Sustainable Resource Development Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com) Sustainable Resource Development Gary M Zatzman Φ icxx Scrivener Publishing )WILEY Copyright © 2012 by Scrivener Publishing LLC All rights reserved Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., I l l River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com Cover design by Kris Hackerott Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication ISBN 978-1-118-29039-2 Printed in the United States of America 10 Data: Contents Acknowledgements Preface Introduction xiii xv xvii A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Introduction Importance of a Sustainability Criterion Criterion: The Switch that Determines Direction at a Bifurcation Point 1.3.1 Some Applications of the Criterion Current Practices in Petroleum Engineering 1.4.1 Problems of Current Operations 1.4.2 Problems in Technological Development Development of a Sustainable Model Violation of Characteristic Time Analogies with Physical Phenomena Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials Rebalancing Mass and Energy Holes in the Current Energy Model 1.11.1 Supplementing the Mass Balance Equation Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations Conditions of Sustainability Sustainability Indicators Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process v 11 16 17 21 24 26 31 32 34 35 37 38 40 43 44 46 vi CONTENTS "Alternative" and Conventional Energy Sources: Trail-Mix, Tom Mix or Global Mixup? 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 59 Introduction 63 Globa]I Energy Scenario 68 2.2.1 The Whole-Earth Catalog of All Energy Sources 68 2.2.2 The Catalog of Alternatives to Fossil Fuel 72 Solar Energy 74 Hydroelectric Power 78 Ocean Thermal, Wave and Tidal Energy 79 WindiEnergy 80 Bioenergy 82 Fuelwood 82 83 Bioethanol 86 Biodiesel Nuclear Power 88 Geothermal Energy 91 92 Hydrogen Energy 94 Global[ Efficiency Solar Energy 95 Solar Energy to Electricity Conversion 95 2.15.1 95 2.15.1.1 PV Cells 2.15.1.2 Battery Life-Cycle 98 in Photovoltaic Systems 99 2.15.1.3 Compact Fluorescent Lamp 2.15.2 Global Efficiency of the Direct Application of Solar Energy 100 2.15.2.1 Global Efficiency of a Steam Power 104 Plant to Cooling System 105 2.15.3 Combined-Cycle Technology 106 2.15.4 Hydroelectricity to Electric Stove 107 2.15.5 Global Efficiency of Biomass Energy 112 2.15.6 Global Efficiency of Nuclear Power 113 "Global Warming" 113 2.16.1 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming 114 2.16.2 Nuclear Energy and Global Warming 117 Impact of Energy Technology and Policy CONTENTS vii 2.18 Energy Demand in Emerging Economies 2.19 Conventional Global Energy Model 2.20 Renewable vs Non-renewable: Is There a Boundary? 2.21 Knowledge-Enriched Global Energy Model 2.22 Conclusions 119 120 Electricity and Sustainability 131 3.1 3.2 3.3 Electrical Power as the World's Premier Non-Primary Energy Source Consequences of the Ubiquity of Electric Power Services 3.2.1 The R-D-R' Cycle 3.2.2 Electrical Services as a Private Monopoly, in Light of the R-D-R' Cycle The Last Twenty Years of "Electrical Services Reform" in the United States 121 126 128 131 143 143 146 150 Document Introduction A History of the U.S Electric Power Industry, 1882-1991 Beginnings: 1882-1900 Era of Private Utilities: 1901-1932 Emergence of Federal Power: 1933-1950 1933-1941 1942-1950 Utility Prosperity: 1951-1970 The 1950s The 1960s Years of Challenge: 1971-1984 The 1970s The Early 1980s Non-Utility Growth: The Late 1980s 153 153 The Zero-Waste Concept and Its Applications 169 Part A 169 Petroleum Engineering Applications 155 155 156 158 158 159 161 161 162 163 163 165 167 viii CONTENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Part 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction Petroleum Refining 4.2.1 Zero-Waste Approach To Refining Processes Zero-Waste Impacts on Product Life Cycle (Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life) No-Flaring Technique 4.4.1 Solid-Liquid Separation 4.4.2 Liquid-Liquid Separation 4.4.3 Gas-Gas Separation 4.4.4 Overall Plan of No-Flare Design B Other Applications of the 'Zero-Waste' Principle Zero-Waste Living and the Anaerobic Biodigester Estimation of the Biogas and Ammonia Production Solar Aquatic Process Purifies Waste (including Desal-inated) Water 4.6.1 The Solar Aquatic Process Last Word Document Editor's Introduction to a Semi-Official View of U.S Petroleum Refinery Waste and Waste-Regulation Practices Comments on EPA's Handling Since 1995 of the Regulation of Refinery Wastes Section I Introduction A Description of the Commenters B Summary of the Comments C Accompanying and Referenced Reports Section II The Noda Groundwater Risk Assessment A Ineffectiveness of the TCLP on Oily/Tarry Wastes B TCLP Fails to Account for Co-disposal with Solvents or Oils C Failure to Consider Impacts of Existing Groundwater Contamination Additional Observations D Arbitrarily Short Landfill Active Life 170 172 181 193 194 195 198 201 205 205 205 207 209 210 212 213 213 215 216 216 218 220 221 221 228 233 238 240 CONTENTS E Inadequate Consideration of Co-Disposal The Co-disposal of Individual Wastes at Offsite Landfills ix 245 246 Additional Observations Co-disposal of Wastes Covered by Listing Determination and Related Study The Co-Disposal of Wastes Not Covered by the Listing Determination and Related Study F Location of Receptor Well Outside the Plume Centerline G Landfill Area H Improper Consideration of Air Dried Samples I Impact of Selected Groundwater Modeling Revisions 247 Additional