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Energy storage in photovoltaics P.C.Pant Scientist Solar Energy Centre Ministry of New and Renewable Energy pcpant@nic.in Nature of renewable energy supplies and real challenge Renewable energy supplies are continuing or repetitive current of energy occurring in natural environment The initial input power from renewable energy supplies therefore is outside our control; and matching supply and demand in the time domain is a real challenge Two ways to overcome this challenge are : Either matching the load to the availability of renewable energy supply when it is available, or for constant load, hybridize it with an auxiliary energy supply system Storing the energy for future use i.e. keeping it available when and where it is required Methods of energy storage Chemical : hydrogen, ammonia Heat : hot water, steam Electric : Capacitors, electromagnets Gravitational : water reservoir Mechanical : Flywheel Photosynthesis: Biomass Electro chemical: Batteries, fuel cell? Normal applications of battery Regular deep cycling (as in consumer devices, electric vehicle) Standby use (normally kept at full charge so as to use in case of an emergency such as telephone exchanges) Starting, lighting and ignition (for road vehicles) In all such operation battery is normally given full charge (adequate overcharge) after discharging Condition in PV systems Limited (variable)amount of charging energy available from PV array Therefore no guarantee that battery will be fully charged at the end of the day Normally shallow cycle operation Autonomy reserve for certain days is generally specified Even in specifying autonomy, there is certain charge left in the battery (~20%) Main functions of a battery in PV systems To act as buffer store to eliminate the mismatch between available PV power and power demand (USUALLY IN GRID INTERACTIVE POWERPLANTS OR WITH AUXILIARY POWER SOURCE WITH SMART INVERTERS) To provide a reserve of energy (system autonomy particularly in stand alone systems) To provide stable voltage to the load Understanding battery Storage capacity: not fixed, depends on discharge rate and temperature Never try to extract full capacity (DOD)(restrict upto 80%) More daily DOD, less cycle life Battery voltage during charging depends on amount of current being fed, higher the charging current, faster will be the voltage gain, but does not mean that all the current is absorbed Temperature dependence of cycle life In general, longer life of battery in PV system means a more expensive battery, as higher capacity, proper charge regulator and temperature compensation are required. Capacity Normally measured in amperehour (Ah) Defined as the maximum Ah a fully charged battery can deliver under certain specified conditions: The end voltage The discharge current (rate) at which the discharge is carried out The battery temperature Efficiency Amount of energy stored is measured in watthours (Wh). Energy efficiency of a battery = Energy in watt hours discharged _ Energy in Wh required for complete recharge Battery capacity is measured in amperehour (Ah). The charge efficiency or Ah efficiency is= Ah discharged Ah required for complete recharge Ah efficiency less than one means more charge is to be pumped than the charge delivered by the battery. This has side effect in the form of oxygen formation in +ve plate and hydrogen in –ve Depth of discharge/state of charge Depth of discharge (DOD) : fraction or percentage of the capacity removed from fully charged battery w.r.t. nominal capacity State of charge (SOC): fraction or percentage of the capacity still available during/after discharge w.r.t. nominal capacity SOC DOD 100% 75% 25% 50% 50% 25% 75% 0% 100% However battery performs more than 100% of its nominal capacity at discharge rate lower than the nominal rate. Types of battery used in PV systems Lead Acid: very prominently used NickleCadmium Nickle metal hydride Rechargeable lithium of various types LeadAcid :Fundamental Principle Fundamentally very simple to make On hanging 2 metallic lead strips in and on opposite sides of a small glass jar filled with dilute sulphuric acid, connecting these strips called ‘plates’ with a source of direct current and allowing them to ‘charge’, the colour of one strip becomes increasingly dark brown , called positive plate; and other retains its original colour called negative plate On removing the charging source, a voltage of about two volts is shown by a sensitive voltmeter across the two plates called electrodes Fundamental Principle A battery formed this way has no practical value because of low surface area of the strip to accumulate sufficient ‘active material’ i.e. brown lead peroxide of the positive plate and metallic ‘sponge’ lead of the negative Fundamental Principle The increase in effective area of plates for achieving greater and greater capacity for industrial use is one of the requirements for useful design of the battery. This can be accomplished by: Casting plates with complex ridges or grooves Mechanically furrowed to obtain greater surface Separate corrugated lead ribbons are rolled into spiral buttons and inserted in lead alloy frames Fundamental Principle Type of plate affects the characteristics and performance of battery All types have lead di oxide (PbO2)in the positive plate applied during manufacture and porous sponge lead (Pb) on negative plate The positive plates are welded to form a plate group and negative plates are assembled in the same manner. The plates of different polarity are insulated from each other by separators. The complete plate group assembly is immersed in dilute sulphuric acid in a container Thus an electrochemical couple of two different plates or electrodes (PbO2 and Pb) in an acid electrolyte (H2SO4) are all that is required to make a rechargeable, or storage battery Classification of battery according to +ve plate type Flat plate type: different