Reactive Power Compensation Using Capacitor

CONTENTS Introduction Literature Survey Problem Identification Objective Of The Project Project Analysis And Design Project Implementation Conclusion Future Work Suggested Reference INTRODUCTION • Power Factor correction (PFC) is applied to electric circuits as a means of minimizing the inductive component of the current and thereby reducing the losses in the supply • Power factor (PF) is the name given to the ratio of the active or usable power measured in kilowatts (KW), to the total power (active and reactive) measured in kilovolt amperes (KVA).ie: Power Factor = KW / KVA POWER TRIANGLE Electrical power in an AC circuit has three components: real power (P), reactive power (Q) and apparent power (S) Real power is considered to be the work producing power measured in watts (W), or kilowatts (kW) Real power produces the mechanical output of a motor Reactive power is not used to work but is needed to operate equipment and is measured in volt‐amperes‐reactive (VAR) or kilovar (kVAR) Apparent power (also known as demand power) is comprised of (vectorial sum) both real and reactive power and is measured in units of volt‐amps (VA) or kilovolt‐amps (kVA) DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR Increases heating losses in the transformers and distribution equipment Reduce plant life Upgrade costly equipment Decrease energy efficiency Increase electricity costs by paying penalties Power factor correction capacitors; Essentials & CautionsM.H.Shwehdi, M.R.Sultan Dept of Electr Eng., King Fahd Univ of Pet & Miner., Dhahran Date of Current Version : 06 August 2002 Page(s): 1317 - 1322 vol Optimal selection of capacitors-IEEE: S.Sudehararajan & A Pahwa Dept of Electr & Comput Eng., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Date of Current Version : 06 August 2002 Page(s): 1499 - 1507 Optimal Reactive Power Planning and Compensation Effects on Transmission Loss Components K Barot; H Bhattacharya, Power & Energy Syst Group, Univ of Waterloo Date of Current Version : 23 July 2007 Page(s): - Universal input single-phase single-stage power supply with power factor correction and automatic voltage clamping Chongming Qiao; Smedley, K.M Dept of Electr & Comput Eng., California Univ., Irvine, CA Date of Current Version : 07 August 2002 Page(s): 907 - 913 vol.2 High-capacity hybrid power filter for harmonic suppression and reactive compensation in the power substation Lina Wang An Luo Dept of Electr Eng., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing Date of Current Version : 10 January 2005 Page(s): 215 - 220 Vol.1 INDIVIDUAL COMPENSATION CENTRAL COMPENSATION PROJECT ANALYSIS & DESIGN AREA OF FOCUS As a part of our project, we did a case study on Cochin Port Trust and found that the power factor was below 0.9 as per our calculation, at 0.85 pf, the total cost including penalty was Rs 3,51,394.25 per month It’s noticed that the total cost got reduced to Rs 3,32,653.25 per month, after the installation of the capacitor bank that increased the PF to 0.94 The cost of capacitor was found to be Rs.200/kVAR and the cost of capacitor installation could be replaced in a period of year and months SITES PUMP HOUSE PUMP HOUSE RAIN WATER PURIFING AD BLOCK FIRE HOUSE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE BELT DRIVE SUPPLY NORTH END CT CANTEEN 12th CROSS ROAD RNAS CLUB HOSPITAL CISF MOTORS MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR RATIN G 52 HP 52 HP 37 Kw 37 Kw PUMP HP INDUCTION MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR PUMP 60 HP 3.7 Kw 60 HP MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR 2 WORKING PERIOD(hrs) TRUE POWER(kW) 3 3 TOTAL kWh 76.5 229.5 74 222 3.8 11.4 10 47.83 287 44.13 20 HP 7.5 HP 7.5 HP HP 12 Kw 12 Kw 24 14.71 6 12 16 11 3.68 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 12 12 14 24 24 24 24 24 Kw Kw Kw Kw Kw Kw Kw Kw Kw 441.3 353 66.2 22.1 144 192 12 192 24 288 12 168 36 864 24 576 • • • • • Total load demand =405.65kW Total kWh =4056.50kWh Total kW in month =12169.50kW/month Total kWh in month =121695.00kWh/month Total amount in month =Rs 334661.25/month TARIFF PF RANGE INCENTIVE OR PENALITY PF b/w 0.9 to1 15%energy charge for each 0.01 unit increases in pf from 0.9 less than 0.9 1% energy charges for every 0.01 fall in pf from 0.9 Cost of energy per unit=2.75Rs/kWh/month •At 0.85pf Penalty = 5%*334661.25 =Rs 16733.00 Total cost including penalty =Rs(334661.25+16733.00)/month =Rs 351394.25/month •At 0.94pf Incentive = 0.6%*334661.25 = Rs 2008.00/month Total cost = Rs(334661.25-2008.00)/month =Rs332653.25/month pf Selection of capacitor for 0.85 PFold = 0.85 PFnew= 0.94 M =0.367 kVARcap =165.81kVAR Cost of capacitor= Rs 200 per kVAR Total cost of capacitor, kVARcap =165.81 kVAR * Rs 200 = Rs 33,162 Incentive = Rs 2008.00/month The capacitor installation cost will be compensated in 33162/2008 =16.51 months =1 year & months Here our hardware is of passive…… Because Passive components are those that not require electrical power to operate Guaranteed stability Passive filters scale better to large signals (tens of amperes, hundreds of volts), where active devices are often impractical No power consumption Inexpensive (unless large coils are required) POWER FACTOR CORRECTION: Advantages • Reduced demand charges • Reduction in