Observations J Inappropriate TC Capped Modeling Section III The Noda LTU Risk Assessment Section IV Waste Management Practices Not Assessed Section V Exclusion for Oil-Bearing Materials Inserted Into Coker Section VI Headworks Exemption Section VII Individual Waste Listing Determinations A Crude Oil Storage Tank Sludge B CSO Sludge C Unleaded Gasoline Storage Tank Sludge D Off-Spec Products and Fines from Thermal Processes E HF Alkylation Sludge F Hydrotreating/Hydrorefining Catalyst Section VIII Conclusion 258 260 264 Natural Gas 293 5.1 293 Introduction 248 250 251 252 255 257 270 276 281 284 284 285 286 288 290 291 292 x CONTENTS 5.2 Divergence of Energy Commodity Pricing From Laws of Supply and Demand 5.3 Sustainability and the Increasing Fascination with Natural Gas 5.3.1 Is Natural Gas Always Either "Non-Renewable" and-or "Fossil" - or Has There Been a Failure to Renew Thinking, Followed by Fossilization of View? 5.4 Natural Gas Pricing, Markets, Risk Management, and Supply 5.4.1 Some Ongoing Features of Natural Gas Pricing in The U.S 5.4.2 The Regulation-Deregulation Nexus 5.4.3 Derivatives, "Risk Management," and Volatilization of Energy Commodity Pricing 5.4.4 North American Supplies of Natural Gas 5.4.5 Significant Historical Features of Natural Gas' Increased Profile in US Domestic Energy Consumption 5.5 Natural Gas in Eurasia 5.6 Nature As The New Model 5.6.1 Greater and Deeper Research is Needed Into the Way Out of the Present Crisis and the Way Forward Documents A Canadian Gas Exports and Imports A.l Analysis of the Data of Reality A.2 Overview — 2007 A.3 Exports A.4 Imports A.5 Prices and Revenues A.6 Outlook B The Unnatural History of a "Natural Monopoly" 333 343 344 344 349 350 350 350 351 352 OPEC — The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 359 6.1 359 Birthmarks — The First Twenty Years 303 307 307 311 311 314 317 320 324 328 333 492 BIBLIOGRAPHY WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) 1987 Our common future Oxford University Press; 400 pp Weber, Harry R.; Kunzelman, Michael & Cappiello, Dina [The Associated Press] 2010 "BP Report Blames Itself, Others For Oil Spill/' news yahoo.com (Sep 8,13:00 EDT) Weber, Max 1905 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner, 1958 [original German tr.&ed by Talcott Parsons]) Weinstein, James 1968 The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State (Boston MA: Beacon Press) Wellington, S L and Islam, M.R 2001 Past, Present, And Future Trends in the Petroleum Industry, SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference [Buenos Aires 25-28 March (SPE 69611)] pp Wenger, L.M., Davis, C.L., Evensen, J.M., Gormly, J.R., and Mankiewicz, PJ 2004 Impact of modem deepwater drilling and testing fluids on geochemical evaluations Organic Geochemistry, 35:1527-36 Werdigier, Julia 2010 "BP Posts $17 Billion Loss, Confirms Hayward Departure/' nytimes.com (Jul 27, 03:13 EDT) & Donadio, Rachel 2011 "Italy's Eni And Other Oil Companies To Evacuate Libya/' New York Times (Feb 22, p.AlO) Wessel, David, 2005 "Unlike Other Big Storms, This One Could Have Longer-Term Impact," The Wall Street Journal [New York] (Sep 1, p.Al) Wheeler, H 1917 Local Self-Government in India, Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation (New Series) 17 [1/2] pp 153-64 White, Gregory L & Chip Cummins 2005a "Moscow's Plans In Energy Sector Rattle Foreigners; Ownership Limits Proposed For All NonRussian Firms; BP Chief Lord Browne Meets Putin," The Wall Street Journal [New York] (Apr 22, pAll) 2005b "Yukos Ex-Chief Sentenced to Years," The Wall Street Journal [New York] (Jun 1, p.A3) # 2005c Russia Turns Up Gas Pressure, The Wall Street Journal [New York] Dec 19 p.A15 2006a "Flush With Oil, Kremlin Explores Biggest-Ever IPO," The Wall Street Journal [New York] (Apr 18, p.Al) White Jr., Lynn 1962 Medieval Technology and Social Change (London: Oxford UP) Wiese, F.K., Montevecchi, W.A., Davoren, G.K., Hunttmann, F., Daimond, A.W., and Link, J 2001 Seabirds at risk around offshore oil platforms in the North-Atlantic Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 [12]: 1285-90 Wingrove, Josh 2010 "Oil Remains Deep Beneath The Gulf Of Mexico, Study Show," The Globe and Mail [Toronto](Aug 20, p.Al) World Bank, Overview of Onshore and Offshore Gas Flaring and Venting in the United Kingdom ('Section A3 [The United Kingdom]' portion of document uploaded to http://siteresour ces.worldbank.org/INTGGFR/ Resources/unitedkingdom.pdf [last accessed Jul 22 2011]) BIBLIOGRAPHY 493 Wright, Tom 2008 "India Windmill Empire Begins To Show Cracks/' The Wall Street Journal [New York] (Apr 18, p.Al) Wyant, Frank R 1977 The United States, OPEC and Multinational Oil (Toronto: DC Heath) Yarjani, J., 2002 The Choice of Currency for the Denomination of the Oil Bill, OPEC Address to the European Union Ministers' Meeting, April 14, Oviedo, Spain Yeshayahou, Koby 2011a "Gazprom in talks to buy into Isramco gas licenses," Globes [Online] (Jan 19, @ http://www.globes.co.il/ serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000616796&fid=1725) m 2011b "What's in it for Gazprom? Gazprom's entry into the Israeli market has far-reaching political and strategic implications," Globes [Online] (Jan 19, @ http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/ globes/docview.asp?did=1000616799) York, Geoffrey 2005a "Demand China's unquenchable thirst," The Globe and Mail Report on Business [Toronto] (May 21, p.19) & Dave Ebner 2005b "Oil thirst from China adds fuel to trade tussle," The Globe and Mail [Toronto] (Jan 14, p.Al) m 2005c "Saskatchewan