Dictionary of Industrial Terms Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com) Dictionary of Industrial Terms Michael Holloway and Chikezie Nwaoha & Scrivener J>cri\ Publishing Publi ®WILEY Copyright © 2013 by Scrivener Publishing LLC All rights reserved Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., I l l River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 5723993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www wiley.com For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com Cover design by Kris Hackerott Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication ISBN 978-1-118-34457-6 Printed in the United States of America 10 Data: Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface Dictionary of Industrial Terms Also of Interest vii ix x 1-666 667 v List of Contributors Laura Strauss, NCH Corp., Content Organizer and General Editor Semra Bilgic Professor, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, Ankara University, Turkey Fran Christopher ALS Tribology, Houston Texas Jim Drago, PE Garlock Sealing Technologies, an EnPro Industries family of companies, USA Fiddoson Fiddo School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen Mazura Jusoh, PhD Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Reza Javaherdashti, PhD Formerly with Qatar University, Doha-Qatar Roy Johnsen Professor, NTNU, Norway Greg Livelli ABB Instrumentation, Warminster, Pennsylvania, USA Ghazaleh Mohammadali Iran Oil Gas Network Members Services Neil Novak Certified Laboratories, NCH Corp Irving Texas Robert Perez Pumpcalcs, Corpus Christi Texas N Sitaram Professor, Thermal Turbomachines Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai India Jelenka B Savkovic-Stevanovic Professor, Chemical Engineering Dept, University of Belgrade, Serbia Henry Tan, PhD Senior Lecturer in Safety & Reliability Engineering, and Subsea Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen Jayesh Ramesh Tekchandaney Unique Mixers and Furnaces Pvt Ltd Matt Tones Garlock Sealing Technologies, an EnPro Industries family of companies, Palmyra New York vii viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ray Thibault LTC Consulting, Cypress Texas Luiz Alberto Verri Independent Consultant Zaki Yamani Bin Zakaria Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Foreword When I was asked to write the forward for "Dictionary of Industrial Terms77,1 strongly suggested to the authors that surely there are more appropriate candidates How could my background in fluids analysis possibly help to sell more books? Well, Michael D Holloway is nothing if not persistent He is convinced that my 30 years in the fluids analysis business, most recently with ALS Tribology, qualifies me to write this forward I hope not to disappoint Michael D Holloway and Chikezie Nwaoha have collaborated to bring over 10,000 industrial terms and definitions together in a single, easy-to-use guide Terms are classified under various categories such as quality, lubrication, oil analysis, electrical, maintenance and various engineering disciplines In addition to terms, this volume includes common acronyms, abbreviations and phrases used in a variety of industries and across many different departments The definitions are written in a concise and easy to understand format It is an essential reference for those building a career in any field related to manufacturing This includes anyone that supplies products or services to industry As I reviewed the contents of the dictionary, I was impressed by the practicality and applicability As technology evolves, new terms and words become part of the industrial vernacular There are other terms that are commonly used but may not be part of one's particular area of expertise Having an understanding of the language of industry is invaluable when communicating with decision makers, building a new career, or moving from one type of manufacturing environment to another I highly recommend "Dictionary of Industrial Terms" Mr Holloway and Mr Nwaoha have pooled their extensive knowledge and experience to create a truly practical and invaluable reference guide Mr Holloway's persistence and tenacity in all things, including this work is apparent Fran Christopher Director, Marketing and Business Development ALS Tribology ix Preface Industry is an amazing beast; powerful and majestic, strange and wonderful, confusing and unsure (MH) Without clear understanding of industry terminologies, eventual problems can be expensive leading to costly downtime and equipment failure (CN) We set out to help serve those who toil and trouble their day by building and servicing this machine we know as INDUSTRY (MH) This book will serve as an everlasting reference guide for maintenance, corrosion, lubrication, machinery, process and occupational safety, process control, reliability, instrumentation, and asset management terms covered all in one volume (CN) Student, engineer, manager, purchaser, machinist or salesman marketeer; use this work like any tool, with purpose and discipline it will serve you well (MH) XI Dictionary of Industrial Terms Michael Holloway and Chikezie Nwaoha © 2013 by Scrivener Publishing LLC Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Dictionary of Industrial Terms A Class Items: A general meaning of this term is the most important items When a group of products is analyzed according to some criterion and the individual products in the group ranked - i.e., placed in order - according to the criterion used, it is common to subdivide the products in the ordered list into three categories The "A" category, or A Class, products are those products at the top of the list; the "B" category products are next, and the "C" category products are those at the bottom of the list A common criterion applied in the