This sentence is taken from the foreword to a book I co-authored back in 1998. The book is entitled Hypermedia – An Engineering Approach and the statement was made by John B. Smith, Professor at Chapel Hill NC.
Web Engineering The Discipline of Systematic Development of Web Applications Edited by Gerti Kappel, Birgit Pr ¨ oll, Siegfried Reich, Werner Retschitzegger Web Engineering Web Engineering The Discipline of Systematic Development of Web Applications Edited by Gerti Kappel, Birgit Pr ¨ oll, Siegfried Reich, Werner Retschitzegger Copyright 2003 by dpunkt.verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany. Title of the German original: Web-Engineering ISBN: 3-89864-234-8 Translation copyright 2006 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved. Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Web engineering / Gerti Kappel .[et al.]. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01554-4 ISBN-10: 0-470-01554-3 1. Web services. 2. Web site development. I. Kappel, Gerti. TK5105.88813.W395 2006 006.7 6–dc22 2006001395 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01554-4 ISBN-10: 0-470-01554-3 Typeset in 10/12pt TimesNewRomanPS by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell & Bain, Glasgow This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. v Contents Preface xv Foreword xvii 1 An Introduction to Web Engineering 1 Gerti Kappel, Birgit Pr ¨ oll, Siegfried Reich, Werner Retschitzegger 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Categories of Web Applications . 4 1.3 Characteristics of Web Applications . 7 1.3.1 Product-related Characteristics . 8 1.3.2 Usage-related Characteristics 12 1.3.3 Development-related Characteristics .14 1.3.4 Evolution 16 1.4 Objectives and Structure of the Book .17 2 Requirements Engineering for Web Applications 23 Paul Gr ¨ unbacher 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Fundamentals 24 2.2.1 Where Do Requirements Come From? .24 2.2.2 Requirements Engineering Activities 25 2.3 RE Specifics in Web Engineering .26 2.4 Principles for RE of Web Applications .30 2.5 Adapting RE Methods to Web Application Development .32 vi Contents 2.5.1 Requirement Types 32 2.5.2 Notations 34 2.5.3 Tools 36 2.6 Outlook 37 3 Modeling Web Applications 39 Wieland Schwinger, Nora Koch 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Fundamentals 40 3.3 Modeling Specifics in Web Engineering 41 3.3.1 Levels .41 3.3.2 Aspects 42 3.3.3 Phases .42 3.3.4 Customization .43 3.4 Modeling Requirements 43 3.5 Content Modeling 45 3.5.1 Objectives .45 3.5.2 Concepts 45 3.6 Hypertext Modeling 46 3.6.1 Objectives .47 3.6.2 Hypertext Structure Modeling Concepts .47 3.6.3 Access Modeling Concepts 49 3.6.4 Relation to Content Modeling . 50 3.7 Presentation Modeling 51 3.7.1 Objectives .51 3.7.2 Concepts 51 3.7.3 Relation to Hypertext Modeling .52 3.8 Customization Modeling .53 3.8.1 Objectives .54 3.8.2 Concepts 54 3.8.3 Relation to Content, Hypertext, and Presentation Modeling 58 3.9 Methods and Tools .58 Contents vii 3.9.1 Modeling Methods: An Overview . 58 3.9.2 Model-Driven Development .61 3.9.3 Tool Support 61 3.10 Outlook 63 4 Web Application Architectures 65 Christian Eichinger 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Fundamentals 66 4.2.1 What is an Architecture? 66 4.2.2 Developing Architectures 67 4.2.3 Categorizing Architectures 69 4.3 Specifics of Web Application Architectures .70 4.4 Components of a Generic Web Application Architecture 71 4.5 Layered Architectures 72 4.5.1 2-Layer Architectures .72 4.5.2 N-Layer Architectures 73 4.6 Data-aspect Architectures 79 4.6.1 Database-centric Architectures 80 4.6.2 Architectures for Web Document Management 80 4.6.3 Architectures for Multimedia Data .81 4.7 Outlook 84 5 Technology-aware Web Application Design 85 Gerhard Austaller, Andreas Hartl, Markus Lauff, Fernando Lyardet, Max M ¨ uhlh ¨ auser 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Web Design from an Evolutionary Perspective .89 5.2.1 Background .89 5.2.2 Information Design: An Authoring Activity .90 5.2.3 Software Design: A Programming Activity 92 5.2.4 Merging Information Design and Software Design .93 [...]... topics are e.g Web Site Engineering (Powell et al 1998, Schwickert 1997), Hypermedia Engineering (Lowe and Hall 1999), Document 1 For an overview cf (http://www.webengineering.org) 4 An Introduction to Web Engineering Engineering (Glushko and McGrath 2002), Content Engineering (Reich and G¨ ntner 2005), and u Internet Software Engineering (Balasubramaniam et al 2002) In comparison, Web Engineering ... Modern Web applications are full-fledged, complex software systems Therefore, the development of Web applications requires a methodologically sound engineering approach Based on Software Engineering, Web Engineering comprises the use of systematic and quantifiable approaches in order to accomplish the specification, implementation, operation, and maintenance of highquality Web applications We distinguish Web. .. jointly work out the essential characteristics of Web applications and to take a comprehensive view on the Web Engineering issues based on traditional software engineering activities What do we need a separate Web Engineering discipline for? Current practice towards the development of Web applications is often characterized by an ad-hoc approach, lacking engineering- type development methods Since the... (Naur and Randell 1968) – the Web crisis (Ginige and Murugesan 2001a) Due to the omnipresence of Web applications and their strong cross-dependency, this Web crisis could be considerably more serious and widespread than the software crisis of the 1960s (Murugesan 2000, Lowe and Hall 1999, Retschitzegger et al 2002) This is the challenge Web Engineering seeks to address Web Engineering is not a one-time... on this definition and on (Deshpande et al 2002) we define Web Engineering as follows: 1) Web Engineering is the application of systematic and quantifiable approaches (concepts, methods, techniques, tools) to cost-effective requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, operation, and maintenance of high-quality Web applications 2) Web Engineering is also the scientific discipline concerned with... applications is the way in which the Web is used, i.e its technologies and standards are used as a development platform and as a user platform at the same time A Web application can therefore be defined as follows: 2 An Introduction to Web Engineering A Web application is a software system based on technologies and standards of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that provides Web specific resources such as... accurate – it is not the Web that is engineered, but rather Web applications But Web Applications Engineering does not quite have the same ring to it From the point of view of Software Engineering, the development of Web applications is a new application domain (Glass 2003, Kautz and Nørbjerg 2003) Despite some similarities to traditional applications, the special characteristics of Web applications require... now describe the relevant features of these categories Document centric Web sites are the precursor to Web applications Web pages are stored on a Web server as ready-made, i.e static, HTML documents and sent to the Web client in response to a request These Web pages are usually updated manually using respective tools Especially for Web sites requiring frequent changes or for sites with huge numbers of... Additionally, there is a danger 6 An Introduction to Web Engineering of inconsistencies, as some content is frequently represented redundantly on several Web pages for easy access The main benefits are the simplicity and stability of such Web sites and the short response time, as the pages are already stored on the Web server Static homepages, webcasts, and simple web presences for small businesses belong in... Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK, Bourque and Dupuis 2005), i.e the individual chapters follow the structuring of traditional Software Engineering Each of the contributions focuses on the special characteristics of the relevant topic in relation to the Web The following section defines the categories of Web applications Section 1.3 expands on this by describing the special characteristics of Web . Werner Retschitzegger Web Engineering Web Engineering The Discipline of Systematic Development of Web Applications Edited by Gerti. Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Web engineering / Gerti Kappel ...[et al.]. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01554-4 ISBN-10: 0-470-01554-3 1. Web services. 2. Web site development.