says China itching to acquire oil, uranium assets," The Globe and Mail Report on Business [Toronto] (Jan 26, p.B4) m 2006d "Blowout In Bangladesh-Niko Resources' tale of woes," The Globe and Mail Report on Business [Toronto] (Apr 1, p.Bl) Younglai, Rachelle & Hays, Kristen 2010 "BP Faces Insider Dealing Probe As Nears Well Kill," reuters.com (Aug 3, 05:54 EDT) Zaid, Alforgi, M 2003 An Oil Market Without OPEC!, 13th SPE Middle East Oil Show & Conference [Bahrain 9-12 June (SPE 81547)] 3pp and Whitman, D.L 1989 Oil Supply and Demand Analysis/ A Price Forecast For The Post-Iran-Iraq War Period, SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium [Dallas TX 9-10 March (SPE 18916)] 6pp Zatzman, G.M & M.R Islam 2007 Economics of Intangibles (New York: Nova Science Publishers.) Zatzman, G.M 2003 Deconstructing and Repositioning Economic Theory for the New, EEC Innovation [1]:19-21 , J Abou-Kassem & M.R Islam 2009 Implications for Newtonian Mechanics of the Nature-Science Standpoint in Mathematical Modeling Methods and Their Applications (Second of Two Parts), Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology [3]: 221-244 , I Saney & M.R Islam 2003 The Bush Doctrine: Hegemonism and 'Free-Market' Solutions, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Economists and Accountants on Globalization, 9-13 Feb 2004 Havana 494 BIBLIOGRAPHY m 2007 The Honey^Sugar—»Saccharin—»Aspartame, or HSSA, Syndrome: A Note, Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology 1[3]: 397-402 2008 Paradigm shift needs a shift in standards, from artificial to natural - a technical note, Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology [l&2]:215-220 2012a Sustainable Energy Pricing: Nature, Sustainable Engineering and the Science of Energy Pricing (Hoboken NJ: Wiley) Zezima, Katie 2008 "Massachusetts Law to Manage and Protect Ocean Waters/' New York Times (May 29, p.A15) Zhang, Fan 2007 Does Uncertainty Matter? A Stochastic Dynamic Analysis of Bankable Emission Permit Trading for Global Climate Change Policy, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper # 4215 [1 April ~ SSRN-id981823l Zimmerman, Ann 2010 'Oilspill Containment Boom Makers Say BP Left Them Adrift," wsj.com (Aug 11) Zupancic, G.D and Ros, M 2003 Heat and Energy Requirements in Thermophilic Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, Renewable Energy 28 (14): 2255-2267 II Websites Website 1: "Albert Einstein Quotes - ThinkExist," http://www.thinkexist com/English/Author/x/Author_l082_4.htm, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 2: "Saudi Arabia Country Analysis Brief , http://www.eia.doe gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 3: "Jack Van Impe Ministries International" at http://www.jvim com/, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 4: "American Psychological Association Online Monitor on Psychology," http://www.apa.org/monitor/, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 5: The Smoking Gun, esp at http://www.thesmokinggun.com/ archive/07080421ayl.html, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 6: Cuban National Association of Economists and Accountants Asociacion Nacional de Economistas y Contadores de Cuba, h t t p : / / www.anec.cu, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 7: http://www.gregpalast.com, esp the 18 August 2003 posting cheekily entitled "Power outage traced to dim bulb in White House" Website 8: FindLaw's posting of Andrew Fastow's plea agreement with the prosecution in the Enron trial, at http://news.findlaw.com/wp/ docs/enron/usafastow!1404plea.pdf, last accessed 12 Sep 2011 BIBLIOGRAPHY 495 Website 9: Moliere's play Le bourgeois gentilhomme (1670), tr by Philip Dwight Jones, at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2992, last accessed 15 March 2007 Website 10: "Reality, One Bite at a Time," http://www.svaradarajan blogspot.com/ , last accessed 26 March 2007 Website 11: "Weekly United States Spot Price FOB Weighted by Estimated Import Volume," at http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/ LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=wtotusa&f=w, last accessed 19 March 2010 Website 12: Aristotle, "Nicomachean Ethics" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908 Edition, translated by W D Ross), at http://www.constitution org/ari/ethic_OO.htm, last accessed 19 March 2010 Website 13: Aristotle, "The Politics" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886 Edition, translated by Benjamin Jowett), at http://www.constitution org/ari/polit_OO.htm, last accessed 19 March 2010 Website 14: Prigogine, Ilya Time, Structure and Fluctuations (The Nobel Chemistry Lecture, December 1977), at http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes / chemistry / laureates /1977 / prigogine-lecture.pdf, last accessed 13 April 2010 Website 15: "Big Bang machine smashes particles," Al-Jazeera English, Tuesday 30 March 2010, 13:06 GMT, at http://english.aljazeera.net/ news/europe/2010/03/201033012213217329.html, last accessed 13 April 2010 Website 16: "Pareto Efficiency," at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_ efficiency, last accessed 13 April 2010 Website 17: Pearson, Tamara "Venezuela's Oil Company Injects $56 Billion into Social Development," Venezuelanalysis, Monday 21 June 2010 @ http://venezuelanalysis.com/news /5442 Website 18: Library of Economics and Liberty, at http://www.econlib.org Website 19: Berkeley, Bishop George 1735 A Defence of Free Thinking in Mathematics (Dublin) at http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/ People/Berkeley /Defence/Defence.html, last accessed 20 June 2011 Website 20: Gudmundsson, Prof Jon Steiner, "The Dehydration And Sweetening Of Natural Gas" at http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/parlaktuna/Chap7.pdf, last accessed 23 June 2011 Website 21: Oil-storage trade" at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilstorage_trade, last accessed 23 June 2011 Website 22: Annual BP Statistical Reviews for oil and gas at h t t p : / / w w w bp.com, last accessed 23 June 2011 Website 23: Trends in reserves-to-production rations can be viewed a t / downloaded from http://www.peakoil.net/statistics, last accessed 23 June 2011 Website 24: EIA Russia country analysis: http://www.eia.gov/countries/ cab.cfm?fips=RS, last accessed 23 June 2011 496 BIBLIOGRAPHY Website 25: http://www.zawya.com, last accessed 23 June 2011 Website 26: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_market, last accessed July 2011 Website 27: Today in Energy, at http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ detail.cfm?id=2190, last accessed 14 July 2011 Website 28: "How dependent are we on foreign oil?" in Energy in Brief, 24 June 2011 at http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/foreign_oil_ dependence.cfm, last accessed 14 July 2011 Website 29: "James Lind," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind, last accessed 18 July 2011 Website 30: "Oil Refinery," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery, last accessed 19 July 2011 Website 31: "Capstone Mictroturbine," http://www.globalmicroturbine com / Site / Microturbine / Microturbine html Website 32: Zero Waste Alliance, http://www.zerowaste.org/, last accessed 22 July 2011 Website 33: "Tobin Tax," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_tax [updated September 2011], last accessed 18 September 2011 Internet-based data sources consulted during the writing of this book: • Current updates of data trends on petroleum, electricity & renewable resources in the U S and other countries: U.S Department of Energy, in Today in Energy at http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail cfm?id=2190 • Historical data series on petroleum, electricity & renewable resources in the U.S and other countries: U.S Department of Energy, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/ • U S regulatory changes, legislation & data series on petroleum, electricity & renewable resources: U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), at h t t p : / / www.epa.gov/lawsregs/ • Registered patents database: U.S Patent & Trademarks Office, http://patft.uspto.gov • Research Projects funded by the U S Department of Energy: http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/ • Canadian data series on natural gas imports and exports for each year of the 2000s: National Energy Board (Ottawa), at http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/ clf-nsi / rnrgynf mtn / sttstc / ntrlgsxprt / ntrlgssmmr / Sustainable Resource Development by Gary M Zatzman Copyright © 2012 Scrivener Publishing LLC Index • NES: formatted in small caps (as shown) means: "Not Elsewhere Specified" • fn: a page-number followed by "fn" followed by number refers to a numbered footnote from that page • [ ]: a page reference followed by square brackets incorporating reference to a footnote, Table or Figure indicates the index item occurs outside the main text Entries in such square brackets preceded by an "inclu" flag, e.g., [inclu ], mean the reference occurs in both the main text and some footnote, Table, or Figure • [qualifier e.g., "un-", "bio-", &c] I [index-entry]: indicates page-numbers refer to both cases of the index-word AC: see Current, alternating Al-Quwatli, Shukri 361 Al-Tariki, Abdullah 360,363, 364 Amaranth 313-4, 323 Antaeus 410,411 Aphenomenal 7-8,14, 21-22, 24, 51, 53, 57,129, 377,419, 426 Arbenz, Jacobo 361 Augeas: see Fifth Labor of Hercules Bifurcation 7, 8,10,11 {see also "Knowledge"} BIOENERGY biodiesel 68, 83, 86-8,109, 191,456, 457 {see also "Hydrolysis"} biodigester 205-9 bioethanol 83-6 bioenergy from organic waste (e.g., methane) 186,206-9, 309-10,483 bioenergy NES 82, 84 biogas 206-9 biomass 69, 72, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86 [Fig 2.11], 92, 94,103, 107-11,118-9,121 [Fig 2.27], 122,124,125 [inclu Fig 2.31], 126,127 [inclu Fig 2.32], 128, 170, 449,457,481, {see also "Ethanol"} Black box 22, 35, 37, 39 {see also "Knowledge"} Bogotazo 361 Bretton Woods 372 497 498 INDEX Carbon dioxide 19, 65, 70, 84, 89, 99,113-4,117,195, 202,203, 208, 447 Cellular automata 421 {see also "Pragmatism"} CFL: see Compact Fluorescent Lamp Chamoun, Camille 361 Characteristic time 10, 26-31,112 CHP: see Co-generation Clean Air Act (U.S.) 164,166,168 [fn43] Co-disposal: see petroleum refining cleanup — Codisposal Coefficient of performance 104-5 Co-generation 105-6 Combined heat and power: see Co-generation Compact Fluorescent Lamp 99-100 CONPI: see Crude Oil Nominal Price Index CORPI: see Crude Oil Real Price Index Crude Oil Nominal Price Index 375 Crude Oil Real Price Index 375 COP: see Coefficient of performance C {see also "Carbon dioxide"} 19, 65, 87, 89 92,110, 111, 113,114,117,195, 208 CSO sludge: see petroleum refining cleanup — CSO sludg Current, alternating 133,155 Current, direct 49,133,155 Darwin, Charles xxii, 423,429 DC: see Current, direct Deregulation 136-40,142-5,149, 153, 313-319, 324, 325, 354-356,464,476 Derivatives 300, 317-20 {see also "Program trading"} Dewey, John 412 DISC 371 Domestic International Sales Corporations: see DISC EDO: see Excess Demand for