size of transformers, cables and switchgear in new installations • Less total plant KVA for the same KW working power • Automatically switch on/off relevant capacitors steps for consistent power factor • Continuously sense and monitors the load CONCLUSION Raising power factor is a proven way of increasing the efficient use of electricity by utilities & end users Economic benefits for end users may include reduced energy bills, lower cable, transformer losses & improved voltage conditions, while utilities benefit from released system capacity FUTURE SCOPE In our project, we have not considered harmonics In future, we can improve the power factor by adding a reactor circuit with the capacitor bank to eliminate harmonics As a result, especially the rd harmonic component can be detected and suppressed and power factor in whole can be raised up to a value of 0.99 REFERENCES • • • • • Ferreira,A.J.M(2009).MATLAB Codes for finite Element Analysis Springer Optimal selection of capacitors-IEEE: S.Sudehararajan & A Pahwa Power Factor Correction Capacitors: Essentials and Caution, M.H.Shwhdi Reactive Power Compensation, T.J.E.Miller Power System, J.B.Gupta [...]... The aim of our project is reactive power compensation using automatic capacitor banks We using automatic capacitor PFC, because fixed capacitor has following disadvantages…… • • • • • Manual operation(on/off) Not meet the require kVAr under varying loads Can result leading power factor Cause over voltage Penalty by electricity authority Types of PFC The choice of the correct power factor correction... compensation is most effective if the majority of the reactive power is concentrated on few loads with high power and that work for long period of time • Central compensation is best suited for systems where the load fluctuates through out the day If the absorption of reactive power is variable, it is advisable the use of automatic regulation than fixed capacitors INDIVIDUAL COMPENSATION CENTRAL COMPENSATION. .. improve the power factor by adding a reactor circuit with the capacitor bank to eliminate harmonics As a result, especially the 3 rd harmonic component can be detected and suppressed and power factor in whole can be raised up to a value of 0.99 REFERENCES • • • • • Ferreira,A.J.M(2009).MATLAB Codes for finite Element Analysis Springer Optimal selection of capacitors-IEEE: S.Sudehararajan & A Pahwa Power. .. Ferreira,A.J.M(2009).MATLAB Codes for finite Element Analysis Springer Optimal selection of capacitors-IEEE: S.Sudehararajan & A Pahwa Power Factor Correction Capacitors: Essentials and Caution, M.H.Shwhdi Reactive Power Compensation, T.J.E.Miller Power System, J.B.Gupta ... Reduction in size of transformers, cables and switchgear in new installations • Less total plant KVA for the same KW working power • Automatically switch on/off relevant capacitors steps for consistent power factor • Continuously sense and monitors the load CONCLUSION Raising power factor is a proven way of increasing the efficient use of electricity by utilities & end users Economic benefits for end... Port Trust and found that the power factor was below 0.9 as per our calculation, at 0.85 pf, the total cost including penalty was Rs 3,51,394.25 per month It’s noticed that the total cost got reduced to Rs 3,32,653.25 per month, after the installation of the capacitor bank that increased the PF to 0.94 The cost of capacitor was found to be Rs.200/kVAR and the cost of capacitor installation could be... 0.6%*334661.25 = Rs 2008.00/month Total cost = Rs(334661.25-2008.00)/month =Rs332653.25/month pf Selection of capacitor for 0.85 PFold = 0.85 PFnew= 0.94 M =0.367 kVARcap =165.81kVAR Cost of capacitor= Rs 200 per kVAR Total cost of capacitor, kVARcap =165.81 kVAR * Rs 200 = Rs 33,162 Incentive = Rs 2008.00/month The capacitor installation cost will be compensated in 33162/2008 =16.51 months =1 year & 2 months Here... of passive…… Because Passive components are those that do not require electrical power to operate Guaranteed stability Passive filters scale better to large signals (tens of amperes, hundreds of volts), where active devices are often impractical No power consumption Inexpensive (unless large coils are required) POWER FACTOR CORRECTION: Advantages • Reduced demand charges • Reduction in size of... PUMP 5 HP 3 INDUCTION MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR PUMP 60 HP 3.7 Kw 60 HP 6 MOTOR MOTOR 1 MOTOR 2 MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 WORKING PERIOD(hrs) TRUE POWER( kW) 3 3 3 3 TOTAL kWh 76.5 229.5 74 222 3.8 11.4 6 10 47.83 287 44.13 20 HP 7.5 HP 7.5 HP 5 HP 12 Kw 12 Kw 24 14.71 6 6 12 16 11 3.68 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 12 12 14 24 24 24 24 24 Kw ... that leads to LPF The aim of our project is reactive power compensation using automatic capacitor banks We using automatic capacitor PFC, because fixed capacitor has following disadvantages…… •... three components: real power (P), reactive power (Q) and apparent power (S) Real power is considered to be the work producing power measured in watts (W), or kilowatts (kW) Real power produces the... Optimal selection of capacitors-IEEE: S.Sudehararajan & A Pahwa Power Factor Correction Capacitors: Essentials and Caution, M.H.Shwhdi Reactive Power Compensation, T.J.E.Miller Power System, J.B.Gupta