analysis of the original group of products is according to each product's "annual value/' Annual value is often thought of as reflecting a product's importance, and is defined as the product's annual usage multiplied by its unit value (For example, if 200 products are used per annum and one unit costs £7, the annual value is £1,400.) It will typically be found that if the A Class items are defined as the top 20% of the items at the top, they account for 80% of the total value of all the items See ABC Classification and the vital few Quality A priori analyses: See Planned analyses Quality Engineering A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC, or Programmable Controller): A ruggedized, microprocessor-based system which provides factory or plant automation by monitoring sensors and controlling actuators in real time Electrical Engineering A to D or A/D Converter: A to D means Analog to Digital This electronic hardware converts an analog signal like voltage, electric current, temperature, or pressure into a digital number that a computer can process and interpret Process Control A.C Electrical Variable Speed Ratio: 10:1 Manufacturing A.G.M.A.: Abbreviation for "American Gear Manufacturers Associations," an organization serving the gear industry Oil Analysis A.S.T.M = American Society for Testing Materials'': A society for developing standards for materials and test methods Oil Analysis A/F: air/fuel ratio Petro-Chemical Abbreviations AAM: Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Petro-Chemical Abbreviations AAMA: American Automobile Manufacturers Association Petro-Chemical Abbreviations DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 653 Waisted Shank Bolt: A bolt whose diameter is less than the minor diameter of the thread Frequently the shank of the bolt is 0.9 times the root diameter Maintenance Waived tests: A specific category of tests defined by CLIA, such as dipstick tests, fecal occult blood, urine pregnancy tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, blood glucose monitoring devices, etc., which are subject to the lowest level of regulation The main requirement for QC is to follow the manufacturer's directions Quality Walking Beam: A means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc., across a cooling bed or through a furnace The material to be conveyed rests on a metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift up and move forward between the stationary grid, thus lifting the material and "walking" it forward, before returning to make another stroke Metallurgy Wall function: Semi-empirical expression for the anisotropic flow close to a solid surface used in turbulence models Often based on negligible variations in pressure gradient in the direction tangential to the surface Chemical Warewashing: Washing of dishes, utensils, glassware, pots, pans, etc in the institutional market Chemistry Warning: A signal which alerts the operator to a dangerous condition requiring immediate action (from MIL-STD-1472D); an annunciator that is the most critical (more than an advisory or a caution); Also, an indicator of potential failure soon; Values: none, hot, low-power, high-power, other Warning, Caution, Advisory (WCA) See: warning, caution, advisory, annunciator, alert Aeronautical Engineering Warning Time: Warning time is considered equivalent to the P-F interval See P-F interval Maintenance Warp: Dimensional distortion in a plastic object after molding or other fabrication due to the release of molded in stresses Engineering Physics Warranty analysis: The analysis of warranty and return data for the purpose of determining the reliability characteristics of a product Reliability Engineering Warranty, Express: A specific assurance made by the seller concerning the performance, quality, or character of the goods or services sold An express warranty often delineates the rights and obligations of the parties in the event of defective items or services The term is sometimes used interchangeably with "guarantee." Procurement Warrington: The name for a type of strand pattern that is characterized by having one of its wire layers (usually the outer) made up of an arrangement of alternately large and small wires Wire Rope & Cable Wash Out: Wear of dies caused by metal flow Metallurgy 654 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS Wash-out filter: A filter to smooth a transition due to change of input source, such as when changing modes; See Also: transient-free switch Aeronautical Engineering Washout period/phase: [In a cross-over trial:] The stage after the first treatment is withdrawn, but before the second treatment is started The washout period aims to allow time for any active effects of the first treatment to wear off before the new one gets started Quality Engineering Water Absorption: The ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a given material under specified conditions, to the weight of that material when dry It is generally expressed as a percentage Electrical Water Conditioner: A material that improves the quality of water for a given application or use Chemistry Water Hammer: Shock waves generated in a pipework system caused by a valve closing too quickly Industrial Engineering Water Hardness: A measure of the amount of metallic salts found in water Hard water can inhibit the action of some surfactants and reduce the effectiveness of the cleaning process Chemistry Water Heater: An apparatus in which a heat source other than a hot liquid or steam (most commonly burning fuel, exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine or gas turbine, waste heat from a process, solar energy or electricity) is used to boil water (or rarely another liquid), under pressure to provide steam (or other gas) for use as a heat source in calorifiers, heat