Oil EFFICIENCY efficiency, global 94-5,100-112, 198 {see also "sustainable bio I engineering"} efficiency, local 55f 60, 71, 76, 82, 90, 94, 95, 98-100,106,108, 112 efficiency NES 169 Electricity 95-99,131-168 {see also "Electric power"; "Hydroelectric] power"; "sustainability, true" & "Utilities, energy"} Electric power 153-168 {see also "Electricity", "Hydro [electric] power" & "Utilities, energy"} ENERGY {see also "Bioenergy"} energy, alternative 72-3 energy, geothermal 91-2 energy, nuclear 88-91,114-7 energy, ocean wave/tidal 79-80 energy, solar 74-8 energy, thermal xviii, 100, 105-6, 305, 308 {see also "Co-genera-tion";"Solar energy"} energy utilities 156-168 energy, wind 80-2 Enron 20, 70,136-7,144, 313, 313 [fn 17], 317-320, 323 [fn 23], 325, 326 [fn 25], 353,460, 470,479,494 Environmental Defence Fund fnl, 213, 214 fn9 Environmental Protection Agency [fnl], 171, 213, 214, 216, 304, 464,496 INDEX EPA: see Environmental Protection Agency Ethanol 83,118-9 {see also "biomass"; "Hydrolysis" & "un I sustainable practice / process"} Eurocentr[-ic; -ism] xiii, xxi, xxiv Eurystheus: see Fifth Labor of Hercules Exception 134 [fn 1], 137, 304, 362, 369, 389 [fn 12], 396 {see also "Rule by Exception"} Excess Demand for Oil 66, 328, 330 [fn 26], 368 [esp Fig 6.2], 369, 396 Excluded Middle, Law of the 33[fn2] Fifth Labor of Hercules xxi, xxiv, 409-10 {see also "sustainable practice / process"} First premise(s) 7, 8,11,14, 57 [fn 9], 122,138,153, 385, 399 [fn 14], 425,427 Fracking: see Hydraulic fracturing Fourth dimension, time as 33 [fn 2] Friedman, Milton 139 [fn 3], 466-7 Fuelwood 82-3 Fukushima 66, 73, 90 [fn 10], 112 [fn 12], 115,148 Gaitän, Jorge Eliecer 361 Gazprom 298 [inclu fn 7], 301 [inclu fn 12], 330, 402 [inclu fn 20], 453,460, 473, 485, 488, 493 Geothermal energy: see energy, geothermal Ghaddafi, [Col.] Muammar 301 [fn 11], 398 [fn 13], 400-1 [inclu fn 16], 402, 403 Global warming xxvii [inclu fn 5], 2,11, 60 [fn l],113-6,447, 449, 456,457, 482 499 Greek myth xxi, xxiii-v, 409-10,411 Greening 7,475 Grid, The xvii-xviii, xxix-xxxi, 131-2,149-50, 206, 214 {see also "Utilities, energy"} Groundwater risk assessment: see petroleum refining cleanup — Groundwater risk assessment Group of 77 388, 391, 397, 400 H2S: see Hydrogen sulfide Hercules: see Fifth Labor of Hercules Heat death (of the universe) 26, 39 Henry Hub 312, 317, 325 H2S [hydrogen sulfide]: see natural gas processing HF akylation sludge: see petroleum refining cleanup — HF akylation sludge" HFSC: see Human factor Hilferding, Rudolf 392,428,470 Hotelling's Rule 399,437 Human factor xviii, 303,407,441 Human factor social consciousness: see Human factor Hydraulic fracturing xxxii, 294 [fn 1],301,309, 352 Hydrocarbon(s) xxxii, 19, 92,172, 174,175,177-9 [Table 4.1], 181,184 [Table 4.2], 187,188 [Table 4.3], 190,195, 235, 238, 239 [inclu fn 79], 293, 321 [Fig 5.1a], 322 [Fig 5.1b], 332 [fn 27], 445,446, 451, 460,469, 480,491, 493 Hydroelectric power 64 [inclu Fig 2.1b], 69, 72 [Fig 2.6b], 78-9, 91, 94,106-7,121 [Fig 2.27], 122,127 [inclu Fig 2.32], 128, 133 [Fig 3.1b], 138,148,149, 155,157,159,162,168, 349, 367 [Fig 6.1], 484,486 500 INDEX Hydrogen energy (inclu fuel cells) xviii [fn 1], 74, 92-4,118,127 [inclu Fig 2.32], 128,159, 456,469,473,476 {see also "Petroleum refining NES"} Hydrogen sulfide: see natural gas processing Hydrolysis 84,85 [inclu Table 2.3], 86,118-9 (see also "bioethanol" & "Ethanol"} Hydroprocessing: see petroleum refining — Hydroprocessing Independent System Operator 136 Information, Economics of 409-435 Intangible(s) xxviii [inclu fn 7], xxix, xxxiv, 2, 3, 6,11,15,16, 26-29,32-3 [inclu fn 4], 37, 38, 39,49, 51, 71, 303, 334,338,339,413,417, 420,423,424, 493 {see also "Knowledge" & "Tangibles"} Intention xviii, xxvii, 3,16, 35, 38-9,119,137,138,146,318, 336 [Fig 5.8], 384, 406 [inclu fn 1], 407,417, 419-21,432,435, {see also "Knowledge" & "Niyah"} Iran xxxiii, 301, 332 [inclu fn 27], 360-3 [inclu fn 2], 365, 366 [Table 6.1], 390,396,448, 460,463, 464, 471,484, 488,493 Jalil, Mustafa Abdel 400 Jibril, Mahmoud 400 Knowledge xviii-xix [inclu fn 2], xxi, xxiii, 8, [Table 1.2a], 10,11, 22, 23, 25, 34 [fn 3], 45,48, 60,126-9, 260-2, 292, 303, 306, 336-338, 341,385, 386 [inclu fn 8], 406 [fn 1],416,421, 422, 471,472,484 {see also "Information, Economics of"; "Intangible(s)"; "Perception" & "RootPathway analysis"} Kondratieff 144 [fn 5], 475 Libya xxxiii, 301 [inclu fn 11], 313, 381, 390, 398 [fn 13], 401 [inclu fn 16], 402 [inclu fn 19 & fn 20], 403,448,449,459, 460,463, 478,480,482,484, 485,492 LMP: see Locational marginal pricing Locational marginal pricing 147-8 [fn9] Lumped parameter 48 [inclu fn 7], 49 Malthus, Thomas xxvii [inclu fn 5], 126 [fn 16], 314 [fn 18], 452 Marginal Information Utility, theory of {see also "Stiglitz, Joseph"} 416-8,441 Marshall, Alfred 429-30 Mass (inclu m.transfer/m.transport) 27-8,31 [inclu Fig 1.13], 32, 35-9, 50 [inclu fn 8], 170,172, 202, 203 {see also "Biomass"} Mass balance 3, 9-11,13,16, 27-8, 35-39,170 Mass-energy balance: see Mass balance McCloy, John J 363, 479, Methane 70,186, 206, 207-9, 239, 294, 308-10, 483, 491 {see also "bioenergy from organic waste (e.g., methane)"} Nasser, Gamal Abdel 361 INDEX Nature (inclu pro-, anti-Nature) xvii-xix, xxii, xxvii, 2-3, 5, 7,10,15, 21-23 [inclu Fig 1.8], 24,26-30 [inclu Fig 1.12], 33 [fn 2], 34-8, 39 [inclu fn 5], 40 [inclu Fig 1.16], 41,49-52,56-7,68, 81 [fn 7], 118,120,125,126 [fn 16], 127,131,150,169, 173-4 [fn 1], 186, 205, 209, 311,333-42,407,408,410, 420,423,429,440,441 (see also "Characteristic time"; "Fourth dimension"; "Law of the