Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PRESS ® Erdener Kaynak, PhD Executive Editor New, Recent, and Forthcoming Titles: International Business Expansion into Less-Developed Countries: The International Finance Corporation and Its Operations by James C Baker Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing edited by Nicolas Papadopoulos and Louise A Heslop The Global Business: Four Key Marketing Strategies edited by Erdener Kaynak Multinational Strategic Alliances edited by Refik Culpan Market Evolution in Developing Countries: The Unfolding of the Indian Market by Subhash C Jain A Guide to Successful Business Relations with the Chinese: Opening the Great Wall’s Gate by Huang Quanyu, Richard Andrulis, and Chen Tong Industrial Products: A Guide to the International Marketing Economics Model by Hans Jansson Euromarketing: Effective Strategies for International Trade and Export edited by Salah S Hassan and Erdener Kaynak How to Utilize New Information Technology in the Global Marketplace: A Basic Guide edited by Fahri Karakaya and Erdener Kaynak International Negotiating: A Primer for American Business Professionals by Michael Kublin The Eight Core Values of the Japanese Businessman: Toward an Understanding of Japanese Management by Yasutaka Sai Implementation of Total Quality Management: A Comprehensive Training Program by Rolf E Rogers An International Accounting Practice Set: The Karissa Jean’s Simulation by David R Peterson and Nancy Schendel Privatization and Entrepreneurship: The Managerial Challenge in Central and Eastern Europe by Arieh Ullmann and Alfred Lewis U.S Trade, Foreign Direct Investments, and Global Competitiveness by Rolf Hackmann Business Decision Making in China by Huang Quanyu, Joseph Leonard, and Chen Tong International Management Leadership: The Primary Competitive Advantage by Raimo W Nurmi and John R Darling The Trans-Oceanic Marketing Channel: A New Tool for Understanding Tropical Africa’s Export Agriculture by H Laurens van der Laan Handbook of Cross-Cultural Marketing by Paul A Herbig Guide to Software Export: A Handbook for International Software Sales by Roger Philips Executive Development and Organizational Learning for Global Business edited by J Bernard Keys and Robert M Fulmer Contextual Management: A Global Perspective by Raghbir (Raj) S Basi Japan and China: The Meeting of Asia’s Economic Giants by Kazua John Fukuda Export Savvy: From Basics to Strategy by Zak Karamally Strategic Networks: The Art of Japanese Interfirm Cooperation by Frank-Jürgen Richter Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures by Belay Seyoum Globalization of Business: Practice and Theory by Abbas J Ali Internationalization of Companies from Developing Countries by John Kuada and Olav Jull Sørensen Guanxi: Relationship Marketing in a Chinese Context by Y H Wong and Thomas K P Leung Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments by Kamal Dean Parhizgar Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments Kamal Dean Parhizgar, PhD International Business Press® An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc New York • London • Oxford Published by International Business Press®, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580 © 2002 by The Haworth Press, Inc All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Printed in the United States of America Company and personal names mentioned in case studies have been changed to protect confidentiality Cover design by Jennifer M Gaska Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parhizgar, Kamal Dean Multicultural behavior and global business environments / Kamal Dean Parhizgar