services Also referred to as “AC-3.” Dolby Digital can transmit mono or standard two-channel stereo audio, as well as 5.1 channel surround sound (left front, center front, right front, left rear, right rear, and sub-woofer) Dolby® Digital Plus A digital audio compression technology designed as an optional codec for use with Blu-ray Disc Dolby Digital Plus is an extension of the earlier Dolby Digital format and supports up to 13 audio channels, although Blu-ray Disc is limited to discrete channels The extra audio channels are often used to support multiple languages Dolby® TrueHD An advanced, lossless multi-channel audio encoder and decoder technology intended primarily for high-definition content and is optional for Blu-ray Disc; support for TrueHD is also optional in the HDMI 1.3 specification TrueHD supports up to discrete audio channels at 96 kHz sampling, or up to channels at 192 kHz sampling Since TrueHD is optional for Blu-ray Disc, discs encoded with a TrueHD audio track must also include a separate 2-channel digital audio track DPCP – DisplayPort Content Protection DPCP is a content-protection scheme for DisplayPort, developed by Advanced Micro Devices Like HDCP 2.0, DPCP uses AES 128 encryption DRM – Digital Rights Management A generic term for technologies such as content scrambling in cable or satellite television transmission, HDCP, and DPCP that can be used to control the access to, or reproduction of, copyrighted, commercially-available content DRM is used primarily to prevent piracy, the unauthorized duplication and distribution of copyrighted material However, DRM often also governs how content can be used Commercially-available DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, for example, are typically licensed for personal use in a residential environment Use of such content in a public venue, such as a school or business setting, without express consent or licensing by the copyright holder, is typically in violation of the media’s license DTS® Digital Surround A digital audio encoding and decoding technology from DTS, Inc that delivers 5.1 channels of surround sound It is an optional surround sound format for DVDs but is mandatory for Blu-ray Disc DTS Digital Surround has also been used in some LaserDisc releases as well as CDs, and is also featured in some video games DTS-HD Master Audio A lossless audio encoder/decoder technology from DTS, Inc DTS-HD Master Audio allows a bit-for-bit representation of a movie’s original studio master soundtrack and supports up to audio channels Support for DTS-HD Master Audio is optional in the HDMI 1.3 specification released in 2006, and is also optional for Blu-ray Disc DTS-HD High Resolution Audio An extension to the DTS Digital Surround format that offers up to 7.1 channels at 24-bit resolution and 96 kHz sampling DTS-HD High Resolution Audio is an optional surround sound format for Blu-ray Disc Dual-Link HD-SDI See “SMPTE 372M.” Dual-Link DVI Dual Link DVI supports x 165 MHz (2048 x 1536 at 60 Hz, 1920 x 1080 at 85 Hz) A dual link implementation utilizes all 24 of the available pins A dual-link DVI output has two TMDS links and twice the bandwidth of single-link DVI, and can therefore support much higher resolutions With two TMDS links, the number of data channels is doubled, although there is still only one clock signal, so both links are clocked identically Apple’s 30" Cinema Display with a native resolution of 2560x1600, is an example of a display requiring dual-link DVI See also “Single-Link DVI.” DVB/ASI – Digital Video Broadcasting/Asynchronous Serial Interface A standard for the broadcast of digital television signals Terrestrial broadcast, primarily seen in Europe, is often stated as DVB-T In the US, DVB-S is often used for compression and encoding of digital satellite transmission; for terrestrial applications, North America utilizes the ATSC standard DVD-Audio A digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on DVD – Digital Video Discs DVD-Audio is a standalone format intended for audio only and is not used for the audio portion of DVD video content DVD-Audio is similar in application to SACD, although to maintain compatibility with DVD players, the format is not capable of the very high sampling rates found in SACD Support for DVD-Audio was added to the HDMI 1.1 specification in 2004 DVI Digital Visual Interface The digital video connectivity standard that was developed by DDWG – Digital Display Work Group This connection standard offers two different connectors: one with 24 pins that handles digital video signals only, and one with 29 pins that handles both digital and analog video This standard uses www.extron.com 77 Digital A / V Glossary TMDS – Transition Minimized Differential Signal from Silicon Image and DDC – Display Data Channel from VESA – Video Electronics Standards Association of digital signals when passed through cables or signal extension devices, switchers, signal processors, and other electronics EQ (Video) DVI-D DVI connector that supports digital signals only Equalization Selective amplification or signal restoration applied to a signal to compensate for high