Excluded Middle" & "Nature-science"} Nature-science xiv, xxi, xxv, xxvi, xxx, xxxiv, 144 [inclu fn 4], 173-4 [fn 1], 408,445,457, 474,488,490,493,494 Natural environment xiv, xviii [inclu f n l ] , 2,3,11,16,27, 28,45,51,52, 90 [fn 10], 98, 106,107,114,116,117,121, 127,131,150,170,172,174 [end of f n l ] , 180,214,337, 340,405,435,447 Natural gas NES xxxii, xxxiii, 13, 18 [Fig 1.4], 62, 64 [inclu Fig 2.1b], 65 [Fig 2.3], 68 [inclu Table 2.1], 69, 70 [inclu Fig 2.6a], 72 [Fig 2.6b], 73 [fn 6], 75 [Table 2.2], 92, 93, 95,113,121,122 [inclu Fig 2.28], 293-358 (see also "bioenergy from organic waste (e.g., methane)" & "sustainable development") natural gas processing — general xxxii, 19,93,117, 125,196,204,294,300, 301, 304,306 [fn 14], 311,314, 339, 340,353,354,464, 472, 481 501 natural gas processing — H2S 19, 70,97 [Table 2.5], 294, 304 Natural monopoly 134-6 [inclu fn & 2], 153,154,157,314, 315 [fn 9], 343,352-8,488,490 Newton [Sir Isaac; inclu Laws of Motion & Newtonianism] xxviii, xxxiv, 3,27-8,50 [fn 8], 424,435,440,441,493 Niyah xviii (see also "intention") No-flare design: see petroleum refining — No-flare design Non-renewable [energy sources] 35, 60-1, 69,105,121-5,128, 150,170,303,306,307-10, 342, 368,405 Nuclear power/energy: see Energy, nuclear OPEC xxxii-iii, 313, 330, 355, 359-404,407,445,446,447, 448,449,451,456,458,460, 464,471,475,477,478,480, 481,482,485,486,487, 488,489,490,493 (see also "sustainable development") [OPEC] "basket price" 372 [Fig 6.3], 373 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: see OPEC Oil sands xv-xvi [fn 1], 69,123 [fn 15], 197 [fn 6], 302,307 [fn 15], 327, 348,349 [fn 29], 351,452,453,455,461-163, 469,470,473,477,479,491 (see also "Tar sands") Pahlavi, Shah Reza 361 Paris Club 370 Pathway xx-xxi, xxiv, xxix, 2, 7-8 [inclu Fig 1.2], 11,14-16,22, 28,30 [Fig 1.12], 35,36,42, 502 INDEX 51,53-5 [Table 1.4], 76 [inclu Fig 2.7], 78, 86, 87 [Fig 2.12], 95, 99, [inclu Fig 2.16], 108 [Fig 2.22], 114,126,146,172, 173 [fnl], 218, 220 [inclu fn 11], 224, 233 [fn 70], 245, 256, 257, 264, 284, 286, 288, 290,406 [inclufnl],415, 426,427, 441,474, {see also "Root-Pathway analysis"} Pelton turbine 106 Perception 24-25 [inclu Fig 1.11], 34 [fn 4], 47 [Fig 1.19b], 158, 377 {see also "Knowledge"} Perez Alfonso, Juan Pablo 360-6 [inclu fn 5] Petroleum refining NES 187-193 petroleum refining — hydroprocessing 178 [Table 4.1] petroleum refining — no-flare design 194-205 petroleum refining waste cleanup — Co-disposal 22832, 240, 245-8, 249 [inclu fn 108], 250-4,257-8 [inclu Table A, -4.4], 260, 267-74, 283,287, 288,291 {see also "petroleum refining cleanup — TCLP"} petroleum refining waste cleanup — CSO sludge 218, 222,225-9 [inclu fn 41 & 42], 247 [fn 102], 249 [inclu fn 108], 253, 256 [inclu fn 125], 257, 259, 265 [fn 147], 268, 281-2, 285-6 petroleum refining waste cleanup — groundwater risk 219, 221-37, 240, 241 [fn 84], 242, 245, 246, 247 [fn 103], 248 [inclu fn 104], 249 [fn 107,108,109 & 111], 252, 253 [inclu fn 118], 254 [inclu fn 121 &122], 257 [inclu fn 130], 260, 265 [fn 147], 266 [fn 154], 277, 289 petroleum refining waste cleanup — HF alkylation sludge 218,221,222,224, 225,229,247 [fn 102], 249, 253 [inclu fn 118], 258 [Table A-4.4], 265 [fn 147], 267, 268, 275, 276, 290-1 petroleum refining waste cleanup — TCLP [='Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ] 219, 221-232, 245, 248, 251, 256-64 [inclu fn 134 & 135], 267, 284-92 petroleum refining separations — solidrliquid 195-8, 204 [Fig 4.6], 205 {see also "petroleum refining — no-flare design"} petroleum refining separations — liquidiliquid 198-201, 204 [Fig 4.6], 205 {see also "petroleum refining — no-flare design"} petroleum refining separations — gasigas 201-5 [inclu Fig 4.6] {see also "petroleum refining — no-flare design"} Petty, William 150 [inclu fn 10], 441 Photovoltaics 95, 96, 98-9,120,121, 127,171 PNAC: see Project for a New American Century Pragmatism xxxiv, 137, ^ΥΙ-Λ, 416, 421 {see also "Cellular automata"} Program trading 318 {see "Derivatives"} Project for a New American Century 370 INDEX R-D-R' xxx [fn 8], 143-9,153,214 Regional Transmission Organization 136 [fn 2] Regulation-DeregulationReregulation: see R-D-R' Renewable [energy] xxix, xxx, 35, 60-1, 64 [Fig 2.1b], 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 94, 105,106,112,113,117,121-5, 128,132 [Fig 3.1a], 133 [Fig 3.1b], 148,168,170,186 [fn 2], 306-10, 335, 405,451,468, 484,494,496 Resource development (inclu energy r d ; sustainable r d &c.) xiv, xv, xvii, xxxii, 170, 396,400,402,403,405,407, 410,413,421,435,441,443 Right now, time = 13-5, 21-2,41 Root {see also "Root-Pathway analysis"} Root-Pathway analysis xxi, xxiv, 407,410 {see also "Pathway"} Rule by Exception 434 {see also "Exception"} Rule of Law 401,434 Saudi Arabia xxxiii, 332, 360, 362 [fn 2], 363 [fn 3], 365, 366 [Table 6.1], 370, 371, 382 [inclu Fig 6.5], 389 [fn 2], 390, 398 [fn 13], 402, 403, 448, 449,458, 462, 464,475, 478, 480,494 Schumpeter, Joseph A 144 [fn 5], 383, 392 Schumpeterian competition 380, 387-92 Solar Aquatic Process 209-11 Solar energy/power: see Energy, solar Stiglitz, Joseph xxviii-xxix, xxxiii, xxxiv, [3-]4,409-42 503 Stove, sawdust-packed 109 [Fig 2.23] SUSTAINABILITY sustainable alternatives 190,406, 441 sustainable components 422,458 un I sustainable development xiii-xiv, xvii, xviii, xxxii, 68, 71, 81 [fn 7], 83,173-4 [inclu fn 1], 372, 396-7, 399, 400, 402,405, 407,410,413, 415,417,421,422,426,434, 435,454,457, 474, 482 {see also "Natural gas NES" & "OPEC"} sustainable energy pricing xiv, xvii, xviii, xix, 144, 377, 407, 413,419-421 