Tiếng anh chuyên nghành điện chương 4

Unit 4 Con Edison,Unit 4 Con Edison,Unit 4 Con Edison,Unit 4 Con Edison, tiếng anh chuyên ngành điện, tài liệu tiếng anh chuyên nghành, bài tâp tiếng anh chuyên nghành, tiếng anh chuyên nghành×, bài giảng tiếng anh chuyên nghành, Tiếng anh chuyên nghành điện chương 4

Unit 4: Con Edison I READING AND COMPREHENSION Con Edison - A bit of background on a complex field Many players figure in New York City's electricity system The most visible player is Con Edison, which supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester County, too Since the industry was deregulated, Con Edison delivers electricity through its immense transmission and distribution system to the 3.2 million customers in its 690-square-mile service area (Among other statistics: Con Edison's 93,000 miles of underground cable could circle the Earth 3.6 times; it has 36,000 miles of overhead cable.) Electricity not generated locally is imported via transmission lines that come in from New Jersey, from Long Island, and from the northeast and Canada 10 through Westchester County Conceptually, Con Edison's system looks like this: Fig.1-1 Con Edison’s system outline As its name suggests, "Consolidated Edison" was formed through consolidation of many small power generation companies Today, history is reversing itself: clean 15 "distributed generation" is coming into favor, as the substantial benefits of a decentralized system come to be appreciated and as new technologies facilitate it Con 19 Edison defines distributed generation as a facility producing up to 20 MW of electricity dedicated to the support of nearby associated load Con Edison's portfolio includes electric and natural gas delivery, as well as steam delivery through the largest district steam system in the world 20 Among other players are these: 25 30 • The Public Service Commission regulates retail electric, gas, and steam utilities • The New York State Research & Development Authority (NYSERDA) promotes energy efficiency, R&D, and environmental goals It provided $2 million to Verdant Power's project in New York • The Independent System Operator (a.k.a the New York Power Pool) operates the state's high-voltage electric transmission system and administers the state's wholesale energy markets • The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates interstate transmission of electricity and licenses hydropower projects • The New York Power Authority sells electricity to the city government and other parties and owns and operates several electric generation plants The Economic Development Corporation's quarterly Energy and Telecom News is a good source of information on developments in this complex, dynamic field The 35 Mayor's Energy Policy Task Force 2004 report, "New York City Energy Policy: An Electricity Resource Roadmap," provides a good overview of the city's current and future energy needs and its strategy for meeting them Task Rephrasing Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with expressions from the passage which have similar meanings: The most visible player is Con Edison, which provides most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester County, too Con Edison distributes electricity through its immense transmission and distribution system to the 3.2 million customers in its 690-square-mile service area As its name implies, "Consolidated Edison" was formed through consolidation of many small power generation companies The Independent System Operator (a.k.a the New York Power Pool) operates the state's high-voltage electric transmission network and administers the state's wholesale energy markets The New York Power Authority sells electricity to the city government and other parties and owns and operates several electric generation stations 20 Task Contextual reference What the pronouns in italics in these sentences refer to? Since the industry was deregulated, Con Edison delivers electricity through its immense transmission and distribution system to the 3.2 million customers in its 690-square-mile service area (line & 6) (a) The industry’s; immense transmission and distribution system’s (b)Con Edison’s; immense transmission and distribution system’s (c) Con Edison’s; Con Edison’s (d)The industry’s; Con Edison’s As its name suggests, "Consolidated Edison" was formed through consolidation of many small power generation companies (line 12) (a) Con Edison’s system (b)Consolidated Edison (c) Consolidation (d)Power generation company Today, history is reversing itself: clean "distributed generation" is coming into favor, as the substantial benefits of a decentralized system come to be appreciated and as new technologies facilitate it (line 15) (a) Consolidated Edison (b)History (c) Distributed generation (d)Decentralized system It provided $2 million to Verdant Power's project in New York (line 24) (a) NYSERDA (b)Energy efficiency (c) R&D (d)Environmental goal The Mayor's Energy Policy Task Force 2004 report, "New York City Energy Policy: An Electricity Resource Roadmap," provides a good overview of the city's current and future energy needs and its strategy for meeting them (line 37) (a) The Mayor’s; the city’s current and future energy needs (b)New York City Energy Policy’s; energy needs (c) Overview’s; future energy needs (d)New York City’s; the city’s current and future energy needs Task