frequency attenuation and other distortions encountered in long lengths of cable DVI-I DVI connector that supports both digital and analog signals E EDID - Extended Display Identification Data EDID is a data structure used to communicate video display information, including native resolution and vertical interval refresh rate requirements, to a source device The source device will then output the optimal video format for the display based on the provided EDID data, ensuring proper video image quality This communication takes place over the DDC – Display Data Channel EDID Minder A proprietary EDID management process from Extron EDID Minder automatically manages the EDID information between a digital display device and one or more input sources By maintaining continuous EDID communication with all sources, EDID Minder ensures that digital sources power up properly and maintain their video output, whether or not they are actively connected to the digital display device Embedded data Digital technologies such as SDI, HD-SDI, and HDMI, can carry variety of other data along with the primary video data, including audio, control, metadata such as content title or other identifying information, or other ancillary information These data are said to be embedded, as they travel with the primary signal from the source device to the destination End Finish The endface of an optical fiber at the ferrule, finished or polished to be smooth in order to minimize signal loss or backreflection PC, SPC, UPC, and APC polishing finishes are available for singlemode connectors Error detection and correction The ability to detect errors caused by interference or other factors during the transmission of a signal, and then reconstruct the received signal so that it is a faithful reproduction of the original signal, without errors A process known as Forward Error Correction is often used to allow the receiver to detect and correct some errors without having to “ask” the transmitter to send additional data Eye Pattern The representation of a digital signal on an oscilloscope in which a digital data signal is repetitively sampled Distortion in the signal waveform due to interference and noise appears as closure of the eye pattern Signals that are poorly synchronized with the system clock (also known as jitter), too high, too low, too noisy, too slow to change, or which have too much undershoot or overshoot, can be observed from the eye pattern Eye patterns are used to evaluate the quality 78 Extron Digital Design Guide F FCC Federal Communications Commission The US governmental agency that controls and makes all policy for the use of broadcast airwaves Ferrule A precision tube which centers an optical fiber and provides stabilization and precise alignment A ferrule may be part of a connector or a mechanical splice Fiber The basic optical transmission element The components of a fiber include the core, surrounded by the cladding, and then a coating for protection Specific optical properties of the core and cladding enable light to be contained within the core as it travels along the fiber fps frames per second A measure of information that is used to store and display motion video Each frame represents a still image and displaying frames in succession creates the illusion of motion The more frames per second – fps, the smoother the motion appears G GHz Gigahertz One billion cycles per second Giga The prefix abbreviation for billion (G) One G-Byte = billion bytes H H.264 Encoding A standard for video compression equivalent to MPEG-4 Part 10 or MPEG-4 AVC – Advanced Video Coding H.264 was created to provide video quality suitable for high definition applications at bit rates lower than that utilized in MPEG-2, the compression standard used in DVD authoring HDMI – High-Definition Multimedia Interface An interface used primarily in consumer electronics for the transmission of uncompressed high definition video, up to channels of audio, and control signals, over a single cable HDMI is the de facto standard for HDTV displays, Blu-ray Disc players, and other HDTV electronics Introduced in 2003, the HDMI specification has gone through several revisions: HDMI 1.0 – Defined a maximum single-link bandwidth of 165 MHz, supporting resolutions up to 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz; color depth Digital A / V Glossary of 24 bits; and up to channels of 24-bit audio HDCP content protection and CEC – Consumer Electronics Control were optional Hot Plug Detect circuit, or HPD, senses the new device and tells the rest of the system that the device is ready to either send or receive a data stream HDMI 1.1 – Added support for DVD-Audio HDMI 1.2 – Added support for SACD – Super Audio CD quality audio A later revision also added specification for the CEC command set HDMI 1.3 – Increased single-link bandwidth to 340 MHz for signal resolutions beyond 1080p/60 Added support for Deep Color, automatic lip sync correction, and Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master audio HDMI 1.4 – Expected specification publish date June 30, 2009 Adds HDMI Ethernet Channel, Audio Return Channel, supports