p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7890-1261-8 (alk paper) — ISBN 0-7890-1262-6 (alk paper) Corporate culture Multiculturalism International business enterprises—Management Intercultural communication I Title HD58.7 P376 2001 658'.049—dc21 00-050548 To my wife Ozra Mitra Esfandiari and my children, Suzan, Robert, and Fuzhan with whom I have a very happy life ABOUT THE AUTHOR Kamal Dean Parhizgar, PhD, is Professor of Management and International Business Strategy at Texas A&M International University, Laredo Previously in the United States, he taught at California State University campuses in Hayward, Dominguez Hills, and Los Angeles; The University of the District of Columbia; George Mason University; Georgetown University; YMCA College in Chicago; as well as at Iranian colleges and universities Before the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, he served as the Director of the Iranian Scientific Research Center for the Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education Professor Parhizgar obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from The University of Shiraz and The University of Teheran, and his PhD in 1972 from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois His postdoctoral fellowship was at Northwestern University in 1983, and he spent his Hospital Administrative Residency and Internship Assignments in St Paul Ramsey Hospital, Minnesota; NIOC Hospitals, Abadan; and Firoozgar Hospital, Iran Professor Parhizgar’s extensive multicultural interests are illustrated by his research and teaching activities in the field of management He has published numerous textbooks, articles in refereed journals, and proceedings research papers, and has presented papers at regional, national, and international conferences in the United States and overseas He has been CoProgram Chair, Division Chair, Track Chair, and Reviewer for the AIB, IAoM, IMDA, SAM, ITFA, GFA, and GCA He has served as Editor of the Newsletter for the International Management Development Association CONTENTS Foreword xiii Erdener Kaynak Acknowledgments Introduction Distinctive Features The Purpose of This Book Boundaries of Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments The Plan of This Book Intended Audiences Chapter An Overview: Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments Chapter Objectives Introduction Historical Transitions in International Business The Changing Profile of Global Business Behavior The Nature of International Business International Business Environments The Field of Multicultural Behavior Globalization of International Business Multiculturalism and Cultural Diversity Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion Learning About Yourself Exercise #1 Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #1 Case Study: IBM Argentina xv xvii xviii xviii xix xix xx 1 11 11 13 16 22 23 24 25 26 27 Chapter Multicultural Understanding 29 Chapter Objectives Introduction Foundation of Individual Behavior The Concept of an Individual Person Cultural Orientations The Conceptual Dimension of Culture 29 29 30 32 37 38 Cultural and Behavioral Stratification Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion Learning About Yourself Exercise #2 Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #2 Case Study: Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik (BASF): Competition and Cooperation Chapter Understanding Global Environments and Cultural Value Systems Chapter Objectives Introduction The Culture and Global Environments The Basic Conceptual Model of a Society Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion Learning About Yourself Exercise #3 Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #3 