INTERNATIONAL LAW FIFTH EDITION

New Edition of the leading textbook … International Law FIFTH EDITION MALCOLM N SHAW For further details go to www.cambridge.org/law/shaw Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information INTERNATIONAL LAW FIFTH EDITION This fifth edition of Malcolm Shaw’s bestselling textbook on international law provides a clear, authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the subject This leading text has been fully revised and updated to Spring 2003 to take account of new developments in the field Basically preserving the structure which made the previous edition so successful, a new chapter on Inter-state Courts and Tribunals pays special attention to the role of the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea, and there is a new chapter on International Humanitarian Law Also examined are arbitration tribunals set up for dispute settlement and the role of international institutions such as the WTO in resolving conflicts The prosecution of individuals for violations of international law is examined Additional coverage of events in Kosovo and Iraq analyses the questions of humanitarian intervention and the role of the UN Written in a clear and accessible style and setting the subject firmly in the context of world politics and the economic and cultural influences affecting it, this book remains a highly readable and invaluable resource for students and practitioners alike The scope of the text makes this essential reading for students of international law, international relations and the political sciences The book is also designed to be of value for practitioners and for governmental and international civil servants malcolm shaw qc is the Sir Robert Jennings Professor of International Law at the University of Leicester, and a practising barrister © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information INTERNATIONAL LAW Fifth edition MALCOLM N SHAW QC Sir Robert Jennings Professor of International Law University of Leicester © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011 4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarco´n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C M N Shaw 2003 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press Fourth edition first published by Cambridge University Press 1997 Reprinted 1999, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002 Fifth edition published by Cambridge University Press 2003 Reprinted 2003, 2004 (twice) Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Adobe Minion 10.75/12.75 pt System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Shaw, Malcolm N (Malcolm Nathan), 1947– International law / Malcolm N Shaw – 5th edn p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 521 82473 (hardback) – ISBN 521 53183 (paperback.) International law I Title KZ3275.S53 2003 341 – dc21 2003051552 ISBN 521 82473 hardback ISBN 521 53183 paperback © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information To my mother, Paulette And in memory of my father, Ben Shaw CBE And of my mother-in-law, Denise Axelrod But above all to my wife Judith © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information CONTENTS Preface page xxiii Table of cases xxv Table of treaties and selected other international instruments lxviii List of abbreviations cxli The nature and development of international law Law and politics in the world community The role of force The international system The function of politics 11 Historical development 13 Early origins 14 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance 18 The founders of modern international law 22 Positivism and naturalism 24 The nineteenth century 26 The twentieth century 30 Communist approaches to international law 31 The Third World 38 International law today 42 The expanding legal scope of international concern Modern theories and interpretations 48 Positive Law and Natural Law 48 New approaches 53 Sources 65 Custom 68 Introduction 42 68 vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information viii contents The material fact 72 What is state practice? 77 Opinio juris 80 Protest, acquiescence and change in customary law Regional and local custom 87 Treaties 88 General principles of law 92 Equity and international law 99 Judicial decisions 103 Writers 105 Other possible sources of international law 107 The International Law Commission 112 Other bodies 114 Unilateral acts 114 Hierarchy of sources and jus cogens 115 84 International law and municipal law 120 The theories 121 The role of municipal rules in international law 124 International law before municipal courts 128 The United Kingdom 128 Customary international law 129 Treaties 135 The United States 143 Other countries 151 Justiciability, act of state and related doctrines 162 Executive certificates 172 The subjects of international law 175 Legal personality – introduction 175 States 177 Creation of statehood 177 Self-determination and the criteria of statehood Recognition 185 Extinction of statehood 186 The fundamental rights of states 189 Independence 189 Equality 192 Peaceful co-existence 193 Protectorates and protected states 194 © Cambridge University Press 183 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information contents Federal states 195 Sui generis territorial entities 201 Mandated and trust territories 201 Germany 1945 204 Condominium 206 International territories 207 Taiwan 211 The ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC) The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic 213 Associations of states 214 Conclusions 217 Special cases 218 The Sovereign Order of Malta 218 The Holy See and the Vatican City 218 Insurgents and belligerents 219 National liberation movements (NLMs) 220 International public companies 223 Transnational corporations 224 The right of all peoples to