higher maximum resolutions, adds 3D support up to 1080p, and creates a new HDMI Micro Connector HDCP – High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection A digital rights management scheme developed by Intel to prevent the copying of digital video and audio content HDCP is mandatory for the HDMI interface, optional for DVI HDCP defines three basic system components: source, sink, and repeater Sources send content to the display Sources can be set-top boxes, Blu-ray Disc players, computer-graphics cards, and so forth A source can have only one HDCP transmitter Sinks decrypt the content so it can be viewed Sink is typically used to describe a flat panel display, television, or projector Sinks can have one or more HDCP receivers Repeaters sit between Sources and Sinks They accept content, decrypt it, then re-encrypt and transmit Internally, a Repeater may provide signal processing, such as scaling, splitting out audio for use in an analog audio playback system, or splitting the input data stream for simultaneous viewing on multiple displays Switchers, matrix switchers, and distribution amplifiers are all examples of Repeaters I ICT – Image Constraint Token Part of AACS, the Blu-ray Disc digital rights management system, the Image Constraint Token can cause the output of a Blu-ray Disc player to be down-converted to low-resolution video, similar in quality to a DVD AACS requires that all components in the display chain, from the source to the display device, to be secured through HDCP or DPCP content protection If the ICT flag is set and the Blu-ray player is connected to a device that does not support HDCP, for example an analog television or video recorder, the player automatically reduces the high-definition video quality to a maximum of 960x540 pixels before outputting it IP Link® Extron’s high performance IP integration technology specifically engineered to meet the needs of professional A/V environments ITU International Telecommunication Union Formerly known as the CCIR – Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications or International Radio Consultative Committee A global organization responsible for establishing television standards ITU-R BT.601 Formerly known as CCIR 601 A serial digital form of component video developed by the International Telecommunication Union for the digitization of color video signals ITU-R BT.601 is the digital equivalent to Y, R-Y, B-Y, component analog video, and is transmitted on one coax cable instead of three It is also called 4:2:2, which refers to the number of samples taken from each of the video channels: for every four samples of the Y (luminance) channel, the two color difference channels, R-Y and B-Y, are sampled twice J HD-SDI High-definition version of SDI specified in SMPTE-292M This standard transmits audio and video over a single coaxial cable with a data rate of 1.485 Gbit/second HDTV High Definition Television HDTV refers to a complete product/system with the following minimum performance attributes: a receiver that receives ATSC terrestrial digital transmissions and decodes all ATSC Table video formats; a display scanning format with active vertical scanning lines of 720 progressive (720p), 1080 interlaced (1080i), or higher; aspect ratio capabilities for displaying a 16:9 image; receives and reproduces, and/or outputs Dolby Digital audio Hot Plug/Hot Plug Detect Describes a feature of DVI, HDMI, USB, and other digital technologies which allows a host device, such as a computer, to detect the presence of a new device without intervention by the user Hot Plug technology allows a new device to be added to a system while it’s still connected to a power source Once the new device is connected, the Jitter The deviation of a signal’s timing transitions in relationship to their ideal positions Jitter can occur over long lengths of low quality cable, or through the cumulative effect caused by cascading several digital devices in line between the source and destination K KSV – Key Selection Vector A unique numerical key used in content protection or digital rights management schemes such as HDCP Keys are used to authenticate devices connected to one another, to ensure that a source is connected to a display and not a digital recording device Keys See “KSV” www.extron.com 79 Digital A / V Glossary L Laser - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Multimode Fiber – MMF An optical fiber that allows for the propagation of more than one mode or light path It is commonly used with LED light sources for shorter distance links An optical source that generates coherent light within a narrow band of wavelengths Laser - Optimized Multimode Fiber A multimode fiber with higher bandwidth than legacy multimode fiber, designed for transmission with laser based sources such as VCSEL LPCM - Linear PCM A specific method of pulse code modulation that is used to represent an analog waveform as a sequence of amplitude values LPCM has been defined as part of the DVD and Blu-ray Disc standards, and is also used by HDMI See “PCM.” Loss Budget A specified, maximum tolerable loss of optical power, or attenuation