Case Study: The Whistle-Blowers: SmithKline Beecham PLC Chapter Contemporary Multicultural Behavior Chapter Objectives Introduction The New Field of Behavioral Culturalogy Intercultural Contact: Processes and Outcomes Six Theories of Behavioral Culturalogical Knowledge Knowledge-Based Integration of Philosophy, Sciences, Arts, and Technological Information Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion Learning About Yourself Exercise #4 Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #4 Case Study: Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: Doing Good in the Nature of Bad? Or Doing Bad in the Nature of Good? Chapter Foundations of the Individual Identity: Quiddity and Kinetic Needs, Motives, and Drives Chapter Objectives Introduction 45 51 52 53 54 55 57 57 57 58 59 77 77 79 80 81 83 83 83 84 84 88 91 109 110 111 112 113 115 115 115 The Meaning of Needs Needs Theories Motivation As the Starting Point Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion Learning About Yourself Exercise #5 Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #5 Case Study: The Mondrian Hotel in Hollywood, California Chapter Sensation, Perception, Conception, Attribution, and Attitude Chapter Objectives Introduction Analysis of Personhood Historical Scientific Views About Personhood What Is Sensation? What Is Perception? What Is Conception? What Is Attribution? Attitudes and Attitude Formation Managing Sociocultural Attitudes Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion Learning About Yourself Exercise #6 Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #6 Case Study: The General Electric Managerial Perception: Who Will Run GE? Chapter Understanding and Managing Individual Personality Chapter Objectives Introduction Analytical Views on Personalogy The Meaning of Personhood Five Categories of Personality Personality and the Workplace Coping with Individual Differences Summary Chapter Questions for Discussion 116 118 129 137 138 139 140 141 143 143 143 144 146 149 150 160 168 170 174 177 178 179 180 181 183 183 183 185 187 190 202 213 214 214 Cohen, E., 86 Comstock, W R., 323, 328 Comte, A., 66 Converse, P E., 298 Cookson, C., 148 Cooper, A C., 11 Copeland, L., 2, 364 Coser, R L., 117, 212 Cosier, R A., 205, 280, 281 Costa Jr., P.T., 200 Covey, S R., 117, 212, 304, 306 Cox, T H., 270, 276, 286, 287, 288 Cox Jr., T., 2, 89 D’Andrade, R G., 161 Daniels, J D., Darwin, C R., 146, 210, 300 David, K., 40, 64, 67, 100, 274, 324, 325, 352 Daws, G., 207 De Bettignies, H C., 152 De George, R T., 14, 93, 229, 230, 232, 252, 302 De Mente, B L., 244, 336 De Vos, G A., 264 De Vries, S., Demott, J S., 89 Denise, T C., 131, 229 Descartes, R., 164 Deutsche, K W., 306 Deverspike, D., 380 Dewey, J., 98 Digman, J A., 200 Dinmore, G., 361 DiStefano, J J., 177 Doctor, R., Donaldson, T., 18 Downs, J F., 62 Drucker, P., 15, 58 Dulek, R., Dunbar, E., 393, 394 Duncan, W J., 307 Dupuios, A M., 50 Durkheim, E., 66 Eaton, R J., 88 Ebrahimi, B., 366, 367 Eccles, R G., 21 Effendi, S., 356 Ehrlich, H J., 158 Eisenstat, R A., 21 Eitman, D K., 11, 306 Eitzen, D S., 175 Eliade, M., 336 Elsayed-Elkhouly, S M., 202 Ember, N., 253 Engel, D W., Englehart, R., 86 Epicures, 311 Epstein, C F., 117 Erickson, E., 147 Ernest, D., 58 Evans, L, 152 Evans-Pritchard, E E., 65 Fao, U G., 397 Fabricators, J., 364 Fabrikant, G., 19 Fallding, H., 195 Famighetti, R., 329, 356 Farely, F., 191 Fatehi, K., 38, 101, 364 Fawles, J., 87 Feldman, D C., 367 Feltes, P R., 281 Fernandez, Ferraro, G P., 33, 63, 66, 89, 304, 305, 306 Festinger, L., 164, 169 Fiedler, F., 396, 397 Filley, A C., 135 Fillol, T R., 152 Fink, R I., 281 Finkel, I., 31, 58 