self-determination 225 The establishment of the legal right 225 The definition of self-determination 230 Individuals 232 International criminal responsibility 234 International organisations 241 The acquisition, nature and consequences of legal personality – some conclusions 241 ix 212 The international protection of human rights 247 The nature of human rights 247 Ideological approaches to human rights in international law 249 The development of international human rights law 252 Some basic principles 254 Domestic jurisdiction 254 The exhaustion of domestic remedies rule 254 Priorities of rights 256 Customary international law and human rights 256 The United Nations system – general 257 The protection of the collective rights of groups and individuals 262 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information x contents Prohibition of genocide 262 Prohibition of discrimination 266 The principle of self-determination as a human right 269 The protection of minorities 273 Other suggested collective rights 280 The United Nations system – implementation 281 Political bodies – general 282 The Commission on Human Rights 283 Expert bodies established by UN organs 285 The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 285 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 286 Expert bodies established under particular treaties 289 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 289 The Human Rights Committee 292 The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women 300 The Committee Against Torture 303 The Committee on the Rights of the Child 307 The Committee on the Protection of Migrant Workers 309 Conclusions 310 The specialised agencies 312 The International Labour Organisation 312 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation 315 The regional protection of human rights 319 Europe 319 The Council of Europe 319 The European Convention on Human Rights 321 The convention system 324 The European Social Charter 334 The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 337 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information contents xi The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 340 The European Union 344 The OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe) 346 The CIS Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 352 The Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina 353 The American Convention on Human Rights 354 The Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 363 The Arab Charter on Human Rights 365 Recognition 367 Recognition of states 368 Recognition of governments 376 De facto and de jure recognition 382 Premature recognition 383 Implied recognition 384 Conditional recognition 387 Collective recognition 388 Withdrawal of recognition 388 Non-recognition 390 The legal effects of recognition 393 Internationally 393 Internally 393 The UK 394 The USA 404 Territory 409 The concept of territory in international law 409 Territorial sovereignty 411 New states and title to territory 414 The acquisition of additional territory 417 Boundary treaties and boundary awards 417 Accretion 419 Cession 420 Conquest and the use of force 422 The exercise of effective control 424 Intertemporal law 429 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1274 index state immunity (cont.) employment contracts, 646–8 European Convention on State Immunity, 631 n55, 632 n61, 648, 654, 660 n217, 660 n218, 662 excluded areas, 648–9 federal states, 654–5 foreign army bases, 637 generally, 620–68 heads of state, 655–9 and human rights, 146, 638–40 immune entities, 649–55 immunity from execution, 662–6 and jus cogens, 119 meaning of state, 632 nature, 621–4 and non-justiciability, 623–34 pre-judgment attachments, 661–2 procedure, 666–7 restrictive immunity, 625, 628–31 sovereign and non-sovereign acts, 630–8 state-sponsored terrorism, 667 torts, 648 waiver, 659–61 state of emergency, 361 state responsibility absolute liability, 700, 703 acquiescence, 713 acts of private individuals, 704 attribution, 700–2 basic principle of international law, 694–6 breach of international law, 140, 149 breach of jus cogens, 720–1 civil aviation, 700 civil wars, 705–7 contractual and tortious responsibility, 695 diplomatic protection, 721–9 due diligence, 706 environment See international environmental responsibility exemptions, 707–13; consent, 707; countermeasures, 708–10; distress, 711–12; force majeure, © Cambridge University Press 695, 710–11; necessity, 712–13; self-defence, 708 expropriation, 703, 716–17 fault, 698–700 federal states, 200–1 genocide, 265 human rights breach, 362 ILC draft articles See International Law Commission insurrections, 703, 704, 705–7 international crimes, 720–1 invocation, 713–14 military action, 698, 700, 701, 705 mines, 700, 701 mob violence, 699, 703, 705–7 and nationality of claims, 721–9 nuclear activities, 801, 803 objective responsibility, 698, 700, 704 outer space activities, 482, 484 private utilities, 702 rebellions, 699 reparation, 694, 715–20 requirements, 696–8 shipping, 704 and state control, 704–5 state organs, 701–2 strict liability, 698 subjective approach, 698–700 treatment of aliens, 733–7 ultra vires acts, 702–4 waiver, 713 wrongful acts, 697; cessation, 714 state sovereignty case law, 105 CIS, 216 communist approach, 33, 34, 35 and developing countries, 35, 39 and globalisation, 47 and human rights, 47, 191, 574 and jurisdiction, 572 and justiciability, 163 legal principle, 120 and natural law, 26, 122 non-interference, 191–2, 574, 1039 origins, 13, 20, 21 positivists, 71, 121 and territory, 409 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index theories, 121–4 Third World, 251 title, 412 UN recognition, 1083 state succession assets and liabilities; 1983 Vienna Convention, 864, 890; absorption and mergers, 896; archives, 897–900; generally, 890–907; newly independent