type of grid structure Tubular plate type ve Plate is always flat plate of sponge lead Classification of battery as per electrolyte type Flooded Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery Absorbed Glass Mat type (AGM) Gel type Classification of battery as per use Starter, lighting and ignition (SLI) Float operation Cyclic Charge-discharge curve of a VRLA battery C/20 rating Reasons of battery loosing capacity Sulphation Sedimentation Stratification Battery research at SEC Facility available: life cycle network, reserve capacity network, temperature cycling Presently manufacturers can avail the facility to get their product evaluated for its capacity, charge and energy efficiencies, reserve capacity, high rate discharge, temperature effect on their product, cycle life etc Facility is being upgraded to evaluate batteries as per IEC, BIS and JIS specifications Project being implemented Design development of suitable batteries for PV applications with CECRI Evaluation of various types and brands of batteries in actual field conditions (being proposed) Development of suitable charge controllers, MPPT for PV applications THANK YOU [...]... life and performance in PV systems Manufacturing faults: choose a reliable and trustworthy manufacturer User abuse: providing documentation, proper supervision, or training for commissioning Accidents: being careful such as to avoid dropping spanner across the battery terminals Improper design of PV system: to avoid sulphation (in the case of lead acid battery), stratification and freezing Possible remedy ... (doubles for every 100C increase in temperature in the case of lead acid battery) Additional factors in sealed battery Water or acid loss due to less than 100% recombination of oxygen resulting venting out of gas • Positive grid corrosion • Water vapour loss through case Negative capacity loss: a chemical process rather than electrochemical process WHAT WE WANT Looking at the factors explained so far, need to ... LeadAcid :Fundamental Principle Fundamentally very simple to make On hanging 2 metallic lead strips in and on opposite sides of a small glass jar filled with dilute sulphuric acid, connecting these strips called ‘plates’ with a source of direct current and allowing them to ‘charge’, the colour of one strip becomes increasingly dark brown , called positive plate; and other retains its original colour called ... Fundamental Principle The increase in effective area of plates for achieving greater and greater capacity for industrial use is one of the requirements for useful design of the battery. This can be accomplished by: Casting plates with complex ridges or grooves Mechanically furrowed to obtain greater surface Separate corrugated lead ribbons are rolled into spiral buttons and inserted in lead alloy frames... stratification and freezing Possible remedy Ensuring full charge (at least periodically) Restricting to specified DOD Providing as rapid a recharge as possible after deep discharge This can be achieved by: Choosing an appropriate battery Sizing it properly Providing an appropriate method of charge control Controlling factors to the maximum service from battery Cycle life: a misleading notion Grid corrosion: highly temperature dependent ... mechanism on battery performance, monitoring and evaluation of different types of batteries in actual field conditions, studying various standards and than choosing the best from each Circulated these to all the battery and PV industries for their comments including SESI Received comments were incorporated in the draft now here for discussion and suggestions to enable freeze the standards by the end of this ... Recommendation about developing more test labs with capacity to undertake third party testing as per these specifications Thankyou Component of a battery Positive and negative electrode (plates) An electrolyte Separators to stop the electrode touching A container Positive and negative terminals Types of battery used in PV systems Lead Acid: very prominently used NickleCadmium... for appreciable time Quoted as a percentage of capacity lost per month at a specified temperature when starting with a fully charged battery Normally doubles for each 100C rise in battery temperature Cycle life Cycling describes the repeated discharging and recharging process that a battery undergoes in service Cycle life is a measure of number of cycle a battery can deliver over its useful life... The plates of different polarity are insulated from each other by separators. The complete plate group assembly is immersed in dilute sulphuric acid in a container Thus an electrochemical couple of two different plates or electrodes (PbO2 and Pb) in an acid electrolyte (H2SO4) are all that is required to make a rechargeable, or storage battery Classification of battery according to +ve plate type Flat plate type: different type of grid structure ... in lead alloy frames Fundamental Principle Type of plate affects the characteristics and performance of battery All types have lead di oxide (PbO2 )in the positive plate applied during manufacture and porous sponge lead (Pb) on negative plate The positive plates are welded to form a plate group and negative plates are assembled in the same manner. The plates of different polarity are insulated from each ...Nature of renewable energy supplies and real challenge Renewable energy supplies are continuing or repetitive current of energy occurring in natural environment The initial input power from renewable energy ... hybridize it with an auxiliary energy supply system Storing the energy for future use i.e. keeping it available when and where it is required Methods of energy storage Chemical : hydrogen, ammonia ... Autonomy reserve for certain days is generally specified Even in specifying autonomy, there is certain charge left in the battery (~20%) Main functions of a battery in PV systems To act as buffer store to eliminate the mismatch