Checking facts and ideas Decide if these statements are true or false Quote from the passage to support your decisions Only Con Edison figures in New York City's electricity system Con Edison supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester County, too Con Edison imports electricity from New Jersey, from Long Island, and from the northeast and Canada through Westchester County 21 Con Edison defines distributed generation as a facility producing 20 MW of electricity dedicated to the support of nearby associated load Con Edison provides services of electric and natural gas delivery, as well as steam delivery through the largest district steam system in the world Public Service Commission and NYSERDA are parts of Con Edison Verdant Power's project in New York is funded by NYSERDA The state's high-voltage electric transmission system is operated by the Independent System Operator The function of FERC is to only license hydropower projects 10 The New York Power Authority owns and operates several electric generation plants II USE OF LANGUAGE Task Relative clauses Study these sentences: The most visible player is Con Edison Con Edison supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester County, too Both these sentences refer to Con Edison We can link them by making sentence a relative clause 1+2 The most visible player is Con Edison, WHICH supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester County, too The relative clause is in CAPITALS Note that Con Edison in sentence becomes WHICH Study these other pairs of sentences and note how they are linked: Consumers are supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers These consumers use large quantities of energy 3+4 Consumers WHO USE LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY are supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations In the intermediate substations the voltage is stepped down to 11kV 5+6 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations WHERE THE VOLTAGE IS STEPPED DOWN TO 11kV Now link these sentences by using a suitable relative clause: Energy is vital to New Yorkers' lives and to New York City New York City is the financial, corporate, and communications capital of the United States, as well as a leading world destination for business and tourism The investments and improvements are necessary to meet growing energy demand The energy demand has increased more than 20 percent during the past 10 years 22 For the summer of 2007, the company forecasts a peak load of 13,575 megawatts for its service area The peak load for its service area includes a peak of 11,780 megawatts for New York City and 1,795 megawatts for Westchester County Workers require illumination of 300 lux The workers install heavy machinery In 1982, the first hydro-electric plant was built in the United States The first hydro-electric made use of a fast flowing river for generating electricity The large consumers should be supplied stable voltage The large consumers use a large quantities of electricity Dams are constructed to create artificial water storage areas at the most convenient locations Dams control the water flow rate to the power station turbines Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today The Francis turbine was developed by James B Francis An electric motor is a machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy The electric motors can be run on direct (dc) or alternating current (ac) 10 Hydroelectric power now supplies 20% of world electricity The hydroelectric powers use the kinetic, or movement energy of rivers Task Pronoun links between sentences When we link sentences together, or into paragraphs, repeated nouns usually become pronouns EXAMPLES A short circuit occurs in a generator The short circuit may cause large current The large current may damage the equipment When a short circuit occurs in a generator, it may cause large current This may damage the equipment 23 Note: When there may be misunderstanding, or when the repeated noun comes a long time after its first mention, the full noun is used EXAMPLES Power system electricians install and maintain high voltage electrical power distribution equipment, including generators and transformers in generating stations or powerhouses They inspect and test installed electrical equipment at power houses and major substations They repair or replace faulty electrical equipment and complete test and maintenance reports Compare this version where the full nouns have been kept: Power system electricians install and maintain high voltage electrical power distribution equipment, including generators and transformers in generating stations or powerhouses The power system electricians inspect and test installed electrical equipment at power houses and major substations The power system electricians repair or replace faulty electrical equipment and complete test and maintenance reports Now replace the repeated nouns in following paragraph with suitable pronouns where there is no likelihood of confusion Investor-owned electric utilities are privately owned entities The investor-owned electric utilities represent percent of the total number of electric utilities and approximately 75 percent of electric utility generating capability, generation, sales, and revenue in the United States Like all private businesses, investor-owned