states, 894, 898, 904; private rights, 905–7; public debt, 900–4; state property, 891–7 continuity, 865–70 date of succession, 864 devolution agreements, 863, 871, 883–4 Hong Kong, 912–13 issues, 861–4 meaning, 864 membership of international organisations, 889–90 and nationality, 907–11 new Eastern European states, 375 post-war upheavals, 865–70 treaty succession; 1978 Vienna Convention, 864, 871, 873, 874, 876, 877, 878, 879–80, 881, 882, 883, 885; absorption and merger, 875–8; bilateral treaties, 882; cession of territories, 878; devolution agreements, 883–4; dissolution of states, 884–5; generally, 871–89; human rights treaties, 885–9; newly independent states, 881–4; personal treaties, 874–5; political treaties, 874–5, 876; secession, 878–81; territorially grounded treaties, 871–4, 876 unilateral declarations, 871 Yugoslavia See Yugloslavia states associations, 214–17 basis of international law, 44, 409 centrality, 251 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties, 743, 744, 1019 © Cambridge University Press 1275 creation of statehood, 177–83; membership of UN, 387, 388; and recognition, 368, 371 Draft Declaration on rights and duties, 113, 124 n11, 189 equality, 6, 120, 192–3, 194, 1083, 1089 extinction, 185–6 federal states, 105, 195–201, 574, 654–5 fundamental rights, 189–94 independence, 181–3, 189–92 and international law system, 177 interventions See interventions legal personality, 177–201 meaning, 632, 653 n174 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 178, 385 n69 papal states, 218 peaceful co-existence, 193–4 practices and customary law, 77–80 protected states, 194–5 protectorates, 194–5 recognition See recognition requirements, 178, 416; defined territories, 179; effective control, 180, 378, 379, 399; independence, 181–3; legal capacity, 181; permanent population, 178–9 rise of nation-states, 20, 21 self-determination See self-determination principle sovereignty See state sovereignty succession See state succession territorial integrity, 230, 270–1, 276 treaties with international organisations, 858–60 will of states, 28–9, 437 Stimson doctrine, 391 Stockholm Conference 1972, 755 Stockholm Declaration, 756, 758–9, 762, 771–2 stoicism, 17 Stonecutters Island, 912 straddling stocks, 556–60 straits, international straits, 512–15 Strupp, K., 121 Suárez, Francisco, 23, 1015 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1276 index subsidiarity, 330 succession and diplomatic immunity, 683 international organisations, 1214–15 states See state succession Sudan, 283, 447, 1027, 1051, 1122 Suez Canal, 461, 836, 1109 Suez crisis, 1109, 1153 sulphur emissions, 782 Sulu, Sultanate of, 993 n297 Sumeria, 14 summary executions, 283, 608 Sun Yat Sen incident, 671 Sunda, Strait of, 504 Surinam, 356 surveillance, remote sensing, 488 sustainable development emerging principle, 777–9 and human rights, 757 Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development, 755 Rio Declaration, 759 trends, 758–60 UN Commission, 755, 1092, 1221 SWAPO, 1112 n139 Sweden, 180, 226, 275, 460, 578, 884, 1077, 1174 Switzerland and BIS, 224 ECHR reservation, 824, 829 EFTA, 1174 n53 federalism, 197 immunities of international organisations, 1208 nationality law, 586 nuclear power installations, 775 n113, 798 n245 Protecting Power, 1077 and UN membership, 67, 972 Syria, 686, 876 n88, 877, 889, 1135 n259 Tadzhikistan, 375 n27, 937 Taipei, 212 Taiwan, 211, 386, 389–90 Tanganyika, 863 n6, 876 n88, 877 Tanzania, 877 taxation © Cambridge University Press consular premises, 689 diplomats, 683, 686 n378 embassies, 679 jurisdiction, 576 proceedings, 649 state representatives to international organisations, 692 Tehran Proclamation, 260 telecommunications, outer space, 486–9 terra nullius, 177, 413, 424–6, 432, 438 territorial acquisition accretion, 419–20, 421, 441 acquiescence, 437, 438, 440, 442 boundary awards, 419 boundary treaties, 417–19 cession, 420–2, 438, 441, 444 conquest, 422–4 critical dates, 431 discovery, 425, 430, 453 effective control, 424–9, 441–2 estoppel, 437, 439–40 intertemporal law, 429–30 and maps, 440–1 methods, 417–41 occupation, 424–9, 438, 441, 453, 955–6 prescription, 426–7, 428, 441, 955–6 recognition, 437–8, 442 sovereign activities, 432–6, 440, 450 subsequent conduct, 436–41 terra nullius, 413, 424–6, 438 time, 429–30 territorial integrity generally, 443–53 historic grounds for claims, 446 and humanitarian interventions, 1046 new factors, 410 principle, 410 and self-determination, 230, 270–1, 276, 443–6 UN Charter, 391, 443, 1017, 1032 and use of force, 391, 1021–2 uti possidetis doctrine, 446–51, 872 territorial seas archipelagic states, 502–5 baselines, 495–8 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index bays, 499–501 cabotage, 507 criminal jurisdiction, 130–1, 582; foreign ships, 493–5, 511–12 custom control, 507, 509 delimitation, 495–8, 575 enlargement, 491 extent, 73, 82–3, 104, 491, 495–501, 505 fishing rights, 507, 508, 509 generally, 493–512 Geneva Convention, 495, 497, 498, 499, 501, 503, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512, 516, 517, 527 historic bays, 499–500 influence of great maritime nations, 76 internal waters, 493–5 international straits, 512–15 islands, 501 legal nature, 506–7 long-standing regional economic interests, 498 marine pollution, 807 mines, 701 right of innocent passage, 498, 504, 506, 507–11 security, 507 states with adjacent/opposite coasts, 506, 527 warships, 494–5, 509–11 territorial sovereignty acquisition of title, 414–17 airspace, 463, 464, 473, 480 concept, 411–13, 761 Falkland Islands, 452–3 high seas, 490, 543 mandated and trust territories, 415 territorial seas, 506 transfer, 421 territories acquisition See territorial acquisition concept in international law, 409–11 discovery, 425, 430 disputes, categories, 413 domestic jurisdiction, 414–15 and jurisdiction, 573 © Cambridge