of light, as it passes through a fiber optic system M Macrobending A term that describes a macroscopic deviation of an optical fiber’s axis from a straight line due to bending, to the extent that optical loss occurs Matrix switcher N Native Resolution Refers to the single fixed resolution of an LCD, plasma, or other fixed matrix display An image said to match the native resolution of a display is one where pixels between the image source and display are perfectly aligned and require no scaling or other signal processing Non-blocking matrix switchers These are true matrix switchers allowing any input to switch to any or all outputs They have no switching limitations contingent on hardware or software Extron builds only true matrix switchers with all switching paths available at all times; there is no blocking P PanelLink® Silicon Image’s TMDS – Transition Minimized Differential Signaling all-digital video transmission standard PanelLink technology was designed to provide the bandwidth necessary to support digital displays PCM – Pulse Code Modulation A means of selecting an input source and connecting it to one or more outputs Like a regular switcher, but with multiple inputs and multiple outputs The digital representation of an analog audio signal PCM is the standard form of digital audio in computers and the compact disc (CD) “red book” format, as well as the standard used for the audio portion of digital video recording Mechanical Splice Propagation Delay A splice between optical fibers accomplished by using a mechanical fixture and an index gel, rather than by thermal fusion MHz Megahertz One million hertz (cycles per second) Video bandwidth is measured in megahertz The amount of time required for a certain amount of data to be transferred over a cable or other medium Propagation delay is affected by operating temperature, voltage supply, and cable capacitance, as well as by the number of electronic circuits in line between the signal input and final output R Microbend A localized defect in an optical fiber at the core-cladding boundary, caused by mechanical stress that results in sharp, microscopic curvatures in the fiber Reclocking Mode Reclocking is a process that is used to restore the amplitude, rise and fall times, and clock rate attributes of a digital signal Reclocking can add a small amount of time delay to the signal A path for light within an optical fiber Singlemode fiber comprises a single path, while in multimode fiber, there are multiple light paths Repeater See “HDCP.” MPEG-4 Similar to MPEG-2, but with a much greater ability to scale to different compression rates and resolutions MPEG-4 is suitable for applications ranging from low bit-rate streaming video applications for videoconferencing and cell phone video delivery, to high bit-rate high definition television production systems 80 Extron Digital Design Guide Resolution The density of lines or dots that make up an image Resolution determines the detail and quality in the image A measure of the ability of a camera or video system to reproduce detail, or the amount of detail that can be seen in an image Resolution is often expressed as a number of pixels, but more correctly, it is the bandwidth A sharp, clear picture has high resolution Also see “Resolution (horizontal)” and “Resolution (vertical).” Digital A / V Glossary Resolution (horizontal) The amount of detail in a horizontal direction in a video image It is expressed as the number of distinct vertical lines, alternately black and white, that can be seen in the width of the picture This information is usually derived from observation of the vertical wedge of the test pattern Horizontal resolution depends on the high frequency amplitude and phase response of the pick-up equipment, as well as the transmission medium and the monitor itself Resolution (vertical) The amount of resolvable detail in a vertical direction in a video image It is expressed as the number of distinct horizontal lines, alternately black and white, that can be seen in a test pattern Vertical resolution is primarily determined by the number of horizontal scanning lines in a frame RS-232 An Electronic Industries Association – EIA serial digital interface standard specifying the characteristics of the communication path between two devices using either DB-9 or DB-25 connectors This standard is used for relatively short-range communications and does not specify balanced control lines RS-232 is a serial control standard with a set number of conductors, data rate, word length, and type of connector to be used The standard specifies component connection standards with regard to the computer interface It is also called RS-232-C, which is the third version of the RS-232 standard, and is functionally identical to the CCITT V.24 standard S SACD – Super Audio Compact Disc A very high fidelity, read-only optical disc format for both two-channel stereo and 5.0 (no sub-woofer) or 5.1 surround sound audio SACD can store up to 10 times as much data as a standard audio CD, up to 7.95 GB Support for SACD audio was added to the HDMI 1.2 specification in 2005 Scaling Scaling is changing the size of an image to fit the native rate (or pixel size) of a display device, without changing its shape For example, to fit a 720x480 resolution TV image on a 1024x768 XGA resolution display, the TV image has to be scaled “up”; pixels need to be created in order for the original image to fill the screen Alternately, to fit a 1280x1024 SXGA resolution image on an XGA resolution screen, the image will need to be scaled “down”; pixels need to be removed from the original image in order for it to fit on the screen There are many different methods for image scaling, and some produce better results than others SDI Serial Digital Interface The standard based on a 270 Mbps transfer rate This is a 10-bit, scrambled, polarity independent interface with common scrambling for both component ITU-R 601 and composite digital video and four channels of embedded digital audio Single-Link DVI The electrical signaling used to transmit data over DVI is known as transition minimized differential signaling, or TMDS A single TMDS link carries three data channels and one clock signal, with a maximum video frequency of 165MHz, capable of standard resolutions up to 1920x 1200 pixels See also “Dual-Link DVI.” Single-Link HD-SDI See “SMPTE 292M.” Singlemode Fiber – SMF An optical fiber with a small core, through which only a single mode can propagate Sink See “HDCP.” SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers A global organization, based in the United States, that sets standards for baseband visual communications This includes film as well as video and television standards SMPTE 259M Defines the SDI serial digital interface common to most standard definition digital video products SMPTE 259M includes several data rates, including 143 Mbps (NTSC composite digital), 177 Mbps (PAL composite digital), 270 Mpbs (4:2:2 component digital, 4:3 standard video aspect), and 360 Mbps (4:2:2 component digital, 16:9 widescreen video aspect) Of the group, 270 Mbps and 360 Mbps are the most common data rates SMPTE 292M Defines the HD-SDI high definition serial digital interface SMPTE 292M has data rate of 1.485 Gbps for 4:2:2 component digital in 16:9 widescreen video aspect Full bandwidth HD-SDI can be transmitted 300 feet (100 m) on standard RG6 coaxial cable, and more than 60 miles (100 km) using fiber optic technology SMTPTE 292M is considered a single link HD-SDI signal, in that only one coaxial cable is required to transmit the data SMPTE 310 A broadcast standard for transmitting one or more DTV – digital television channels, and ancillary content, as part of a single data stream SMPTE 372M Defines a full bandwidth, 4:4:4 RGB color space and bandwidth up to 2.97 Gbps on two coaxial cables, often referred to as “dual-link HD-SDI SMPTE 372M is most commonly associated with dual-link HD-SDI, wherein two coaxial cables are used to carry alternate pixels, thus doubling the data rate and available resolution Dual-link HD-SDI is sufficient for 1080/60p and 1080/24Psf video streams; however, the “Super2k” format used in digital cinema, 2048x1080, progressive scan, 4:4:4 RGB color space, is the highest data rate possible with one dual-link HD-SDI connection SMPTE 424M Defines a full bandwidth, 4:4:4 RGB color space and bandwidth up to 2.97 Gbps on a single coaxial cable SMPTE 424M is colloquially known as 3G-SDI, a term used to describe 2.970 Gigabits per second digital video over a single-link coaxial cable 3G-SDI is capable of supporting HDTV 1080p video at 50 or 60 frames per second Most 3G-SDI terminal equipment, such as Extron 3G-SDI matrix switchers, simple switchers, distribution amplifiers, cable www.extron.com 81 Digital A / V Glossary Y equalizers, and fiber optic extenders, is capable of supporting standard SDI data rates from 270 Mbps to 2.970 Gbps Y Cr Cb Source Describes the color space for digital component video See “Y, R-Y, B-Y.” See “HDCP.” S/PDIF – Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format A data protocol for compressed or uncompressed digital audio co-developed by Sony and Philips Electronics and now part of the larger AES/EBU audio standard S/PDIF is often misconstrued as a connection type; however, S/PDIF audio can be found in products using either a 75 ohm coaxial connection or a TOSLINK fiber optic connection S/PDIF is commonly found in Compact Disc and DVD players Splice A permanent connection between the ends of two optical fibers by mechanically joining them together, or heating to fuse them together T Transition Minimized Differential Signaling An all-digital video transmission standard developed by Silicon Image, Inc TMDS is the core technology used in DVI - Digital Visual Interface and HDMI - High Definition Multi-media Interface TOSLINK An optical fiber connection standard for digital audio developed by Toshiba TOSLINK is very commonly used for audio output from Compact Disc and DVD players, as well as some game consoles A generic name, “EIAJ optical,” is sometimes used to describe this standard Tri-Level Sync A sync level scheme developed for HDTV in which the sync line first goes low, then transitions high while going through the reference voltage level, and then drops back down to the reference voltage The transition of the positive-going sync signal through the reference voltage is the sync trigger V VCSEL – Vertical Cavity Surface Emission Laser A high speed, low cost laser diode that emits perpendicular to the surface of the chip, rather than from an edge X xvYCC Extended-gamut YCC color space xVYCC can be used in the electronics of televisions and other video displays to improve the image quality of high-definition video signals Extron Digital Design Guide Describes the color space for progressive-scan (non-interlaced) component video See “Y, R-Y, B-Y.” Y, R-Y, B-Y Color difference signal designation Y corresponds to the luminance signal; R-Y corresponds to the red minus luminance signal, and B-Y corresponds to the blue minus luminance signal After luminance is subtracted from red and blue, the remainder is considered to be the green portion of the RGB video signal These signals are derived as follows: Y = 0.3 red + 0.59 green + 11 blue R-Y = 0.7 red - 0.59 green - 0.11 blue B-Y = 0.89 blue - 0.59 green - 0.3 red YUV TMDS 82 Y Pb Pr Describes the color space used in television transmission and motion video production and playback See Y, R-Y, B-Y Worldwide Sales Offices Extron Digital Design Guide Extron Electronics, USA - West Headquarters 1230 South Lewis Street Anaheim, California 92805 USA Sales/Tech Support: Order Support: Fax: +800.633.9876 +800.633.9873 (Inside USA & Canada only) +1.714.491.1500 +1.714.491.1517 Extron Electronics, USA - East 2205 Westinghouse Boulevard, Suite 102 Raleigh, North Carolina 27604 USA Sales: Fax: +800.633.9876 (Inside USA & Canada only) +1.919.863.1794 +1.919.863.1797 Extron Electronics, Europe Hanzeboulevard 10 3825 PH Amersfoort The Netherlands Sales: Fax: +800.EXTRON.S3 +800.3987.6673 (Inside Europe only) +31.33.453.4040 +31.33.453.4050 Extron Electronics, Middle East United Arab Emirates, Dubai Dubai Airport Free Zone F12, PO Box 293666 +971.4.2991800 +971.4.2991880 Extron Electronics, Asia 135 Joo Seng Road #04-01 PM Industrial Building Singapore 368363 Sales: Fax: +800.S3.EXTRON +800.7339.8766 (Inside Asia only) +65.6383.4400 +65.6383.4664 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30 day payment terms upon approved credit and acceptance of Extron’s international credit policy A hard copy Purchase Order (PO) is required by fax or mail International Shipping Terms Ex works Extron Anaheim, Ex works Extron Amersfoort, Ex works Extron Singapore, Ex works Extron Shanghai, and Ex works Extron Dubai Powered Product Warranty Three years parts and labor System Integrator ™ Speaker Warranty Five years parts and labor Cable Performance Warranty Limited lifetime Extron Cable Products will be free from defects in material and workmanship for as long as you or your customer own the cable The A/V industry is in the midst of a major transition, from analog to digital presentation technologies As a leading manufacturer of products engineered for the commercial A/V market, Extron has a long history with the development of digital solutions, going back nearly a decade with the release of many of the industry’s first DVI distribution and extension products Over the past five years, our product line has grown considerably and now includes the A/V industry’s most complete portfolio of digital switchers, cables and adapters, and twisted pair and fiber optic extenders Most importantly, Extron manufactures the interfaces and signal conversion products necessary to make possible the transition from analog to the many available digital formats, including DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, and HD-SDI This Digital Design Guide addresses the A/V industry’s primary challenge as it transitions from analog to digital how these new signal types and system topologies are integrated into A/V presentation systems that serve the communication needs of our customers It provides a reference for A/V system designers seeking to understand these emerging technologies and the options available, with a practical approach to integration in new and legacy presentation systems In this Guide you will find overviews of each of the digital video formats most commonly used in commercial A/V applications Next, you will find sample A/V system designs, ranging from a simple classroom to a network operations center, that describe the practical aspects of these transitional A/V systems, the type of equipment needed, and signal flow from one device to another Following the system design section is a condensed catalog of Extron products designed for the integration of these digital technologies At the end of the Guide, you’ll find a comprehensive Glossary of terms related to digital video for professional A/V applications Extron Worldwide Sales Offices USA West USA East Europe Middle East Asia Japan China +800.633.9876 (Inside USA only) +1.714.491.1500 +800.EXTRON.S3 +800.3987.6673 (Inside Europe only) +31.33.453.4040 7:00 am – 5:30 pm (PST) Monday – Friday 0900 – 1800 (+1 GMT) Monday – Friday 0900 – 1800 (+8 GMT) Monday – Friday Sales: Fax: Sales: Fax: 0900 – 1800 (+9 GMT) Monday – Friday 9:00 am – 6:00 pm (+8 GMT) Monday – Friday 8:30 am – 5:30 pm (+4 GMT) Sunday – Thursday Please refer to Extron business policies for full details cover_ddg.indd 10/12/09 10:50 AM Digital Design Guide Digital Video for Professional A / V Systems © 2009 Extron Electronics All rights reserved All trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners 09-06, 68-1787-01, Rev A cover_ddg.indd 10/12/09 10:49 AM [...]