electric utilities have the fundamental objective of producing a return for investor-owned electric utilities’ investors These utilities either distribute profits to stockholders as dividends or reinvest the profits Investor-owned electric utilities are granted service monopolies in certain geographic areas and are obliged to serve all consumers As franchised monopolies, these utilities are regulated and required to charge reasonable prices, to charge comparable prices to similar classifications of consumers, and to give consumers access to services under similar conditions Most investor-owned electric utilities are operating companies that provide basic services for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity The majority of investor-owned utilities perform all three functions The investor-owned electric utilities operate in all States except Nebraska, where electric utilities consist primarily of municipal systems and public power districts 24 III INFORMATION TRANSFER Task Mathematical symbols used in hydro power engineering Study the following table of mathematical symbols used in hydro power engineering Then write out the below expressions in full Table 1: Mathematical symbols used in electrical engineering and electronics SYMBOL + ± = ≈ or ≅ EXAMPLE 3.14159 R1 + R2 V – V1 ± 3dB R = R1 + R2 I ≈ 30 mA ∗ or × f × 120 MEANING IN FULL Three point one four one five nine R one plus R two V minus V one Plus or minus three decibels R equals/ is equal to R one plus R two I is approximately equal to thirty miliamps f times/ multiplied by one hundred and twenty V equals I times/ multiplied by R No sign between two V = IR quantities One quantity over V I= another R ∝ I∝V : 11:1 % 10% 250C √ I R3 -10 8-10 75 > < ≥ ≤ I is equal to V over/ divided by R I is proportional to V Eleven to one Ten per cent Twenty five degrees Centigrade The square root of/ root of five I squared; R cubed Eight to the power minus ten; seven to the power five Greater than ten decibels Less than five miliamps Greater or equal to twenty watts Less than or equal to one hundred and ten volts > 10 dB < mA ≥ 20 W ≤ 110 V 25 Table 2: Terms, symbols, units and abbreviations used in electrical power engineering TERM Admittance SYMBOL Y UNIT Siemens (mho) Angular frequency Apparent power Capacitance Capacitive reactance Charge Conductance ω (omega) S C XC Q G Radian per second Volt-ampere Farad Ohm Coulomb Siemens (mho) Conductivity Siemens per metre Current Electric field strength Electric flux Electric flux density σ (sigma) γ (gamma) I E Q D Electromotive force Flow rate Frequency Gain Head Inductance Inductive reactance Impedance Magnetic field strength Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density Magnetomotive force Mutual inductance Permeability Permeattivity Phase angle Reactance Reactive power Reluctance Resistance Resistivity Resonant frequency Susceptance Velocity Voltage E Q f G H L XL Z H Φ (phi) B F M µ (mu) ε (epsilon) ϕ (phi) X Q S R ρ (rho) Fr B V V ABBREVIATION S (℧) rad/s VA F Ω C S (℧) S/m Ampere Volt per metre Coulomb Coulomb per square metre Volt Cubic metre per second Hertz A V/m C C/m2 Metre Henry Ohm Ohm Ampere turn per metre Weber Tesla Ampere turn Henry Henry per metre Farad per metre Radian Ohm Var Ampere turn per weber Ohm Ohm per metre Hertz Siemens Metre per second Volt m H Ω Ω At/m Wb T At H H/m F/m rad Ω Vars At/Wb Ω Ω/m Hz S m/s V 26 V m3/s Hz LI 2 W = CE 2 U H = l W = R + ( xL − xC ) E = Blv Z = IV GUIDED WRITING Task Sentence building Join the following groups of sentences to make the longer sentences Use the words printed in italics at the beginning of each group You may omit words and make whatever changes you think are necessary in the word order and punctuation of the sentences Who Customers require three-phase service The customers need large amounts of electricity to run heavy machinery Either… or… Customers receive electricity through overhead lines Customers receive electricity through underground lines Where Historically, investor-owned electric utilities have been most successful in serving large, consolidated markets Economies of scale afford the lowest prices in large, consolidated markets Which Facilities are called cogenerators The facilities produce electricity and another form of useful thermal energy through the sequential use of energy (usually heat or steam for industrial processes or heating/cooling purposes) If These gases and particulates are not captured by some pollution control equipment These gases and particulates are released into the atmosphere 27 V READING AND SUMMARIZING Electricity Basics The basic unit of electric power is a watt, which is a rate of producing or consuming energy A typical light bulb, for example, consumes electricity at the rate of 75 watts, or 75 watt-hours of electricity in one hour of operation One kilowatt is 1,000 watts The average household in the United States uses almost 12,000 kilowatt-hours (12 million watt-hours) per year A power plant with a 1-megawatt capacity (1,000 kilowatts), operating continuously (8,760 hours) for a year would generate enough electricity to supply approximately 750 households (A different way to understand what those units of electricity represent is to relate them to horsepower, another measure of power A kilowatt is roughly equivalent to 1.3 horsepower; a 1-megawatt plant is equal in power