University Press 1277 leases, 459 res communis, 413, 424, 438, 454, 481, 490 servitudes over, 460–2 sovereignty See territorial sovereignty surrenders, 138, 420–2, 442 terra nullius, 413, 424–6, 432 terrorism aircraft, 472, 476, 478 challenges, 42 Counter-Terrorism Committee, 1051, 1085, 1087, 1222 definition, 1048, 1049 detention, 331 hijacking See hijacking and human rights law, 1052–3 internal conflicts, 1073 and international law, 1048–53 jurisdiction, 590–1, 601–4 Libya, 1121–2 motivation, 1048 regional instruments, 1052 Rwanda, 1074 n103 self-defence, 1027–8 September 11, 1101 and state immunity, 667 UN Charter, 1018 UN Committee, 1050 UN conventions, 1049, 1050 UN Declaration, 1049–50 UN resolutions, 1050–2 and US courts, 146 websites, 1222 Thailand, 439, 847, 1185 thalweg principle, 451 Third World approaches to human rights, 251–2 exclusive economic zones, 492 generally, 38–41 growing importance, 107 and international law, 243 international law priorities, 733 and law of the sea, 492 non-alignment, 56 and peaceful co-existence, 193 use of force, 849; for selfdetermination, 1037, 1038 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1278 index Third World (cont.) and warships in territorial seas, 510 Thirty Years War, 1161 threats anticipatory self-defence, 1028–30 economic and political, 849, 1019 nuclear weapons, 1020 threats to peace, 1120, 1147, 1149, 1150 use of force, 1020 Timor-Leste, 211 title, territorial title, 414–17 Tobar doctrine, 379 Tokyo Convention, 601 Tokyo Tribunal, 45 Torrey Canyon, 553–4, 712, 807 n313 torts, 607–10, 648, 695, 1198 torture ACHR, 355, 356 Arab Charter, 366 civilians in wartime, 1061 Committee against Torture, 303–7 confidential inquiries, 305 Convention against Torture, 284, 304, 599, 640 crime against humanity, 596 and customary law, 257, 303, 599 definition, 304 and deportation, 304 ECHR, 322 European Convention on Torture, 337–40 Geneva Conventions, 1056, 1057, 1058 Human Rights Committee, 303 individual criminal liability, 608 Inter-American Convention on Torture, 357 internal conflicts, 1073 inter-state complaints, 305 jurisdiction, 599 jus cogens, 303 minorities, 1076 OSCE, 351 n205 prisoners of war, 1060 prohibition, 116, 256, 257, 259, 261 remedies, 304 © Cambridge University Press reports, 305 Rwanda, 1074 n103 Special Rapporteur, 306 and state immunity, 146, 640 UN investigations, 283 US courts, 145, 146 war crimes, 236, 595 trade, scope of international law, 44 trade unions, 309, 331, 334, 357 transfer of technology, deep sea mining, 566 transformation, doctrine, 129, 130, 131 transit rights, 874 Transkei, 181–2 travaux préparatoires, 141, 841, 1026 treason, 588, 592 treaties 1969 Convention See Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties 1986 Convention, 858, 859, 860 accession, 820–1 amendment, 837–8 application, 832–6; colonial application clauses, 833; conflicts between treaties, 833 n106; erga omnes obligations, 836; non-party states, 834–6; successive treaties, 833–4; territorial application, 833 between states and international organisations, 858–60 bilateral treaties, breach, 695 boundary treaties, 417–19 breaches, 853–5 categories, 871 Chinese attitude to, 37 consensus, 817 consent, 816–21, 848–50 criminal jurisdiction, 597–604 and custom, 34, 90, 835–6 definition, 88 n86, 812 denunciation, 851 dispute resolution, 858, 860, 976–8 entry into force, 831–2 extension to non-parties, 92 form, 812–13, 815 formalities, 815–16 functions, 810 growth, 89 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index implementation, federations, 198–200 incorporation in UK law, 136 international organisations, 1197–8 interpretation See interpretation of treaties interpretative declarations, 822–5 invalidity; coercion, 848–50; consequences, 850–1; corruption, 848; error, 847; fraud, 848; generally, 845–51; jus cogens, 850; municipal law, 846–7 law-making treaties, 88, 89–92 modifications, 837–8, 852 nature, 811 and non-binding agreements, 813–14 non-retroactivity, 832–3 pacta sunt servanda, 10, 29, 49, 97, 739, 811–12, 871 peace treaties, 420 procedure, 815–21 ratification, 90, 818, 819–20; France, 156–7; Japan, 160; Russia, 159; South Africa, 158; United Kingdom, 129, 138, 139, 819, 820; United States, 146–7, 820 recognition; Australian courts, 152–3; Canadian courts, 151; Cyprus, 154; Dutch courts, 156; French courts, 156–7; generally, 160–1; German courts, 155; Indian courts, 154; Irish courts, 154; Japanese courts, 160; New Zealand courts, 152; Russian courts, 159; South African courts, 157–9; UK courts, 135–43; US courts, 146–51 registration, 832 reservations, 118, 821–31; acceptance, 831; bilateral treaties, 825; compatibility, 825–6, 828; consent, 825; effect, 827–9; human rights, 360, 829–31; impermissible reservations, 828–9; procedure, 826–7; US federal reservations, 198 © Cambridge University Press 1279 secret treaties, 832 signatures, 817–18 source of international law, 6, 88–92 succession See state succession suspension, 845, 851, 852 termination, 845, 851–8; changes of circumstances, 855–8; consent, 851–2; impossibility of performance, 855; material breaches, 853–5; subsequent treaties, 852; treaty provisions as to, 851–2 terminology, 812 treaty-contracts, 88, 92 treaty-making powers, 815, 846–7 and UK courts; incorporation, 135–43; interpretation, 141–3 voidability, 117, 118, 816, 850 websites, 1220–1 withdrawal, 845, 851 Trianon, Treaty of, 903 tribes, 195, 278, 425 Triepel, H., 29, 121 Trieste, 208 Trinidad, 298 Truman Proclamation, 522, 525 trust territories, 201–4, 220, 257–8, 415, 1086, 1092 n46, 1187 Trusteeship Council, 1092–3 Tunisia, continental shelf, 529, 530, 992, 998 Tunkin, G I., 32, 33, 34, 94, 250 Turkey criminal jurisdiction over ships, 581–2, 589–90 Dardanelles and Bosphorus Straits, 515 defeat of Byzantium, 19 detention conditions, 339 n133 ECHR reservations, 829 and EU membership, 1174 n52 invasion of Cyprus, 1111 minorities, 273 n153 state succession, 902, 907 torture, 338 n125 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), 212–13, 392, 400 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1280 index Turkmenistan, 375 n27, 1181 Tuvalu, 179 Uganda, 489, 863 n6, 1033, 1044, 1146, 1150 Ukraine CIS membership, 216, 1181 OSCE mission, 937 recognition, 244, 375 n27 state succession, 196, 866 n21, 897 treaty succession, 881 and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 259 ultra vires actions, international arbitration, 957 Umma, 14 UN agencies, 1095–9 Agenda for Peace, 1094, 1100, 1109 n126, 1156 Charter, 89, 92; adoption, 1166; amendment, 837, 1085, 1086; compliance with ICJ judgments, 996; constitutional document, 1083; dispute settlement, 917, 921; good faith, 97; and non UN members, 835; precedence, 119; and regional organisations, 928; self-defence, 1025–6; self-determination principle, 226, 1037; and US courts, 148–9; use of force, 422–3, 427, 848, 1017–22, 1032 Children’s Fund, 282 collective security See collective security Colonial Declaration, 227, 229, 230, 270 n125, 443 Compensation Commission, 947–50, 1222 Council for Namibia, 222–3 Declaration on Friendly Relations and Co-operation, 191, 228, 271, 917, 1082 dispute settlement system See dispute settlement economic agencies, 1098 © Cambridge University Press Economic and Social Council See ECOSOC Economic Rights Committee, 287–9 forces, constitutionality, 1152–3 foundation, 31, 1163, 1166 General Assembly See UN General Assembly Headquarters Agreement, 150, 970, 1206–7, 1210 High Commissioner for Refugees, 282 human rights system; Centre for Human Rights, 261; Commission on Human Rights, 282, 283–5; Committee See Human Rights Committee; expert bodies, 285–310; generally, 257–81; High Commissioner, 261; implementation, 281–310; involvement, 576; political bodies, 282–5; proliferation of committees, 310, 311; resources, 310–11; sub-commission, 285–6; Universal Declaration, 259–61; Vienna Declaration, 260 n74, 280, 302, 311 immunities, 1003, 1206–12 and international territories, 208–11 and Kosovo, 209–10 legal personality, 46, 1004 n366, 1188–9 membership, 46, 387, 388 observer missions, 1107–18 peacekeeping See peacekeeping operations personnel; dismissal, 95; immunities, 692; safety, 600, 1115 purposes, 1082–3, 1165 sanctions See UN sanctions Secretariat, 1093 Secretary-General; dispute settlement, 1106–7, 1108; generally, 1093–5; mediation, 922, 1094; role, 1094; special representatives, 1107 Security Council See UN Security Council www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index system, 1082–4 and terrorism, 1049, 1050 treaty succession, 1004 n366 Trusteeship Council, 202, 1092–3 trusteeship system, 202 website, 1223 UN General Assembly and collective security, 1151–4 committees, 1091 dispute settlement, 1105, 1108 emergency sessions, 1090–1 generally, 1087–91 membership, 1087–9 powers, 1196 resolutions, 3, 39, 107–10, 1089–91 role, 1090, 1091 special sessions, 1090 voting procedure, 1089 UN sanctions Afghanistan, 1130 blockades, 1127 Croatia, 1139 Eritrea, 1130 Ethiopia, 1130 generally, 4, 1125–33 Haiti, 1122, 1123 Iraq, 478, 1126–7, 1131–3 Liberia, 1130 Libya, 670, 1127–8 Rhodesia, 4, 1125 Rwanda, 1130 Sierra Leone, 1130 smart sanctions, 1133 UK enforcement, 141 Working Group, 1085 Yugoslavia, 1128–9, 1139, 1159, 1170 UN Security Council binding resolutions, 108 blockades, 1024 collective security See collective security committees, 1085 compatibility with international law, 1148–51 dispute settlement, 1101–5; failures, 1086–7, 1100; referral of disputes, 918 © Cambridge University Press 1281 failures, 1168 generally, 1084–7 and Iraq, 1086–7 and jus cogens, 119 membership, 3, 193, 865, 1084, 1085 and PLO, 221 resolutions, 46, 1104–5 role, 3, 928–9, 1085–6 subsidiary organs, 1107 terrorism, 1050–2, 1085, 1087 Third World countries, 39 veto powers, 3, 4, 193, 1084, 1105, 1120 voting procedure, 1084–5 UNAMIC, 1113 UNAMIR, 1144–5 UNAMSIL, 1145 UNASOG, 915–16, 1114 n153 UNAVEM, 1112 UNCITRAL, 114, 942, 946, 947 UNCLOS archipelagic states, 503–4 atmospheric pollution, 783 collisions, 552 conferences, 491 conservation, 557 contiguous zones, 517 continental shelf, 524, 525, 526, 530, 536 definition of territorial seas, 495 dispute resolution, 568–71, 1005 economic pressures, 492 entry into force, 454, 492 environmental hazards, information, 772 environmental impact assessments, 774 environmental protection, 554–5, 762, 764 exclusive economic zones, 517, 519–20, 523, 556 fishing rights, 557 flag states, 545, 548, 589, 729 generally, 492–3 high seas, 543; peaceful uses, 544 hot pursuit, 551 implementation, 492 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1282 index UNCLOS (cont.) international straits, 513, 514 landlocked states, 541 marine pollution, 765, 766, 807 piracy, 549, 593 principles, 492 ratifications, 492 right of innocent passage, 508, 509, 510 seabed, 454, 542, 561–3, 565–6, 898 slave trade, 550 straddling stocks, 557 territorial seas, 498 n32, 527; civil jurisdiction, 511; criminal jurisdiction, 511; warships, 512; width, 505, 506 tribunal See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) unauthorised broadcasting, 548, 550 warships’ right of approach, 548–9 UNCRO, 1141 UNCTAD, 114, 1092 UNDRO, 799–800 UNEF, 1109, 1110 n131, 1111 n134 UNEP, 282, 755, 774 n109, 1092 UNESCO binding decisions, 1096 and disappeared persons, 317 dispute resolution, 316 function, 316, 1097 human rights, 315–18 protection of cultural minorities, 486 reports, 317 satellite broadcasting, 487 source of law, 114 and state succession to archives, 897 structure, 316 US withdrawal, 1096 World Heritage List, 199 UNIIMOG, 1127 n221 UNIKOM, 1113 unilateral acts, 114–15 UNISOM II, 1143–4 UNITA, 1112 n138 UNITAF, 1143 United Arab Emirates, 1135 n259 © Cambridge