Fiol, C M., 308 Foreman, C., Foster, L G., 18 Fowles, J., 87 Freeman, L C., 184 French, W A., 230 Freud, Z., 99, 147, 201, 296 Friedman, M., 15, 191, 247, 303 Fuchs, L., 270, 283 Fulerton, H N., Furnham, A., 89, 107, 108, 184, 338, 365 Gardener, H., 36, 148, 163, 164, 167, 395 Gates, W H., 90 Gates Jr., H L., 279 Geertz, C., 49, 72 Geoff, W., 333 Gerhart, B., 171 Gioia, D., 399 Gilford, J C., 58 Glazer, N., 43 Goizueta, R C., 88 Goldberg, H., 306 Goodman, P S., 131 Goody, J., 72 Gordon, M W., 3, 61 Gorry, G A., 263 Graham, J L., 377 Granrose, J., 230 Grant, J., 267 Grant, R M., 307 Gratchev, M., 261 Greeburg, J., 131,226 Greenblum, J., 226 Greetz, C., 296, 322 Gregory, K L., 307 Griffin, R W., 135, 174, 402 Griggs, L., 364 Gulahorn, J E., 383 Gullahorn, J T., 383 Hadar, L T., 353 Hall, R., 308 Hanebury, J M., 261 Hardman, W., 223 Harpaz, I., 31 Harris, P H., 364 Harris, P R., 35, 45, 49, 62, 92, 100, 152, 155 Harrison, J K., 393, 395, 397 Harrison, J R., 16 Hartley, R F., 89 Harvey, C., 14, 66, 97, 269, 270, 280, 281 Harvey, M G., 367 Hatch, E., 62 Heckscher, E., Heenan, D A., 37 Heffner, R A., 277, 286 Heidelberg, J., 223 Heider, F., 169 Herzberg, F., 136, 137 Heskin, A D., 277, 286 Higgins, J M., 275, 307 Hijer, H., 97 Hill, J., 3,134 Hill Jr., A C., 305 Hillman, J., 296 Hirschheim, R A., 310 Hobbes, T., 249 Hoeble, A., 295 Hofstede, G., 2, 9, 10, 62, 202, 209, 210, 211, 213, 265 Hollingdale, R J., 312 Holmes, T H., 391, 392 Holtom, D C., 339 Horgan, J., 327 Hostadter, R., 301 Horgan, J., 327 Horton, R., 72 Horwitz, J., 155 Horwitz, T., Hosmer, L T., 30, 41 House, R J., 135 Hunger, J D., 11, 67, 307 Hunt, J G., 134 Hunter, J D., 279 Iacocca, L., 88 Inglehart, R., 296 Itami, H., 308 Ivancevich, J M., 364 Jackson, D., 123 Jackson, J H., 5, 167, 222 James, W., 98, 148 Jamieson, D., 270, 276, 277 Jaspers, K., 329, 330 Jerdee, T H., 159 Jessewein, K., 8, 251 Johnson, G., 327 Johnson, P., 213 Johnson, R B., 2, 274 Johnston, W., Jordan, L., 309 Jung, C G., 193 Kahler, E., 331 Kakuzo, O., 337, 339, 342 Kallen, H., 270, 284 Kant, I., 239 Kapor, A., 177 Kaufman, W., 312 Keene, J., 195 Kelley, H H., 169 Kelley, L., 296 Kerr, S., 135 Kets de Vries, M F R., 197 Khomeini, R., 273 King, R A., 98, 157 Kirrane, D E., 15 Kluckhohn, C., 60, 187, 298 Kluckhohn, F R., 45, 46 Kodama, F., 71 Kohls, R., 388 Kolberg, W H., Kopp, R., 376 Kramlinger, H., 397 Krauss, L M., 327 Kreitner, R., 302 Kroeber, A L., 60, 298 Kroeger, O., 194 Kuczmarski, T D., 160 Kurtines, W., 270, 271, 296 Labich, K., 117 Lado, A A., 308 Landeck, M., 13 Landis, D., 396 Lane, H W., 177 Lane, R E., 42 Laurent, A., Lewin, K., 133, 169 Lippman, S A., 308 Locke, D., 270, 272 Loden, M., 269, 270, 271 Lippman, W., 158 Luckmann, T., 325 Lunce, S E., 312 Luthans, F., 44, 98, 99, 169, 185 Magaziner, I., 9, 72 Mahr, F., 332 Mailer, N., 167 Malcolm, X, 353 Malekzadeh, A R., 160, 165 Mallard, M J., 14 Mann, A., 284 Mannheim, K., 300 Maremont, M., 292 Marger, M N., 42, 60, 159, 176, 204, 207, 284 Marquardt, M J., Marx, K., 68 Maslow, A H., 31, 33, 119, 120, Mason, J W T., 296, 299 McAteer, P F., 71 McCaffery, J A., 393 McCaulley, M H., 34 McClelland, D C., 122 McCollum, K., 72 McCrae, R R., 200 McCulloch Jr., W H., 94 McFarland A S., 205 McGregor, D., 120, 121 Mehr, F., 332 Mehrabian, A., 385 Mendenhall, M., 364, 381, 393, 394, 397 Mervis, C B., 161 Meyes, B T., 96 Michela, J L., 169, 393, 396, 397 Miles, R E., 30 Milken, M., 17, 222 Miller, A., 308 Miller, D., 177, 197, 198 Miller, P M C., 89 Miller, R L., 5, 167, 222 Miller, S G., 5, 167, 222 Mills, D Q., 283, 309 Mischel, W., 298 Mitchell, T., 397 Mitroff, I I., 20 Mohrman, S A., 20 Montagu, A., 385 Moorhead, G., 135, 174, 402 Moran, R