to approximately 10 medium-sized automobile engines.) Another characteristic of electric power is voltage, which is a measure of electromotive force Electricity is usually generated and transported at very high voltages (more than 100,000 volts) Electric voltage is lowered, by a series of transformers in the substations and on feeder lines close to where it is consumed, until it reaches 120 volts (in the United States) at electrical outlets in a typical household In the United States, the electric power system generates a form of electricity, termed alternating current, in which voltage oscillates in a regular cycle The frequency of that cycle is 60 times per second, referred to as 60 hertz Electric motors and other devices in the United States are designed to use 60-hertz alternating current If the electric current deviates significantly from that designed frequency, it can seriously damage motors and appliances At any time, the amount of electric power (the number of watts) that is being consumed on a utility network (the system of generation and consumption points connected by wires and other transmission equipment) must be nearly equal to the amount of power that is being generated The voltage and frequency of the current will adjust according to physical laws to maintain a balance If a sudden change in consumption occurs without an adjustment in generation (or vice versa), the voltage will change, possibly damaging equipment throughout the network Certain types of generators have controls that automatically adjust output to match consumption Utility networks also have many protective devices that minimize any damage from a rapid change in voltage For example, electric fuses or circuit breakers automatically cut off electricity when they detect a large voltage change caused by, say, a lightning strike or short circuit that could damage equipment Electricity consumption at any point in time is referred to as the load On a typical utility network, the load fluctuates continuously as customers start and stop their equipment Network operators continually adjust production to match those fluctuations When consumption is low, they use plants that are designed to run continuously at a low operating cost As consumption rises, they add production from other plants whose operating costs are higher that are designed to start and stop and adjust output quickly In periods of extremely high consumption, they use older plants that are less efficient and even more expensive to operate As a result, the cost of supplying an additional unit of electricity (the marginal cost) typically rises as 28 consumption increases That cost depends on many factors, including the characteristics of available power plants, the price of fuel, and the location of plants relative to the places where electricity is consumed Fig.1-2 An Electric Power System An electric power system has two major functions generation and transportation (see Fig.1) The United States today has approximately 750,000 megawatts of generating capacity, most of which comes from large commercial power plants with capacities of 29 more than 100 megawatts Those plants are powered largely by coal or other fossil fuels, although nuclear and hydroelectric power also account for a significant portion of capacity and annual output In 2000, those plants produced a combined total of 3.8 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity The transportation of electricity is typically broken down into transmission, which is the high-voltage transport of electricity over long distances, and distribution, which is the transport at lower voltages over the last few miles to the point of consumption No clear line divides the two components, but transmission networks in the United States typically have at least two electric paths between any two points (a loop configuration), whereas the distribution system has a single path between the substation and the consumer (a hub-and-spokes configuration) What is a rate of producing or consuming energy? What is a measure of electromotive force? What happens whether the electric current deviates significantly from that designed frequency? Do all types of generators have controls that automatically adjust output to match consumption? Describe the duty of network operator 30 [...]... least two electric paths between any two points (a loop configuration), whereas the distribution system has a single path between the substation and the consumer (a hub-and-spokes configuration) 1 2 3 4 5 What is a rate of producing or consuming energy? What is a measure of electromotive force? What happens whether the electric current deviates significantly from that designed frequency? Do all types ... Verdant Power's project in New York (line 24) (a) NYSERDA (b)Energy efficiency (c) R&D (d)Environmental goal The Mayor's Energy Policy Task Force 20 04 report, "New York City Energy Policy: An... information on developments in this complex, dynamic field The 35 Mayor's Energy Policy Task Force 20 04 report, "New York City Energy Policy: An Electricity Resource Roadmap," provides a good overview... supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers These consumers use large quantities of energy 3 +4 Consumers WHO USE LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY are supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers