Bài giảng BIODIVERSITY

Bài giảng BIODIVERSITY INTRODUCTION The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G Rosen in 1986 The biosphere comprises of a complex collections of innumerable organisms, known as the Biodiversity, which constitute the vital life support for survival of human race Biological diversity, abbreviated as biodiversity, represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multi cellular organisms such as plants, fishes, and mammals at various biological levels including gens, habitats, and ecosystem Biodiversity What does “Bio” means? Life Bio = Biodiversity What does “Diversity” means? Diversity = Variety CONCEPT AND TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY   Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things As defined in convention on Biological diversity singed at Rio De Jenerio (Brazil) in 1992 by 154 countries, the Biodiversity defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic eco-systems and the ecological complexes of which the area part- this include diversity with in species, between species and of ecosystem.”  According to IUCN in 1998, “the variety and variability of species of their population, the variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction and their ecological process which influences perform.” There are three types of biodiversity  Diversity of Species  Diversity of Ecosystem  Diversity of Genes Species diversity •The number or variety of species in a particular region •Species richness = number of species •Evenness, or relative abundance = extent to which numbers of different species are equal or skewed •Species = a particular type of organism; a population or group of populations whose members share certain characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring Figure 15.2 Ecosystem diversity •Includes diversity above the species level •Biologists have viewed diversity above the species level in various ways Some alternative ways to categorize it include: » » » Community diversity Habitat diversity Landscape diversity Figure 15.2 Genetic diversity Includes the differences in DNA composition among individuals within a given species •Adaptation to particular environmental conditions may weed out genetic variants that are not successful •But populations benefit from some genetic diversity, so as to avoid inbreeding or disease epidemics Figure 15.2 Illegal Killing and Trading of Wildlife • • • • • Poaching endangers many larger animals, rare plants Over two-thirds die in transit Illegal trade $6–$10 billion per year Wild species depleted by pet trade Exotic plants often illegally gathered Elephant is poached for teeth White Rhinoceros Poached for Its Horn CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY   • •  Biodiversity inventories Conserving Biodiversity in protected HabitatsIn situ conservation Ex situ conservation Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA Bank zoo Gene Bank Bandhavgarh National Park  Restoration of Biodiversity  Imparting Environmental Education  Enacting, strengthening and enforcing Environmental Legislation  Population Control  Reviewing the agriculture practice  Controlling Urbanization  Conservation through Biotechnology Biodiversity In situConservation Conservation approaches • • In-situ Involves protection of natural areas with high biodiversity • • Ex-situ here we conserve biodiversity in an artificial setting www.indiantiger.org www.plantlife.org Insitu conservation • • At present we have major Biosphere reserves, 88 National parks , 490 sanctuaries The Biosphere reserves conserve some representative ecosystems as a whole for long- term in –situ conservation Within the Biosphere reserves we may have one or more National parks • EX Nilgiri Biosphere reserve has two National parks Bandipur and Nagarhole National Park Few Examples of Biosphere reserves Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka Nanda Devi Uttaranchal Nokrerk Meghalaya Manas Assam Sunderbans West Bengal The national parks and sanctuaries A National Park is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its environment A national park has a defined boundary, through which no person can get into the park without an approval Only an approved person can enter into a national park, either via paying a visitor ticket or an approved letter from the governing body EX Gir National Park , Gujarat (Indian Lion) Bandipur National Park , Karnataka (Elephant) Kanha National Park , M.P (Tiger) A wildlife sanctuary is a declared protected area, where killing, shooting, hunting or capturing of animals is completely The ownership of this type of protected area could lie in the hands of either a government or in any private organization or person, provided the regulations are governed by the government However, it is not physically fenced to restrict the public from entering and roaming inside a wildlife sanctuary for research, educational, inspirational, and recreational purposes EX Ghana Bird Sanctuary ,Rajasthan (Major wild life –birds) Mudamalai Wild life Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu (Tiger, elephant, Leopard) Jaldapara Wild life Sanctuary, W.Bengal (Rhinoceros, Tiger, elephant) Introduction to ex-situ conservation  Involves taking an animal or plant out of its habitat and placing it in human care  This term covers old methods such as zoos, as well as new methods such as seed banks and gene banks  Ex-situ conservation may not be the ideal method but often the only answer The sides to ex-situ conservation  Zoos, parks and botanical gardens  Seed banks  Gene banks  NBAGR (National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, located at Karnal,Haryana)  NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, located in New Delhi) Cryopreservation Seed Bank  Rapid progress made Great potential for conservation Using liquid Nitrogen at -196 C BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA Categories No of Indian Species % of Indian species Evaluated Species Threatened In India Mammals 386 59 41% Birds 1219 _ 7% Reptiles 495 73 46% Amphibians 207 79 57% Freshwater Fish 700 46 70% Source- Based on Kumar et.al 2000 CONCLUSION Biodiversity is our life If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment Long-term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level [...]...DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY       Flora and fauna diversity depends onClimate Altitude Soils Presence of other species Most of the biodiversity concentrated in Tropical region BIODIVERSITY AND BALANCE OF NATURE  Tropic Level: Elimination of species from tropic level can cause destruction of ecosystem as well as biodiversity Plants in forest Complex Ecosystem:... richness increases the temporal while the biomass is warming stability of the entire community stabilized Insurance Hypothesis: Biodiversity buffers ecosystem global their neighbors through amelioration against environmental changes such as Benefits of biodiversity •Preserving biodiversity preserves ecosystem services, and directly provides things of pragmatic value to us – – – – – – – – – – • Food, fuel,... fertility • Pollination • Pest control • Genetic resources Benefits of biodiversity: Food security Many species not now commonly used for food could be .Genetic diversity within crop species and their relatives enhances our agriculture and provides insurance against losses of prevalent strains of staple crops Figure 15.11 Benefits of biodiversity: Medicine •Many species can provide novel medicines; we ... habitats, and ecosystem Biodiversity What does “Bio” means? Life Bio = Biodiversity What does “Diversity” means? Diversity = Variety CONCEPT AND TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY   Biodiversity is the variety... DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY       Flora and fauna diversity depends onClimate Altitude Soils Presence of other species Most of the biodiversity concentrated in Tropical region BIODIVERSITY. .. Insurance Hypothesis: Biodiversity buffers ecosystem global their neighbors through amelioration against environmental changes such as Benefits of biodiversity •Preserving biodiversity preserves