T., 35, 45, 49, 62, 92, 100, 152, 155 Morgan, C., 98, 157 Mount, M K., 200 Moyniham, D P., 43 Mullins, W A., 42 Murray, H A., 123, 124 Mussen, P H., 58 Myers, I B., 34, 193 Nahavandi, A., 160, 165 Nelson, D L., 35 Newton, L H., 231 Niebuhr, R., 322 Nixon, R., 222 Norman, W T., 200 Oberg, K., 366 Oddou, G., 364, 393, 394 Oesterle, J A., 230, 233, 252, Ohlin, B., Omni, M., 175 Otto, R., 324 O’Boyle, T., 364 O’Brien, G E., 324, 397 O’Dell, C., O’Mara, J., 2, 270, 274, 276, 277 O’ Reilly, C A., III, 16 Palmer, J D., 264, 270, 278 Parhizgar, K D., 3, 8, 12, 17, 30, 94, 96, 123, 125, 145, 158, 161, 201, 210, 213, 251, 268, 296, 303, 306, 312 Parhizgar, S S., 145 Parsons, T., 194, 326 Pascal, R T., 16 Patinkin, M., 9, 72 Pawlov, I., 98 Pegrum, D F., 90 Perlmutter, H V., 37 Peterfreund, S P., 131, 229 Petracca, M F., 66 Pfeffer, J., 174 Pham, C., 51 Pike, E R., 390 Pinder, C., 130 Plato, 48 Plooji, D., 397 Porter, L W., 129 Porter, M E., Punnett, B J., 390 Quick, J C., 35 Radebaugh, L H., Rahakrishnan, S., 333 Rahe, R H., 391 Rahmatian, S., 308 Rand, B., 239 Randalph, G., 396 Reid, T., 240 Rhinesmith, S H., 15, 21 Ricardo, D., Riche, M F., Ricks, D A., 388, 389, 390 Rigby, J M., 210 Rivera, M., 270, 271, 272 Robbins, S P., 88 Robinson, K., 281 Rogers, C., 201 Rohlen, T P., 273, 274 Ronen, S., 393, 394 Rosch, E., 161 Rosen, B., 159 Rosener, J B., 269, 270, 271 Rosenman, R H., 191 Ross, M., 177 Ruch, F L., 188 Rumelt, R., 308 Sahay, S., 333 Salaznick, G H., 16, 101, 174 Sanford, F H., 44 Schein, E., 16 Schlesinger Jr A M., 279 Schmidt, D P., 231 Schoderbek, P P., 205, 280 Schwartz, F N., 212, 306 Scott, J., 305 Selznick, P., 101 Sena, J A., 70 Seward, J., 364 Shamsie, J., 308 Shani, A B., 70 Shaw, W H., 224, 226, 303 Sheflen, A E., 385 Sheldon, W., 190 Shils, E D., 194 Sims Jr., P., 399 Sklare, M., 226 Slater, R., 350 Smiley, D H., 68 Smith, A., 6, 9, 177 Smith, C G., 11 Smith, D E., 330 Smith, E D., 51 Smith, F C., Smith, P C., 261 Smith, T W., 191 Snow, C C., 309 Snow, C P., 64, 65 Solomon, C M., Sonnenberg, S M., 296 Sorapure, M., 66 Spector, B., 21 Spencer, H., 66, 300 Sperry, R W., 128, 168, 395 Spinosa, B., 310, 311 Spradley, J P., 62 Sproul, L S., 40 Steers, R M., 129, 380 Steiner, G A., 33, 43, 63, 95, 129, 149, 301 Steiner, J F., 63, 301 Sterns, H L., 380 Stevenson, R W., 218 Stewart, J B., 18, 181 Stewart, T A., 181 Stone, S C., 279, 283 Stonehill, A I., 11 Strodtbeck, F L., 45, 46, 187 Sturbe, M J., 191 Suhrewardi, S A D Y., 298 Sununu, J H., 88 Swierczek, F., 20 Symington, J W., 62 Szapocznik, J., 270, 271 Tandon, K., 177 Taylor, E B., 299 Terpstra, V., 40, 64, 67, 100,774, 324, 325, 352 Therstrom, S., 66, 107 Thuesen, J., 194 Tichy, N M., 282 Tischler, N M., 176 Toak, G M., 281 Tolman, E C., 133 Torbiorn, I., 86 Toynbee, A J., 329 Triandis, H., 202, 207, 295, 393, 393, 396, 397 Trice, H., 62, 102, 152 Tung, R L., 364, 393 Tzeng, O C., 396 Tylor, E B., 72 Van Fleet, D D., 63, 88, 133 Van Der Werf, M., 259 Vazsony, A., 297 Ver Steeg, C L., 300 Vlachos, E., 300 Vroom, V., 133, 135 Wallace, A F C., 327 Walton, C C., 230 Warhane, P H., 14, 18 Watson Jr., T J., 240 Webber, R A., 64 Weber, C O., 69, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 240, 296, 310, 311 Weber, M., 116, 192, 353 Weir, D., 20 Weiss, R S., 188 Weldon, D E., 396, 397 Werner, C., 191 Wertheirmer, M., 98 Whatley, A., 296 Wheelen, T L., 11, 67, 307 Wiggenhorn, W., 380 Williams, C J., 20 Wilson, M C., 308 Winant, H., 175 Winch, R F., 184 Wolfe, A., 258 Wood, A., 55 Worchel, S., 396 Wormser, M D., Worthley, R., 296 Wrightsman Jr., L S., 44 Wundt, W., 98 Yankelovich, D., 14 Yinger, J M., 72, 230, 328 Yoder, S K., 90 Zangwill, I., 107, 270, 279 Zimbardo, P G., 