University Press United Arab Republic, 876 n88, 878, 884, 889 United Kingdom administrative treaties, 138 airspace, sovereignty, 463 Antarctic claims, 456 archipelagic state, 503 and Bermuda Agreement, 468 bilateral investment treaties, 747–9 bilateral nuclear agreements, 799 and Burmese independence, 415 cession of territory, 138 Channel Tunnel agreement, 582–3 civil jurisdiction, 578 conduct of war, 138 continental shelf, 529, 530 Corfu Channel See Corfu Channel criminal jurisdiction, 588, 590; illegal arrests, 606 Crown prerogative, 723, 815, 819 deep sea mining, 563–4, 565 diplomatic immunity, 674, 677, 679–80, 682, 686 diplomatic protection, 723–4, 729 Dogger Bank incident, 923–4 Dover Straits, 514 EU membership, 1174 executive certificates, 172–3 extradition, 611 n1987 and extraterritorial jurisdiction, 615 and Falkland Islands, 452–3 fishing limits, 517 and flag states, 546–7 Foreign Office certificates, 172–3 and freedom of the seas, 544–5 and Hong Kong, 459 humanitarian intervention, 1047 n175 and Iceland fishing zone, 518, 936, 988 ICJ jurisdiction, 974–5 immunities of international organisations, 1208, 1211 inhuman treatment, 331 international law in UK courts; customary law, 129–35; generally, 128–43; no conflict presumption, www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index 139–40; statutory interpretation, 141–3; treaties, 135–43 and Iraq, 1046, 1087, 1101, 1136, 1137, 1138 Irish independence, 903 Jay Treaty, 733, 952 justiciability, 163–9 and law of the sea, 75 legal personality of international organisations, 1190–2 liability of international organisations, 1202–4 Libyan embassy, 673 Minquiers and Ecrehos islands, 428 Mox arbitration, 954, 1009 and Namibia, 204 nationality law, 586 Nauru trusteeship, 1187 and New Hebrides, 206 Nigeria, sale of arms to, 1043 n154 North Atlantic fisheries, 461 and Norwegian territorial seas, 496 nuclear power installations, 798 n245 Orders in Council, 141, 654, 1190, 1192, 1211, 1212 n223 outer space law, 484 n87 and post-war Germany, 205 Privy Council, 702 ratification of treaties, 129, 138, 139, 819, 820 recognition of governments, 377–8, 381; Cambodia, 389; China, 399; Ciskei, 402; GDR, 393, 399–400; legal effects, 394–403; North Vietnam, 385 n70; Rhodesia, 400; Somalia, 403; Soviet Union, 390; Spain, 382, 397–8; Taiwan, 386; Turkish Cyprus, 400 recognition of states, 370; Macedonia, 386 Red Crusader incident, 924 self-defence, 1035 separation of powers, 11 state immunity, 164, 173, 625–30, 639–42, 646–55, 661–3, 666–7 supremacy of Parliament, 49 © Cambridge University Press 1283 and Taiwan, 211 territorial seas, 498, 505–6, 514 and Torrey Canyon, 712 torture committed abroad, 599 treaty reservations, 830 n94 and treaty succession, 885 treaty-making powers, 815, 816 UK–France 1903 arbitration agreement, 953 n16 UN Security Council membership, 3, 193, 1084 and UNCLOS, 563 and USRR expropriations, 750 withdrawal from UNESCO, 1097 n72 United Nations See UN United States acts of state, 170–2 aircraft intrusions, 710 Alaska purchase, 422 Alien Tort Claims Act, 145, 146, 607–10 American Foreign Assistance Act, 1022 and Antarctic, 456 anti-terrorism, 609 n183, 638 anti-trust laws, 612, 614 Arctic territory, 456 Bryan treaties, 924 Byrd Amendment, 149 Canada–US Air Quality Agreement, 783 n167 Canadian boundaries, 957 and China, 211 civil aviation, liability rules, 471 civil jurisdiction, 578 Civil War, 404–5, 952 and consular protection, 689, 714, 995–6 and continental shelf, 521, 522, 525 criminal jurisdiction, 590, 591; illegal arrests, 605 and Cuba, 8, 616, 1024 D’Amato Act, 617 death row, 332 deep sea mining, 564, 565 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1284 index United States (cont.) diplomatic immunity, 685; driving offences, 682 n344; waiver, 687 diplomatic relations, with Arab states, 390 embassies, 672–3 exclusive economic zones, 521 executive agreements, 147 and expropriations, 743, 1022 extradition, 611 n1987 extraterritorial jurisdiction, 612–18 federal government, 197–8 and flag states, 546–7 and Gulf of Maine, 531, 964–5 Gulf War, 1135 n259 Helms–Burton legislation, 616–17, 618 hostages in Cambodia, 1033 and Hudson Bay, 499 human rights, 145–6 human rights treaties, 361 ICJ jurisdiction, 981, 982 immunities of international organisations, 1207, 1211 international law in US courts; customary law, 143–6; generally, 143–51; legislative presumption, 149–50; no conflict presumption, 145; treaties, 146–51 and international terrorism, 603 Iranian airplane incident, 477 Jay Treaty, 733, 952 justiciability, 169–72 and League of Nations, 30 Letelier case, 624, 648, 667, 924–5 Litvinov Agreement, 147 Maine incident, 923 n44 Mexican boundaries, 427 Middle East mediation, 922 and Namibia, 204 and Nicaragua, 608 North Atlantic fisheries, 461 outer space information, 488 outer space law, 76, 484 n87 and Palmas Island, 421, 433 and Panama, 584 n49 and Philippines, 421 and PLO, 1207 © Cambridge University Press political questions, 169–72 and post-war Germany, 205 race discrimination, 148 ratification of treaties, 146–7, 820 recognition of governments, 380; Angola, 404; Central America, 379; China, 385, 389; communist states, 368, 370; Estonia, 405, 407; GDR, 406; Iran, 406; legal effects, 404–8; Soviet Union, 387, 405; Taiwan, 389–90 recognition of states, 368–9, 373–4; Baltic states, 391, 866; Bosnia, 384; new Eastern European states, 375 Revolution, 26 and Russian–Japanese War, 922 separation of powers, 11 sphere of influence, 56 state immunity, 627–8, 629–30, 638–9, 642–6, 648, 652, 661, 663 state responsibility, Nicaragua, 701 and state succession, 872 and Taiwan, 211 and territorial waters, 500, 501; right of innocent passage, 510 Texas secession from Mexico, 902 treaty ratification, 146–7 treaty reservations, 830 n94 and treaty succession, 875, 878, 880 treaty-making powers, 815 trust territories, 202 