exchangers or heat emitters, or for use directly for humidification, in an industrial process, or to power steam turbines Industrial Water Resistance: The resistance of a lubricating grease to adverse effects due to the addition of water to the lubricant system Water resistance is described in terms of resistance to washout due to submersion (see ASTM D 1264) or spray (see ASTM D 4049), absorption characteristics and corrosion resistance (see ASTM D 1743) Lubrication Water Softener: Substance that removes or counteracts the hardness of water Chemistry Water Treatment: Water treatment for feedwater and wastewater for reuse and disposal is essential Water treatment involves chemical intervention, and treatment benefits include lower operating costs, improved reliability, lower waste and disposal costs, better environmental compliance, and increased process efficiency See also Purification Industrial Water Vapor Transmission: The amount of water vapor passing through a given area and thickness of a plastic sheet or film in a given time, when the sheet or film is maintained at a constant temperature and when its faces are exposed to certain different relative humidities The result is usually expressed as grams per 24 hours per square meter Engineering Physics DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 655 Water-formed deposit: Any accumulation of insoluble material derived from water or formed by the reaction of water upon surfaces, including scale, sludge, foulants, sediments, corrosion products or biological deposits Chemical Engineering Water-Glycol Fluid: A fluid whose major constituents are water and one or more glycols or polyglycols Lubrication Watt Density: The watts emanating from each square inch of heated surface area of a heater Expressed in units of watts per square inch Electrical Wax: A natural protective coating for hard surfaces Chemistry Way: Longitudinal surface that guides the reciprocal movement of a machine part Lubrication Way Lubricant: Lubricant for the sliding ways of machine tools such as planers, grinders, horizontal boring machines, shapers, jig borers, and milling machines A good way lubricant is formulated with special frictional characteristics designed to overcome the stick-slip motion associated with slow-moving machine parts Lubrication Waypoint (WYPT): A point on the ground, predefined as a point of interest for the flight; a basic guidance mode, providing lateral guidance to a waypoint, either by course or by direct (operator selectable) Aeronautical Engineering Waypoint approach: To approach a waypoint WBT: Wet bulb temperature Aeronautical Engineering Facility Engineering WCA: Warning, Caution, Advisory Aeronautical Engineering Wear: Damage resulting from the removal of materials from surfaces in relative motion Wear is generally described as: Abrasive — removal of materials from surfaces in relative motion by a cutting or abrasive action of a hard particle (usually a contaminant) Adhesive — removal of materials from surfaces in relative motion as a result of surface contact (galling and scuffing are extreme cases) Corrosive — removal of materials by chemical action Lubrication Wear: Loss of material from a surface by means of some mechanical action Mechanical Wear: The attrition or rubbing away of the surface of a material as a result of mechanical action Oil Analysis Wear (abrasive): Abrasive wear (often referred to as wear) is the progressive removal of material, which results from the ingress, and presence of (foreign) particles (three-body wear) The surfaces become dull to varying degrees In the case of very fine particles (dust), the surface may become shiny (polished) Maintenance Wear (adhesive): Adhesive wear (also referred to as smearing, skidding, galling) is defined as the transfer of component surface material from a location 656 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS on one contacting surface to a location on the other contacting surface The process requires surface-parallel motion (sliding) in the contact, and is often accompanied with high friction heat Little, or bad lubrication, increases the probability of adhesive wear Maintenance Wear Debris: Particles that are detached from machine surfaces as a result of wear and corrosion Also known as wear particles Lubrication Wear Inhibitor: An additive which protects the rubbing surfaces against wear, particularly from scuffing, if the hydrodynamic film is ruptured Lubrication Class Friction type Contact shape Contact pressure level Sliding speed or loading speed Flash temperature Mating contact material Environment Contact cycle Contact distance Phase of wear Structure of wear particle Freedom of wear particle Unit size of wear Elemental physics and chemistry Elemental system dynamics related to wear Dominant wear process Wear mode Wear type Rolling | Rolling-sliding SphereCylindersphere cylinder Elastic Parameter Sliding | | Fretting | Cylinderflat FlatI Sphereflat | flat Elasto-plastic Impact | Plastic Punchflat Low Medium High Low Medium High Same | Harder | Softer | Compatible | Incompatible Vacuum | Gas | Liquid | Slurry Medium Low (single) High Medium Long Short | Plastic Liquid | Gas | Ion Solid Atom Original Mechanically mixed Tribochemical Free | Trapped | Embedded f Agglomerated | urn scale | nm scale mm scale Physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, tribochemical activation and tribofilm formation, oxidation and delamination, oxidation and dissolution, oxidation and gas formation, phase transition, recrystallization, crack nucleation and propagation, adhesive transfer and retransfer Vertical vibration Fracture (ductile or brittle) Abrasive Horizontal vibration Plastic flow | Adhesive Mechanical | Self-excited vibration Liquid flow | Flow | Harmonic vibration Dissolution