99, 164, 185, 188, 204 Zin, M B., 175 Zinn, M B., 306 Zottoli Jr., D A., 55, 81 Subject Index Absolute advantage theory, Acculturalization, 36, 101, 108 Adam and Eve, 348 Adaptation, 44, 388 Adjustment, 386 Administrative law, 283 Aesthetics, 85, 94 Aetna Life and Casualty, 88 Affect, 171 Affordability, Afghanis, 108 African American, 102 Agrarianism, 301 Airbus, Ajam, 108, 267 Akhlagh, 229 Algeria, 389, 318 Allah (God), 323 Allport’s traits theories, 199 American Airlines, 406 American Indian, 102 American Orientals, 102 Amorality, 93 Analects, 226 Anglo-American, 152 Anglo-Franco, 108 Anthropology, 97, 98 Apperception, 40 sociocultural, 158 Apple Computer, 19, 88 Arabic language, 354 Arabs, 108, 205, 267 Archaeology, 97 Argentina, 10, 11, 27, 55, 155 Armenians, 108 Artificial potency, 73 Arts, 85, 94 ASEAN, 296 Asia, 387 Asian Americans, 102 Asian countries, 297 Assimilation, 108 Association of South East Asian Nations, Assyrians, 108 AT&T, 282 Atheism, 329 Atomic view, 66 Attention, 151 Attitude, 43, 143, 170 sociocultural, 174 Attribution, 143, 168 Australia, 10, 11, 55, 87, 267, 331, 390 Austria, 106, 211 Axiology, 93, 312 Ayatollah, 90 Azaris, 108 Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik (BASF), 55 Baha’is, 108, 322, 324 Baha’ism, 196 Balance of payment (BOP), Baluchis, 108 Banco Nation, 27 Bausch and Lomb Co., 292 Behavior masculine/feminine, 212 materialistic/spiritualistic, 211 Behavioral adaptation, 44 culturalogy, 101 kinetic existence needs, 126 modification, 44 stratification, 45 Behaviorism, 98 Behavioristic theory, 399 Behopal, 20 Belgium, 9, 10, 11, 31 Belief, 40 Bell South Telephone Company, 117 Bias, 177 Biculturalization, 102, 108 Biology, 95 Black Moslems, 352 Boeing, Bolshevik Revolution, 301 Brazil, 10, 160 Britain, 2, 9, 13, 31, 90, 160, 300, 385, 389, 361 Brunei, Buddhism, 226, 241 Burger King Corporation, Burma, 330, 340 Catholics, 196, 226, 322, 324, 325 Cattell’s bipolar theories, 199 Causalogy, 85 Ceylon, 330 Chemistry, 95 Chernobyl, 20 Chicanas/os, 102 Chile, 10 China, 6, 33, 55, 244, 297, 299, 322, 323, 329, 336, 339, 341, 342, 365, 387, 389, 390 Chinese folk, 329 Christian Crusades, 325 Christianity, 226, 329 Christians, 108, 191, 192, 323, 343, 349 Cambodia, 340 Christmas season, 11 Canada, 3, 10, 108, 387, 318 Chrysler Company, 88 Canalization, 33 Civic culture, 282 Capital, 68 Civilization, 310 Capitalism, 42 Coca-Cola, 88 Caribbean, 333 Columbia, 10, 406 Case studies Confucianism,226, 329 An American Airlines’ Manager Cognition, 172 Repatriates to the U S A., Cognitive dissonance, 173 406 Cognitive theory, 396 Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik: Competition and Cooperation, Coherence theory, 88 Common law, 283 55 Comparative advantage theory, The Blind Ambition of the Bausch Conception, 38, 143, 160 and Lomb Company’s managerial, 162 Cultural Mirrors in Hong organizational, 162 Kong, 94 Confucian, 65 The General Electric Managerial Conglomeration, 11 Perception: Who will Run Conscience, 93 GE?, 181 Consensus, 169 The German Private Business in Consistency, 169 Iran: When Business Constitutional law, 283 Intermingles with Religion, Contact, 86 361 Contextualization, 33 Hillsdale College, 258 Corning Glass Corporation, 72 IBM Argentina, 27 Corporate multicultural value systems, The La-Z-Boy Company, 318 20 The Mondrian Hotel in Hollywood, Corporate paradigm management scale, California, 141 17 Texaco Sex Bias, 218 Cosmology, 85 Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: Cross-cultural contact, 86 Doing Good in the Nature of Cross-culturalization, 101, 104, 393 Bad? Or Doing Bad in the Cultural Nature of Good?, 113 assimilation, 272 The Whistle-Blowers: SmithKline definition, 23 Beecham PLC, 81 Cultural (continued) diversity, 22, 261, 269, 271, 274, 275, 278, 284, 285, 286, 287 facilitators, 105 formalization, 312 ideology, 300 institutionalization, 101 myth, 302 orientation, 37 resources fitness, 307 stratification, 45 utilizers, 105 utopia, 303 Culturalogy, 84 behavioral approach, 91 Cultural-political characteristics, 206 competitive/cooperative, 208 egalitarianism/inequalitarianism, 209 high power/low power distance, 209 pluralism/collectivism, 207 Culture adaptive, 65 conservative, 225 crystallized-cultures, 105 defined, 61, 62 dynamic, 64 enhanced, 04 enriched, 104 facilitative, 105 gender, 105 integrative, 66 learned, 62 mass, 104 materialistic, 69 modern, 225 oasis, 304 pluralistic, 63 primitive, 303 refined, 105 samurai, 66 shared, 64 socialized, 67 sub-, 104 swamp, 304 symbolic, 67 transgenerational, 66 utilized, 105 Culture shock, 365 Czarism, 301 Dance, 85 Darwinism, 300 Demography, 96 Denmark, 10, 211, 213 Deontological, 25 Deontos, 251 Department of Defense, 68 Dharma, 297 Diamond Shamrock, 222 Discrimination, 176 Distinctiveness, 169 Diversionary contact, 86 Diversity, 269 DNA, 145 Dow Chemical Co., 55 Doxa, 36 Drexel, Burnham, Lambert, Inc., 222 Drives, 173 Eastman Kodak, 19 Ectomorphic personality, 190 Effect, 177 Egalitarianism, 73 Egypt, 206, 344 E I du Pont de Nemours, 12, 55 Electronic Data System Co., 379 Emotion, 35 Emotionality, 33 Enculturalization, 101, 107 Endomorphic personality, 190 English Canadian, 109 Episteme, 36 Epistemology, 85, 92, 310 ERG needs, 121 Eshragh, 297 Ethical behavior, 228, 246 Ethical relativism, 245 Ethics, 85, 93, 227, 243 Ethics theories, 249 deontological, 250 teleological, 250 Ethnic cleansing, 177 Ethnicity, 42 Ethnocentric, 37 Ethnography, 97 Ethnology, 97 Ethos, 93,229 Etymological sense, 93 Europe, 364, 365, 370, 371, 375, 385, 389 European Union, EU, 305, 296 Eustress, 43 Existential contact, 86 Existentialists, 15 Expatriate, 86, 363 antiterrorism, 379 auditors, 378 cycle, 368 experts, 375 lawyers, 377 managers, 375 negotiators, 377 researchers, 375 security, 379 surveyors, 375 translators, 380 Expectancy theory, 135 Expectation, 44 Experiential contact, 86 Experimental contact, 86 Extrapolation, 372 Exxon, 12 Factors in the perceiver, 154 in the situation, 155 in the target, 157 Fairness, 248 Faith, 41 Far East, 390 Farsi language, 108 Feelers, 35 Fiji, 333 Finland, 10, 213 Flex-management mind-set, 276 France, 2, 6, 9, 10, 33, 90, 155, 160, 365, 387, 389 Freer, Texas, French Canadian, 109 Foreign Corporation, definition, 12 Foreign direct investments (FDI), Fortitude, 235 Functionalism, 98 Fundamentalist Protestants, 324 Ganges River, 323 Gatta, 226 General Electric (GE), 9, 12, 181 General Motors, 12, 19, 88 Genotype, 145 Geocentric, 38 Geography, 97 Germano-Franco, 108 Germany, 2, 6, 9, 10, 31, 34, 35, 55, 98, 116, 155, 160, 205, 206, 230, 387, 389, 361 Global corporation, definition, 12 Global strategy, 21 Globalization, 16 Good-intellect, 234 Goodwill, 234 Government, 73 Greece, 10, 93, 185, 209, 230, 241, 244, 251, 298, 329, 387 Guinea, 212 Gustation, 149 Hadeseh, 297 Halal, 325 Halo effect, 159 Hamiltonian philosophy, 301 Harlem, 324 Hinduism, 226, 241, 322, 323, 334, 354 Hispanic, 102, 205 Hispanic American, 108, 152 History, 96 Hitopadesa, 226 Holistic theory, 401 Homeostatic character, 65 Homeric, 33 Hong Kong, 10, 299, 292, 337 Human image, 296 Humanistic theory, 400 Humanities, 85, 94 IBM, 11, 12, 19, 27, 88, 90, 240 Ideology, 41 Illuminationist, 297 Illustrative phraseology, 369 In-culture, 109 India, 6, 10, 20, 206, 297, 323, 329, 331, 333, 335, 340, 55 Individual behavior, 30 Individual characteristics