... may compromise digital video Category 5-type twisted pair cable offers a cost- signal integrity effective, easily installed and terminated option for digital signal transmission distances up to 200 Solutions for Extending Digital Video Signals feet (60 meters) For longer distance transmission The customized nature of professional A/V applications where security or outside electrical systems usually... domain replace the familiar level and peaking terminology for Low Level analog signals Signal conditioning requirements for digital signals are also different, and must Clock Period High Level Fall Time Rise Time Figure 3-1 Digital Data Parameters be understood accordingly before designing a digital- based A/V system All standard digital video signal formats, including disappears, otherwise known as cliff... provisions for other auxiliary communications ■ 10 Extron Digital Design Guide Anatomy of a Digital Video Signal Digital video signals are considerably different in comparison to traditional analog video signals, with specific performance and timing Clock Period requirements that must be maintained throughout Signal Swing the entire signal path Terms such as equalization, jitter, and reclocking in the digital. .. usually presents many digital video interference are of concern, fiber optic products distribution challenges to the integrator, including may be selected for a variety of reasons: the need to send signals over significant distances Extron offers a variety of products for specific digital video formats to help meet infrastructure-related requirements For example, most installations call for cable runs of... reason for the perceived sluggishness of some digital video systems, especially during startup and when video signals are switched HDCP 1.x or re-routed, requiring HDCP re-authentication The best switching performance can be realized in HDCP-compatible video equipment built Encryption Method Applicable Interfaces DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort Any two-way digital interface Maximum Downstream Receivers for Each... Computer DRM methods have been Players manufactured after 2010 may not have high definition analog outputs Players manufactured after 2013 may not have any analog outputs Table 5-2 Differences between CSS and AACS encryption 22 There are numerous DRM schemes for devised to protect software, digital music, digital video, digital books, games, etc The present discussion will be limited to video content played... operating systems have software authorized to simultaneous displays for content-protected video play Blu-ray Discs The same AACS and HDCP playback, disallowing recording or copying, and restrictions apply for PC Blu-ray Disc playback disabling analog outputs For example, an A/V as for standalone players Thus, a PC must be system may have the capability to distribute HDMI equipped with a video card... viewing duration of “rented” video content and the ability to transfer the video to different computers In the case of protected HD video downloads, HDCP support is required on any device that is playing the video Therefore, a display with digital video inputs must support HDCP, if a user expects to connect a computer to it and play downloaded commercial HD content For more information on HDCP, see Extron’s white paper at... communications for each input/output tie EDID Minder first analyzes the EDID for all displays Video EDID Minder Input Video EDID Minder OK, here is my native resolution and vertical refresh rate Input Video EDID Minder Input connected to the system, applies a complex www.extron.com 17 DRM for the A / V Professional What is DRM? familiar adage of “Just because one can, doesn’t DRM - Digital Rights Management... inconvenient For more information, see Extron’s white paper at www.extron.com/digitalvideopaper www.extron.com 13 Understanding EDID - Extended Display Identification Data EDID is used by a display to communicate information to a source device about the range of signals it can support as well as additional information such as native resolution and preferred timing What is EDID? with data formatting defined ... for full details cover_ddg.indd 10/12/09 10:50 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS Digital Video for Professional A/V Systems The Digital Connection Digital. .. incorporate digital video into their systems A wide array of digital video ports, including DVI, The prevalence of these various digital signal HDMI, DisplayPort, and HD-SDI, are present in formats... requirements for digital signals are comparison to analog Digital video signals also different and must be understood accordingly not degrade linearly as with analog video For before designing