sustainable bio I engineering xv, xvii, xxi, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, 72, 79, 82, 83, 86,107,118,127, 170,171,181,405,408,409, 410,422,474 {see also "Fifth Labor of Hercules"} un I sustainable environment 181, 408,422,453, 454 {see also "un I sustainable practice / process / production"} sustainable future 343,399,405, 407,415 sustainable:renewable 61,170 sustainable pathway 108 [Fig 2.22], 170 un I sustainable practice / process / production xv [fn 1], xx, xxv, 59, 70, 74, 86, 111 [inclu Fig 2.25], 117,119,126, 144,170-172,176,180,181, 193,195,198, 293, 340, 380, 395,405, 422,435,445,447, 454,459,471,474,482 {see also "efficiency, global"; 504 INDEX "Fifth Labor of Hercules" & "petroleum refining waste cleanup — groundwater risk"} sustainable solutions 60,407 un I sustainability, inherent 193, 406,457 {see also "Zero waste"} sustainable technology xviii, 66, 110,149,172,447,455,474, 488,493,494 {see also "Zero waste"} sustainability criterion xix-xxvi, 1-58,122 sustainability indicators 44^16 sustainability, true xv, xviii, xxvii, 149,172 {see also "Zero waste"} un I sustainablility of status-quo 65,415 Tangible(s) xxix, 2, 6,12-14,16, 26, 27,29,32-4 [inclu fn4], 35, 36[incluFigl.l5],46,48[fn 6], 49,50,52,57,334, 339 {see also "Intangible(s)"} Tangible-intangible nexus xxviii [inclu fn 7], 2, 6, 31, 32-4,36 [inclu Fig 1.15] Tar sands xv-xvi [fn 1], 69,123 [fn 15], 197 [fn 6], 302, 307 [fn 15], 327, 348, 349 [fn 29], 351,452, 453, 455,461, 462, 463,469,470,473,477,479, 491 {see also O i l sands"} TCLP: see petroleum refining cleanup — TCLP, or Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Titanium 191,197 [fn 6] Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure: see petroleum refining cleanup — TCLP, or Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Utilities, energy: see Energy utilities Venezuela xxxiii, 360-1,364,365-6 [fn 5], 447,448,450,464,467, 480,484,485,491,495, Vitamin C 14-5,446 Washington Consensus 412,416 Waste 170, {see also "petroleum refining waste cleanup — Co-disposal"; "petroleum refining waste cleanup — CSO sludge"; "petroleum refining waste cleanup — groundwater risk"; "petroleum refining waste cleanup — HF alkylation sludge"; "petroleum refining waste cleanup — TCLP [='Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure']"; "un I sustainable practice / process / production" & "Zero waste"} WCSB: see Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 351 Westinghouse, George 133,155 Wind energy: see Energy, wind Wood ash 53-4 [Table 1.4] Zero waste 169-212,405, 408,451,474,496 {see also "un I sustainable environment"; "sustainable technology"; "sustainability, inherent" & "Waste"} Sustainable Resource Development by Gary M Zatzman Copyright © 2012 Scrivener Publishing LLC Also of Interest Check out these other related titles from Scrivener Publishing From the Same Author Sustainable Energy Pricing, by Gary Zatzman, ISBN 9780470901632 In this controversial new volume, the author explores a new science of energy pricing and how it can be done in a way that is sustainable for the world's economy and environment NOW AVAILABLE! Other Related Titles from Scrivener Publishing Bioremediation of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, by James Speight and Karuna Arjoon, ISBN 9780470938492 With petroleum-related spills, explosions, and health issues in the headlines almost every day, the issue of remediation of petroleum and petroleum products is taking on increasing importance, for the survival of our environment, our planet, and our future This book is the first of its kind to explore this difficult issue from an engineering and scientific point of view and offer solutions and reasonable courses of action AVAILABLE SEPTEMBER 2012 An Introduction to Petroleum Technology, Economics, and Politics, by James Speight, ISBN 9781118012994 The perfect primer for anyone wishing to learn about the petroleum industry, for the layperson or the engineer NOW AVAILABLE! Ethics in Engineering, by James Speight and Russell Foote, ISBN 9780470626023 Covers the most thought-provoking ethical questions in engineering NOW AVAILABLE! Fundamentals of the Petrophysics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs, by Buryakovsky,Chilingar,Rieke, and Shin ISBN 9781118344477 The most comprehensive book ever written on the basics of petrophysics for oil and gas reservoirs NOW AVAILABLE! Petroleum Accumulation Zones on Continental Margins, by Grigorenko, Chilingar, Sobolev, Andiyeva, and Zhukova Coming in September 2012, ISBN 9781118385074 Some of the best-known petroleum engineers in the world have come together to produce one of the first comprehensive publications on the detailed (zonal) forecast of offshore petroleum potential, a must-have for any petroleum engineer or engineering student Mechanics of Fluid Flow, by Basniev, Dmitriev, and Chilingar Coming in September 2012, ISBN 9781118385067 The mechanics of fluid flow is one of the most important fundamental engineering disciplines explaining both natural phenomena and human-induced processes A group of some of the best-known petroleum engineers in the world give a thorough understanding of this important discipline, central to the operations of the oil and gas industry Zero-Waste Engineering, by Rafiqul Islam, ISBN 9780470626047 In this controversial new volume, the author explores the question of zero-waste engineering and how it can be done, efficiently and profitably NOW AVAILABLE! Formulas and Calculations for Drilling Engineers, by Robello Samuel, ISBN 9780470625996 The most comprehensive coverage of solutions for daily drilling problems ever published NOW AVAILABLE! Emergency Response Management for Offshore Oil Spills, by Nicholas P Cheremisinoff, PhD, and Anton Davletshin, ISBN 9780470927120 The first book to examine the Deepwater Horizon disaster and offer processes for safety and environmental protection NOW AVAILABLE! Advanced Petroleum Reservoir Simulation, by M.R Islam, S.H Mousavizadegan, Shabbir Mustafiz, and Jamal H Abou-Kassem, ISBN 9780470625811 The state of the art in petroleum reservoir simulation NOW AVAILABLE! Energy Storage: A New Approach, by Ralph Zito, ISBN 9780470625910 Exploring the potential of reversible concentrations cells, the author of this groundbreaking volume reveals new technologies to solve the global crisis of energy storage NOW AVAILABLE! [...]... price on the other What was not mentioned there but which must be mentioned here — although it would seem to go without saying — is that sustainable development of natural resources in general is actually premised on the sustainable engineering of energy resource development in particular Many features of this struggle lie as hidden from view (or otherwise just beyond our full understanding) as the... only be 1 2 SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT realized if the underlying science and its engineering in various technological forms are themselves sustainable As argued in Sustainable Energy Pricing (the earlier companion volume to the present book), the only true model of sustainability to be found lies in Nature, the natural environment Both in its rootsource and in the pathway taken by its development, ... "scientific," while the nature-science criterion of time-testedness does not even exist Sustainable Resource Development by Gary M Zatzman Copyright © 2012 Scrivener Publishing LLC 1 A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications 1.1 Introduction Within the context of today's technology development, the terms "sustainable" and "sustainability" refer to a concept that has become something of a buzzword... appears to be playing a role in other entirely unanticipated environmentally destructive phenomena such as localized earthquakes In sum: natural gas development has a positive role to play in moving economic development away from utterly unsustainable resource development activities such as petroleum extraction and refining At the same time, however, the degree to which unconventional sources of natural... Eurocentric outlook in world politics and economics xin xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea of taking such an outlook and applying it to examine how the economics and engineering of resource development could be turned towards to genuinely sustainable development that would no longer rape the natural environment was the gift of Prof Mohamed Rafiq Islam, the editor of the series of which the present book forms part... question, on the other hand, turn out to be highly fraught For most of the Industrial Revolution of the last 250-plus years, the key criterion for sustainable development of a given resource was assumed to the sheer quantity, scale or geographic extent of the resource (It was further assumed within this that the raw material would be subjected mainly, or at most, to some kind of usually mechanical primary... cannot be considered truly sustainable Here a serious gap emerges, however, between the notion of sustainability developed for the new theory on the one hand, and the conventional view of sustainability on the other The conventional neo-Malthusian view long assumed that sustainability only arises as an issue in the first place either because resources are finite or because resources are maldistributed.5... particular resource to be developed, signal exactly the opposite The volume of these hosannahs is intended precisely to drown out, or intimidate into silence, any Cassandras pointing out the wnsustainability of such development, or talking about how existing technologies might need re-examination and re-design first It may be concluded from the above, then, that the sheer quantity of a raw resource and... award-winning work would in fact render sustainable engineering solutions impossible An introductory chapter discusses the central preoccupation of this book, viz., the renovation of engineering practice towards true sustainability across the board Material is grouped under under two broad rubrics: a) how engineering practices themselves are transformed in the field of resource development; and b) the relationship... sustainability entails that development of energy resources of all kinds, beyond fossil fuels or the conversion of thermal energy into electricity in various forms, be sustainable As argued consistently throughout the previous volume, if the technology does not make use of what is available in the natural environment first and foremost, it will be anti-nature and inevitably unsustainable When it comes to energy, ... localized earthquakes In sum: natural gas development has a positive role to play in moving economic development away from utterly unsustainable resource development activities such as petroleum... applying it to examine how the economics and engineering of resource development could be turned towards to genuinely sustainable development that would no longer rape the natural environment was... go without saying — is that sustainable development of natural resources in general is actually premised on the sustainable engineering of energy resource development in particular Many features