and UN; veto power, 3, 193, 1084, 1088 n27; withdrawal from agencies, 1096, 1097 n72 and UNCLOS, 563 use of force; Afghanistan, 1027, 1028; Grenada, 1033, 1042, 1155; Iraq, 1034, 1046, 1087, 1101, 1135 n259, 1138; Korea, 1134; Libya, 1033; Nicaragua, 1071; Panama, 1033, 1042, 1048; self-defence, 1026–7, 1029; Vietnam, 8, 922, 1041 US–Mexico General Claims Convention 1923, 731 US–Nicaragua Treaty of Friendship, 977 West Indian territories, 422 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 45, 259–61 Universal Postal Union, 28, 219, 1098 n74, 1163 universality of law, 17, 41 UNMIH, 1113 n153 UNMIK, 209–10 UNMISET, 211 UNMOP, 1113 n152 UNMOVIC, 1132, 1138 UNOMIL, 1158 UNOMUR, 1144 UNOSOM, 1143–4 UNPREDEP, 1141 UNPROFOR, 1139–42, 1159 UNSCOB, 1109 UNSCOM, 1132 UNSMIH, 1113 n153 UNTAC, 208, 1113 UNTAES, 209 n164, 1113 n151 UNTAET, 210, 1114 UNTAG, 1112 n139 UNTSO, 1109 Upper Silesia, 233, 273 n153, 734, 742, 905–6 Uruguay, 298, 356, 941 Uruguay Round, 939, 940, 1167 use of force acquisition of territories, 422–4 aggression, 238, 392, 596 anti-terrorism, 1048–53 blockades, 1016, 1024 categories, 1022–36 Chapter VII measures, 1133–8 collective self-defence, 1035–6 economic and political threats, 849, 1019 high seas, 1010 independence, 415, 1017, 1021–2 internal order, 1020 interventions, 1039–48 just war, 1013–17 meaning, 849, 1019–21 proportionality, 1015, 1020 protections of nationals abroad, 1032–4 reprisals, 1023–4 retorsion, 1022 © Cambridge University Press 1285 role in international law, 4–5 self-defence, 4, 5, 423, 1015, 1017, 1024–32 and self-determination, 1036–9; third party assistance, 1038–9 territorial integrity, 443, 1017, 1021–2 threats, 1020 UN Charter, 422–3, 1017–22 UN forces; Chapter VII measures, 1133–8; non-enforcement situations, 1138–46 and validity of treaties, 848–50 usque ad coelum, 464, 479, 480 uti possidetis, 446–51, 872 Uzbekistan, 375 n27 values, world order, 58–9 Vanuatu, 207 Vatican City, 218–19 Vattel, Emmerich de, 25–6, 106 Venezuela, 736, 952, 955 Venice, 421 Versailles Treaty, 233, 234, 253, 371, 461, 656, 841 n150 Vienna, Congress of, 26, 28, 1162 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 361–2, 678, 688–90, 977, 996 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 89, 90, 669–76, 677, 679–87, 977 Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties acceptance, 820 accession, 820–1 adoption, 817 amendments, 837 application; successive treaties, 833; third parties, 834, 835, 836 approval, 820 binding of parties, 833 breaches of treaty, 853, 854 changes of circumstances, 856–7, 873 consent, 817 consent by exchange of instruments, 818–19 consent by signature, 817 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1286 index Vienna Convention on Law (cont.) countermeasures, 708 dispute settlement, 858, 860 entry into force, 811, 832 and federal states, 197 and ILC, 113 interpretation, 839, 841, 844, 1194 jus cogens, 850 meaning of treaty, 88 n86 ratification, 820 registration, 832 reservations, 821, 826–8, 829, 830 scope, 814 suspension, 845 termination, 845, 851–2, 855, 856–8 treaties between states and international organisations, 859, 860 treaty-making powers, 815, 1197 validity of treaties, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850 void treaties, 850, 851 withdrawal, 845 Vietnam, 8, 56, 377, 385 n70, 899, 1088 n27, 1185 Vietnam war, 594, 922, 1117 violence See use of force Vitoria, Francisco, 22, 1014 Vojvodina, 937 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 782 Vyshinsky, 33 wadis, 451 n241 Waldock, Humphrey, 871–2 war See armed conflicts war crimes breach of Geneva Conventions, 1077–8 definition, 1078 Hague Conferences, 1054 individual criminal liability, 608, 1078 individual criminal responsibility, 45, 235 © Cambridge University Press and International Criminal Court, 238 International Law Commission, 237 international tribunals, 1130 UK jurisdiction, 588 universal jurisdiction, 594–5, 597 Warsaw Convention, 469–73 Warsaw Pact, 46, 56, 1035, 1087, 1168, 1185 warships jurisdiction, 494–5, 512, 548 right of passage in territorial seas, 509–11 rights of approach, 548 US Civil War, 952 watercourses See international watercourses weapons banned weapons, 1068 choice of weapons in war, 1065, 1080 legality, 190 nuclear See nuclear weapons outer space, 482 post-war Germany, 206 weapons of mass destruction, 47 n16, 482, 1131, 1223 West Bank, 221, 222, 1061 West Indies, Associated States of the West Indies, 214 Western Asia, 1092 Western European Union, 1170–1, 1223 Western Sahara, 229, 424–5, 435, 446, 922 n39, 931, 1002, 1113 Western Sirmium, 1113 Westphalia, Peace of, 25, 1015, 1161 Wilson, Woodrow, 225, 379, 380 n45 witnesses diplomats, 683 International Court of Justice, 985 women Commission on Status of Women, 282 Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 300 health, 301 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information index human rights, 302 and international law, 63 nationality, 587 pregnant women and death penalty, 296 rights, 261 stoning, 332 UN Commission on Status of Women, 1092 UN Committee on Elimination of Discrimination, 300–3 Vienna Declaration, 302 violence against, 301, 302, 358 works of art, 236 World Bank dissolution powers, 1213 FDI guidelines, 744 generally, 40, 1098, 1099 Global Environmental Facility, 755–6, 783, 789 Inspection Panel System, 943 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 751–2 succession of Soviet assets, 897 websites, 1221–2 World Food Council, 282 World Food Programme, 243, 1098 World Health Organisation, 1003, 1096, 1097, 1193, 1196, 1223 World Intellectual Property Organisation, 1098 n74 World Meteorological Organisation, 1098 n74 World Trade Organisation (WTO), and Chinese Taipei, 212 World War I, 30, 56, 371, 832, 1016 World War II, 56, 253, 588 writers, 105–7 WTO, 940–1, 1167–8 Wye River, 222 Yaron, Amos, 596 