Fatigue Chemical | Corrosive 1 Oxidation | Stick-slip motion Evaporation Melt | Diffusive Thermal Weatherometer (WOM): An instrument, which is used to subject articles to accelerated weathering conditions, e.g., rich UV source and water spray Engineering Physics Weavewire: A screen constructed of interlaced wire, yielding uniformly square pores Filtration Web: The thin section of metal remaining at bottom of a cavity or depression in a forging The web may be removed by piercing or machining Metallurgy Web: A thin sheet in process in a machine In extrusion coating, the molten web is that which issues from the die, and the substrate web is the material being coated A continuous length of sheet material handled in roll form as contrasted with the same material cut into sheets Engineering Physics Web Inspection: In the paper industry cameras are inserted to monitor the sheet for visual defects Control Engineering Wedge Reader: Converts bar code signal into a keyboard signal which the computer is able to read WIDE-TO-NARROW RATIO - Ratio of the wide bars to the narrow bars in a symbology Gears Wedge Socket: Wire rope fittings wherein the rope end is secured by a wedge Wire Rope & Cable Weibull distribution: A statistical distribution frequently used in life data analysis Developed by Swedish mathematician Waloddi Weibull, this distribution is widely used due to its versatility and the fact that the Weibull pdf can assume different shapes based on the parameter values Reliability Engineering Weibull Distribution (or Weibull analysis): Originally developed by Wallodi Weibull, a Swedish mathematician, Weibull analysis is a versatile distribution employed by reliability engineers While it is called a distribution, it is actually DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 657 a tool that enables the reliability engineer to first characterize the probability density function (failure frequency distribution) of a set of failure data to characterize the failures as early life, constant (exponential) or wear out (Gaussian or log normal) by plotting time to failure data on a special plotting paper with the log of the times/cycles/miles to failure plotted on a log scaled X-axis vs the cumulative percent of the population represented by each failure on a loglog scaled Y-axis Reliability Enginering Weight: The force on an object resulting from gravity Engineering Physics Weight on wheels (WOW): Indication of whether the aircraft has weight on its wheels, meaning airborne or on the ground; weight on wheels can be detected by a sensor on the wheels, computed from other state data, or a combination Aeronautical Engineering Weight-Average Molecular Weight (MW): The first moment of a plot of the weight of the polymer in each molecular weight range against molecular weight The value of MW can be estimated by light scattering or sedimentation equilibrium measurements Engineering Physics Weighted least squares regression: [In meta-analysis:] A meta-regression technique for estimating the parameters of a regression model, wherein each study's contribution to the sum of products of the measured variables (study characteristics) is weighted by the precision of that study's estimate of effect Quality Engineering Weighted mean difference: See Mean difference Quality Engineering Weld Line: A flaw on a molded plastic article or blown film caused by the incomplete fusion of two flow fronts which meet during the molding or extrusion operation Engineering Physics Weld Point: The lowest applied load in kilograms at which the rotating ball in the Four Ball EP test either seizes and welds to the three stationary balls, or at which extreme scoring of the three balls results Lubrication Welding: In tribology, the bonding between surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature Mechanical Welding Contact: One of several conditions that may cause switch contacts to fail to separate at the intended point of plunger travel As the name implies, the contacts literally are welded together as a result of the electrical and thermal effects at the contact interface Electrical Engineering Welding Process: The joining of materials by the application of heat or friction Usually involves the localized fusion of both contacting surfaces Paint and Coatings Westgard rules, Westgard multi-rule control procedure: A control procedure that uses a series of control rules to test the control measurements A 12s rule is used as a warning, followed by use of 13s, 22s, R4s, 41s, and lOx as rejection rules Quality 658 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS Wet Mopping: Applying a liberal amount of cleaning solution Used in disinfecting, thorough cleaning, scrubbing and stripping Requires removing excess solution Chemistry Wetting Agent: A chemical that reduces surface tension of water, allowing it to spread more freely Chemistry WGS72: World Geodetic Survey 1972 Aeronautical Engineering WGS94: World Geodetic Survey 1994 Aeronautical Engineering Wheatstone Bridge: A network of four resistances, an emf source, and a galvanometer connected such that when the four resistances are matched, the galvanometer will show a zero deflection or "null" reading Electrical Wheel: A flight control operated by turning with hands in fixed-wing aircraft, primarily to control roll (heading) via the ailerons; wheel is connected to yoke Aeronautical Engineering Wheel cue: A lateral flight director cue for fixed-wing aircraft, primarily to control heading, by changing roll; Compare: lateral cyclic cue; Symbols: Gamma sub 'LAT; Typical Units: percent,in Aeronautical Engineering White and red flag: Used by the starter, this white flag with a diagonal red stripe indicates that an emergency or service vehicle is on the track, and extreme caution should be used NASCAR White flag: When waved by the starter, this signifies the start of the last lap of the race When waved by a corner worker, it signifies that a slow-moving vehicle is on the track NASCAR White Oil: Highly refined lubricant stock used for specialty applications such as cosmetics and medicines Lubrication Whole Depth: The total depth of a tooth space, equal to addendum plus dedendum, also equal to working depth plus clearance Gears Wickerbill: See Gurney Flap NASCAR Wicking: The vertical absorption of a liquid into a porous material by capillary forces Oil Analysis Width: Measurement of the narrowest element of a bar code Same as "X" dimension Gears Wind bearing: Symbols: B sub W; Typical Units: rad, deg Engineering Aeronautical Wind speed: Symbols: V sub W; Typical Units: kt, ft/s; Dimensions: Length / Time Aeronautical Engineering Window: In computer graphics, a defined area in a system not bounded by any limits; unlimited "space" in graphics Electrical DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 659 WIP Turn Rate: A measure of the speed at which work-in-process moves through a plant Typically calculated by dividing the value of total annual shipments at plant cost (for the most recent full year) by the average WIP value at plant cost Maintenance WIP turn rate: A measure of the speed with which work-in-process moves through a plant Typically calculated by dividing the value of total annual shipments at plant cost (for the most recent full year) by the average WIP value at plant cost Quality Wire (Round): A single, continuous length of metal, with a circular cross-section that is cold-drawn from rod Wire Rope & Cable Wire Drawing: A form of erosion on a valve seat caused by high-velocity flow It appears in the form of smooth grooves, as though cut by wire Industrial Engineering Wire Gage: Any of several standard systems for designating wire sizes As an example, see American Wire Gage Electrical Wire Rope: A plurality of wire strands helically laid about an axis Wire Rope & Cable Wire Spraying: A thermal spray process whereby the supply for the coating material is fed into the gun in the form of a continuous wire Paint and Coatings Wire Strand Core (WSC): A wire strand used as the axial member of a wire rope Alberts Lay: An old, rarely used term for lang lay Wire Rope & Cable Wire Thread Insert: A threaded insert that is typically used for tapped hole repair or to improve the thread stripping strength of softer metals such as zinc and aluminium The inserts are assembled into a previously tapped hole using a special driving tool A thread locking compound is frequently used to secure the insert if the assembly is subject to vibration Maintenance Wireless: In maintenance context, wireless units are defined wireless when they require neither power nor other data wiring For example, wireless condition monitoring is applied where sensor and communication / analysis module can not be located at the same place Maintenance Within-laboratory precision: Precision over a defined time and operators, calibration and reagents may vary within the same facility and using the same equipment NOTE: Formerly, the term total precision was used [CLSI EP15-A2] Quality Within-run imprecision: The random error observable within the time period of a single analytical run Quality 660 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS WMD: See Mean difference Quality Engineering Word: Number of bits treated as a single unit by the CPU In an 8-bit machine, the word length is bits; in a sixteen bit machine, it is 16 bits General Work Hardening: The increased stiffness and brittleness accompanying plastic deformation of metal Electrical Work Order: The prime document used by the maintenance function to manage maintenance tasks It may include such information as a description of the work required, the task priority, the job procedure to be followed, the parts, materials, tools and equipment required to complete the job, the labor hours, costs and materials consumed in completing the task, as well as key information on failure causes, what work was performed, etc Management Work Order (WO): Written authorization to proceed with a repair or other activity to preserve a building or asset Sometimes referred to as a Job Card Maintenance Work Penetration: The penetration of a sample of lubricating grease immediately after it has been brought to 77F and then subjected to 60 stokes in a standard grease worker This procedure and the standard grease worker are described in ASTM Method D 217 Lubrication Work Request: A formal request to have work done Work requests are usually time / date stamped Maintenance Work Request: The prime document raised by user departments requesting the initiation of a maintenance task This is usually converted to a work order after the work request has been authorized for completion Plant Engineering Working Depth: The depth of engagement of two gears, that is, the sum of their addendums The standard working distance is the depth to which a tooth extends into the tooth space of a mating gear when the center distance is standard Gears Working Standard: A standard of unit measurement calibrated from either a primary or secondary standard which is used to calibrate other devices or make comparison measurements General Work-In-Process inventory (WIP): The amount or value of all materials, components, and subassemblies representing partially completed production; anything between the raw material/purchased component stage and finishedgoods stage Maintenance Workload: The amount of labor hours required to carry out specified maintenance tasks Management Workplace Safety: A responsibility for ensuring the health and well-being of the populace of a workplace This populace includes company employees, onsite workers not employed by the company, vendors, visitors, etc Reliability Enginering DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 661 World FIP: The fieldbus adopted in France FIP stands for factory instrument protocol The Profibus organization is seeking to integrate this with the common European Profibus PA protocol Control Engineering World Geodetic Survey 1972 (WGS72): A standard model for computing earth data Aeronautical Engineering World Geodetic Survey 1994 (WGS94): A standard model for computing earth data Aeronautical Engineering World-class manufacturer: A somewhat arbitrary designation that can be supported by performance results related to various manufacturing metrics (World-class metrics may vary from one industry to another.) Typically, it denotes "best-in-class" producers on a worldwide basis In the broadest sense, world-class manufacturers are those perceived to deliver the greatest value at a given price level Quality Worm Gear: A gear that is in the form of a screw The screw thread engages the teeth on a worm wheel When rotated, the worm pulls or pushes the wheel, causing rotation Lubrication WOW: Weight on wheels Aeronautical Engineering Wrap test: A test to send data to a device having it sent back unaltered Aeronautical Engineering Wrench Time: A primary measure of workforce efficiency (craft utilization), and of the effectiveness of planning and scheduling functions It represents time spent actually "performing" maintenance Surveys consistently show that wrench time (craft utilization) within a reactive, fire fighting maintenance environment is within the range of 30 to 40 percent A proper planning in the maintenance organization can greatly improve the efficiency of the maintenance execution, generally specified as the wrench time Maintenance Wrinkle: A surface imperfection in plastic films that has the appearance of a crease or wrinkle Engineering Physics WSIM: water separation index modified Petro-Chemical Abbreviations WSPA: Western States Petroleum Association WSSD: World Abbreviations Summit WYPT: Way-point on Sustainable Petro-Chemical Abbreviations Development Petro-Chemical Aeronautical Engineering X Dimension: Measurement of the narrowest element of a bar code Same as width Gears XTKD: Crosstrack deviation Aeronautical Engineering XTKR: Crosstrack deviation rate Aeronautical Engineering 662 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS XYZ: A standard aircraft coordinate frame and sign convention, where nose, right wing, and down are positive X, Y, and Z, respectively; often used as subscripts; Compare: east-north-up Aeronautical Engineering Yaw: Angle of heading; Symbols: psi, Psi; Typical Units: rad, deg cal Engineering Aeronauti- Yaw rate: Rate of change of yaw; time derivative of yaw; Symbols: r; Symbols: psi dot; Typical Units: r a d / s , deg/s; Dimensions: 1/Time Aeronautical Engineering Yellow flag: If displayed by a corner worker, this means the subsequent section of the track has a problem that requires that drivers slow down and not make any passes Usually this is because a car has crashed and is in a dangerous position If the starter displays two yellow flags, it signifies a full-course caution, which prompts the pace car to enter the track and lead the cars around at reduced speed NASCAR Yellowness Index: A measure of the tendency of plastics to turn yellow upon long-term exposure to light or heat Engineering Physics Yield: The amount of grease (of a given consistency) that can be produced from a specific amount of thickening agent; as yield increases, percent thickener decreases Lubrication Yield Controlled Tightening: A fastener tightening method which allows a fastener to be tightened to yield The angle of rotation of the fastener is measured relative to the applied torque, yield being assessed when the slope of the relationship changes to below a certain value Sometimes called joint controlled tightening Maintenance Yield improvement: Defined as the percentage reduction in rejects within a five-year period Example: If yield improves from 95% to 98%, that means rejects have been reduced by 60% - from 5% to 2% Therefore, yield improvement equals 60% Quality Yield Point: In tensile testing, yield point is the first point on the stress-strain curve at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress This is the point of which permanent deformation of the stressed specimen begins to take place Engineering Physics Yield Point (Yield Value or Yield Stress): The minimum shear stress producing flow of a plastic material Lubrication Yield Strain: A material deformed beyond its yield strain, no longer exhibits linear elastic behavior See yield stress Engineering Physics Yield Strength: The stress required to produce a very slight yet specified amount of plastic strain Engineering Physics DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS Yield Strength: As commonly applied to copper and copper-base alloys, yield strength is the stress which will produce a percent extension under load It is known as "Yield Strength" (.5 percent extension) See "TEST, TENSION" and ASTM E8 Metallurgy I 663 Yield strength Strain Yield Strength: The lowest stress at which a material undergoes plastic deformation Below this stress, the material is elastic; above it, viscous Electrical Yield Strength: The stress at the yield point of a specimen usually expressed in pounds per square inch or megapascals Engineering Physics Yield Stresses: A material loaded beyond its yield stress, no longer exhibits linear elastic behavior Metals, particularly mild steel, generally have a very well defined yield stress compared to other materials Yield stress is sometimes called yield strength Engineering Physics Yoke: A flight control operated by pushing and pulling with hands in fixedwing aircraft, primarily to control pitch (altitude) via the elevators; yoke is mounted on a column between the operator's legs, positioned much like a steering wheel in a car; yoke control is achieved by pushing and pulling the wheel to move the column (yoke) fore and aft Aeronautical Engineering Yoke cue: A vertical flight director cue for fixed-wing aircraft, primarily to control altitude, by changing pitch; Compare: collective cue; Symbols: Gamma sub VERT; Typical Units: percent, in Aeronautical Engineering Young's Modulus: See Modulus of Elasticity: the ratio of stress to strain when deformation is totally elastic Engineering Physics Young's Modulus: Young's Modulus (the Modulus of Elasticity) is equivalent to the ratio of normal stress to strain General Engineering Z transform: A mathematical relationship to model a discrete function in the complex frequency domain (Z-plane); Z transforms are commonly used by systems engineers to describe avionics systems; Compare: continuous-time equation, difference equation, differential equation, discrete-time equation, Laplace transform, state-space model; See Also: first-order filter, second-order filter, unit functions Aeronautical Engineering ZDDP: An antiwear additive found in many types of hydraulic and lubricating fluids Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate Eubrication ZDP/ZDTP: zinc dithiophosphate Petro-Chemical Abbreviations Zero Adjustment: The ability to adjust the display of a process or strain meter so that zero on the display corresponds to a non-zero signal, such as 664 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS mA, 10 mA, or 1V dc The adjustment range is normally expressed in counts Electrical Zero Offset: (1) The difference expressed in degrees between true zero and an indication given by a measuring instrument (2) See Zero Suppression General Engineering Zero Point: The electrical zero point where zero millivolts would be displayed Used in conjunction with the slope control to provide a narrower range calibration General Zero Power Resistance: The resistance of a thermistor or RTD element with no power being dissipated Electrical Zero Pressure Accumulation Conveyor: A type of conveyor designed to eliminate build-up of pressure between adjacent packages or cartons Equipment Zero Suppression: The span of an indicator or chart recorder may be offset from zero (zero suppressed) such that neither limit of the span will be zero For example, a temperature recorder which records a 100° span from 400° to 500° is said to have 400° zero suppression Electrical Zero Voltage Switching: The making or breaking of circuit timed such that the transition occurs when the voltage wave form crosses zero voltage; typically only found in solid state switching devices Thermocouple Type Material (ANSI Symbol), J Iron/Constantan, K CHROMEGA®/ALOMEGA®, T Copper/Constantan, E CHROMEGA/Constantan, R Platinum/Platinum 13% Rhodium, S Platinum/Platinum 10% Rhodium, B Platinum 6% Rhodium/ Platinum 30% Rhodium, G* Tungsten/Tungsten 26% Rhenium, C* Tungsten 5% Rhenium/Tungsten 26% Rhenium, D* Tungsten 3% Rhenium/Tungsten 25% Rhenium, *Not ANSI symbols Electrical ZEV: zero emission vehicle Petro-Chemical Abbreviations ZF: German gear manufacturer ZF Friedrichshafen (Zed F) Petro-Chemical Abbreviations Ziegler Catalysts: A large group of catalysts made by reacting a compound of a transition metal chosen from groups IV through VII of the periodic table with an alkyl, hydride, or other compound of a metal from groups I through III A typical example is the reaction product of an aluminum alkyl with titanium tetrachloride or titanium trichcloride These catalysts were first developed by the German scientist Karl Ziegler for the polymerization of ethylene Subsequent work by G.Natta showed that these and similar catalysts are useful for preparing stereoregular polyolefins Thus, the family of catalysts is sometimes called Ziegler-Natta catalysts Metallurgy Zinc (ZDP): Commonly used name for zinc dithiophosphate, an antiwear/ oxidation inhibitor chemical Lubrication DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 665 Zinc (Zn): Thermal spray coatings of zinc or zinc alloys (e.g., Zn/Al, Zn/Sn) provide galvanic corrosion protection Paint and Coatings Zinc Electroplating: Zinc electroplating is a common way to protect threaded fasteners from the effects of corrosion Zinc electroplating can be completed in acid chloride, alkaline or cyanide baths Supplemental coatings are frequently applied to zinc electroplating These coatings, such as zinc phosphate or chromate conversion, provide a protective passivation layer on the zinc which assists in reducing the corrosion rate Maintenance Zinc Galvanizers' Dross: A grade of scrap that can either be top dross or bottom dross, generated at electro-galvanizing and continuous hot-dip plants serving the steel industry Metallurgy Zinc Oxide: An amorphous white or yellowish powder, used as a pigment in plastics It is said to have the greatest ultra-violet light absorbing power of all commercially available pigments Metallurgy Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coating: A zinc phosphate conversion coating is frequently added to zinc electroplated parts, such as bolt threads, to improve corrosion resistance This type of chemical conversion coating provides a protective passivation layer on the zinc improving its corrosion resistance Maintenance Zinc Plating: The electro-deposition of zinc or zinc alloys (e.g., Z n / N i , Z n / Sn) to provide galvanic corrosion protection Paint and Coatings Zinc Stearate: A white powder used as a lubricant and antioxidant synergist Metallurgy Zinc/Cobalt Alloy Electroplating: This coating is similar to zinc electroplating completed in an acid chloride bath - a small amount of cobalt (typically about 1%) is added to increase the plating speed Maintenance Z-Mill: Common name for a Senzimir multiple-backup cluster mill used for cold-rolling stainless and carbon steel sheet or strip to very precise dimensions and fine finishes Metallurgy Zone of confusion (ZOC): A circular area centered at a TACAN station in which bearing is extremely noisy Aeronautical Engineering Z-plane: Discrete complex frequency plane; Z-plane is used in control systems engineering in the design of control laws See Also: Z transform Aeronautical Engineering z-score, z-value: A calculated number that tells how many standard deviations a control result is from its mean value, e.g., a control result of 112 on a material having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of has a z-score of +2.4, i.e., it is 2.4 standard deviations above its mean Quality Dictionary of Industrial Terms Michael Holloway and Chikezie Nwaoha © 2013 by Scrivener Publishing LLC Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Also of Interest Check out these other related titles from Scrivener Publishing Bioremediation of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, by James Speight and Karuna Arjoon, ISBN 9780470938492 With petroleum-related spills, explosions, and health issues in the headlines almost every day, the issue of remediation of petroleum and petroleum products is taking on increasing importance, for the survival of our environment, our planet, and our future This book is the first of its kind to explore this difficult issue from an engineering and scientific point of view and offer solutions and reasonable courses of action NOW AVAILABLE! 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[...]... to accept a contractual offer at the moment he posts a letter saying he has so accepted it, not when the letter is actually received 8 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS This convention applies only to an acceptance: it does not apply, for example, to other matters such as counteroffers, revocations, or the making of offers themselves When the party transmits his acceptance of an offer by fax or e-mail,... Measure of exactness, possibly expressed in percent; Compare: precision Aeronautical Engineering DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 9 Accuracy: A comparison of the actual output signal of a device to the true value of the input pressure The various errors (such as linearity, hysteresis, repeatability and temperature shift) * attributing to the accuracy of a device are usually expressed as a percent of full...2 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS AAR: American Association of Railroads Petro-Chetnical Abbreviations A-Arm: A suspension linkage formed in the shape of an "A" or "V" found commonly on the front suspension The sides of the two legs of the A-arm are connected to the chassis by rubber bushings and the peak of the A-arm is attached to the wheel assembly In... behavior of the lubricant Lubrication DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 11 Acidosis: Acid poisoning in the blood Chemical Acknowledgment: A communication (written or electronic) used to inform the buyer that the supplier has accepted the purchase order An acknowledgment may add additional terms However, a bilateral agreement is consummated as a result of this acknowledgment, as long as the terms of the... pressure Civil Engineering DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 23 Air Motor: The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid Air may be entrained in a liquid through mechanical means a n d / o r by release of dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment The presence of entrained air is usually readily apparent from the appearance of the liquid (i.e., bubbly,... Number: A measure of the amount of KOH needed to neutralize all or part of the acidity of a petroleum product Lubrication Acid Number: The quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to neutralize the acidic constituents in l g of sample Lubrication Acid Sludge: The residue left after treating petroleum oil with sulfuric acid for the removal of impurities It is... regularly recurring intervals General Engineering 6 DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS AC Fine Test Dust (ACFTD): A test contaminant used to assess both filters and the contaminant sensitivity of all types of tribological mechanisms Oil Analysis AC Fine Test Dust (ACFTD): A test contaminant used to assess both filters and the contaminant sensitivity of all types of tribological mechanisms Lubrication ACAS: Advisory,... The total percentage of all additives in an oil (Expressed in % of mass (weight) or % of volume) Lubrication Additive model: A statistical model in which the combined effect of several factors is the sum of the effects produced by each of the factors in the absence of the others For example, if one factor increases risk by a% and a second factor by b%, the additive combined effect of the two factors... resulting in relatively high concentration of the molecules at the place of contact; e.g., the plating out of an anti-wear additive on metal surfaces Oil Analysis Adsorption: Adhesion of the molecules of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances to a solid surface, resulting in relatively high concentration of the molecules at the place of contact; e.g., the plating out of an anti-wear additive on metal surfaces... trade mark of The Premier Screw and Repitition Co Ltd of Woodgate, Leicester, United Kingdom, LE3 5GJ Maintenance AEU: Amalgamated Engineering Union AFC: adaptive fuel control Quality Petro-Chemical Abbreviations Affirmative Action: A provision of the Equal Opportunity Act of 1972 that requires all firms to take affirmative action to move toward achieving a work DICTIONARY OF INDUSTRIAL TERMS 19 force