n103 Yemen, 187, 868, 889 Youndé Convention, 1173 Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission, 959 borders of new states, 271 © Cambridge University Press 1287 Bosnian claim, damages, 994 n306 break-up, 178, 180, 185, 187–9, 885, 1088 Chinese embassy in Belgrade, 673 dissolution of state, 188 EU Declaration, 375 and European organisations, 1156 n356 exclusion zones, 1141 federal state, 196 genocide, 263–6 human rights, 259 IFOR, 1142, 1159 individual criminal responsibility, 656 international investigations, 290, 294 Kosovo, 209–10, 673, 1046–7 and meaning of state, 178 NATO involvement, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1159–60, 1170 no-fly zone, 1140 OSCE mission, 937 recognition of new states, 181 n24, 371, 372, 373, 375, 383, 384 Red Cross work, 1078–9 social ownership, 892 state responsibility, 695–6, 704–5 state succession, 696, 865; archives, 900; army pensions, 354 n217; assets, 891, 892–3, 895; date, 864, 892; debts, 904; generally, 866–8; nationality, 908–9, 911; principles, 863; UN membership, 1088–9 torture, 303 treaty succession, 885; Genocide Convention, 970, 990; human rights, 886–9 UN sanctions, 1128–9, 1139, 1159, 1170 and UN Security Council, 1121, 1128–9 UN use of force, 1139–42 UNPROFOR, 1139, 1159 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Index More information 1288 index Yugoslavia (cont.) and uti possidetis doctrine, 448–9 war crimes, 237 War Crimes Tribunal, 45, 141, 238–9, 263, 596, 656; meaning of armed conflict, 1069–71; meaning of war crime, 1078 WEU role, 1171 © Cambridge University Press Zaire, 489, 561, 1112 n139, 1146 Zambezi River, 794 n226 Zambia, 687 Zanzibar, 876 n88, 877 Zimbabwe, 184, 676–7, 1044, 1125 Zouche, Richard, 24–5 Zubarah, 975 www.cambridge.org [...]... Court 1000 The role of the Court 1004 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 1005 Proliferation of courts and tribunals 1011 20 International law and the use of force by states 1013 Law and force from the ‘just war’ to the United Nations 1013 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More... consequence of the increasing instability of international xxiii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information xxiv preface relations has been the attention given to international law and the notion of international legitimacy The fourth edition that appeared in 1997 has been extensively... Congo 1044 Humanitarian intervention 1045 Terrorism and international law 1048 21 International humanitarian law 1054 Development 1054 The scope of protection under the Geneva Conventions system 1056 The conduct of hostilities 1063 Armed conflicts: international and internal 1068 Non -international armed conflict 1072 Enforcement of humanitarian law 1076 Conclusion 1079 22 The United Nations 1082 The... aspects of international organisations 1186 Personality 1187 The constituent instruments 1193 The Powers of international institutions 1195 The applicable law 1198 The responsibility of international institutions 1199 Liability of member states 1201 The accountability of international institutions 1204 Privileges and immunitie 1205 Dissolution 1213 Succession 1214 Some useful international law websites... University Press 1216 1225 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information PREFACE In the quarter-century since this book first appeared, there have been few moments of uncertainty as to the direction of international relations and international law to compare with the early years of the twenty-first century Globalisation... Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information contents xv The Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organisations of a Universal Character, 1975 691 The immunities of international organisations 692 Internationally protected persons 692 14 State responsibility... foundation of this work Malcolm N Shaw QC Faculty of Law University of Leicester Spring 2003 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information TABLE OF CASES Note : Figures in square brackets refer to volume and page of the Annual Digest /International Law Reports where cited cases are reproduced... Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information xviii contents Conciliation 925 International institutions and dispute settlement 928 Regional organisations and the United Nations 928 The African Union (Organisation of African Unity) 930 The Organisation of American Statese 934 The Arab League 935 Europe 936 International organisations and... 1147 The Security Council, international law and the International Court of Justice 1148 The role of the General Assembly 1151 The UN and regional arrangements and agencies 1154 23 International institutions 1161 Historical development 1161 Approaches to international institutions 1164 Institutions of a universal character 1166 The League of Nations 1166 The United Nations 1166 International economic organisations... Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 751 15 International environmental law 753 State responsibility and the environment 760 The basic duty of states 760 The appropriate standard 762 Damage caused 765 Liability for damage caused by private persons © Cambridge University Press 768 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information ... 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information INTERNATIONAL LAW FIFTH EDITION This fifth edition of Malcolm Shaw’s bestselling textbook on international law. .. of International Law at the University of Leicester, and a practising barrister © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521824737 - International Law, Fifth Edition. .. Edition Malcolm N Shaw Frontmatter More information INTERNATIONAL LAW Fifth edition MALCOLM N SHAW QC Sir Robert Jennings Professor of International Law University of Leicester © Cambridge University