authoritarianism, 203 bureaucratism, 204 egocentrism, 203 favoritism, 205 machiavellianism, 203 nepotism, 205 racism, 204 Individualistic differences, 213 Indonesia, Infopreneur, 308 Information, 36 Institution concept, 67 definition, 44 Instrumantality, 134 Integration, 108, 389 Intel Corp, 90 Intellectual potency, 73 Intellectuality, 36 Intelligence, 163 active, 167 bodily kinesthetic, 167 cognitive, 164 crystallized, 164 fluid, 161 interpersonal, 168 linguistic, 165 logical, 166 musical, 165 reflective, 167 spatial, 166 Intention, 171 Intercultural contact, 84 International Corporation, definition, 12 International Finance Corporation, 12 International financial statistics, 3, International monetary fund (IMF), 3, International pareto optimality, 30 Interpolation, 373 Interpretation, 371 Intuition theory, 90 Intuitionalists, 34 Intuitionism, 74 Iran (Persia), 8, 10, 108, 118, 210, 229, 273, 297, 301, 302, 305, 306, 311, 324, 326, 329, 331, 333, 344, 355, 379 356, 387, 361 Iranic phraseology, 369 Iraq, 8, 273, 343, 379, 387 Ireland, 10, 325, 375 Islam, 325, 326, 330 Islamic Conquest, 325 Islamic fundamentalists, 326 Islamic pilgrims, 323 Islamic Revolution, 301, 322 Israel, 10, 31, 280, 323, 324, 325, 343, 344, 381 Italy, 10, 203, 387 Japan, 9, 10, 11, 31, 55, 65, 118, 160, 189, 205, 211, 264, 273, 282, 299, 339, 341, 371, 372, 375, 387, 389, 390 Jewish Sabbath, 325 Jews, 108, 196, 322, 324, 345 Johnson & Johnson, 15, 18 Judaism, 226 Judo-Christian, 244 Jerusalem, 324, 344 Jordan, 387 Jurist’s trusteeship, 324 Justness, 248 Kami, 297 Karma, 297 Keene’s four types of personalities, 195 Khomeini, 326 Khooy, 229 Kibun, 152 Kinesthetic, 42, 51 intelligence, 309 perception, 153 Kinetic needs, 115 Knoll Norton, 55 Knowledge, 36 concept, 69 explicit, 161 tacit, 161 wealth, 308 Koran, 226, 246, 351 Korea, South, 9, 11, 33, 152, 299, 341, 349, 365, 389, 387, 387 Kosher, 325 Kurds, 108 Kuwait, 8, 204 Labor, 68 Land, 68 Language efficiency, 385 Laos, 340 Latinas/os, 102 Law, 283 La-Z-Boy Company, 318 Learning about yourself exercises How you attribute?, 179 How you believe or not believe in a religion?, 359 How you believe or not believe in teaching and learning processes?, 404 How you believe or not believe in your own cultural philosophies?, 315 How you judge?, 53 How you judge your own personality?, 215 How you judge yourself and your cultural orientation?, 290 How you perceive your moral, ethical, and legal behavior?, 255 How you understand your culture?, 79 What you need?, 111 What you value?, 25 What motivates you to work with others?, 139 Legality, 227, 252 Leviticus, 226 Lockheed Company, 17, 224 Luris, 108 Lybia, 8, 325, 379 Machiavelli, 203 Magnanimity, 236 Mahayana, 297 Malaysia, 3, 333 Maquiladora, 11, 12 Marathon Oil Company, 11 Marxism, 301, 322 Material things, 68 Materialistic, 69 Matthew, 226 McDonnell Douglas Company, McDonnell’s Company, 325 Mecca, 323, 329, 352, 354 Medi, 351 Melting pot culture, 279 Mentoring program, 385 MERCOSUR, 296, 305 Mesomorphic personality, 190 Messiah, 351 Metaphoric phraseology, 367 Metaphysics, 85, 92 Mexican American, 108 Mexico, 3, 10, 11, 13, 160, 210 Microsoft, 90, 301 Middle East, 389, 390 Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Co., Ltd., 12 Mollah, 90, 350 Mondrian Hotel, 141 Monism, 229, 301 Monistic, 229 Moral behavior, 228 Moral theories, 237 eudaemonistic existentialist, 242 hedonistic materialist, 241 idealistic theologist, 238 realistic naturalist, 239 Morality, 85, 93, 227, 230, 231 Mores, 229 Morocco, 384 Moslems, 90, 117, 191, 192, 241, 245, 246, 322, 324, 325, 330, 343 Hanafi, 350 Hanbali, 350 Ismaili, 350 Rafeii, 350 Shafeii, 350 Shiite, 350 Sufi, 350 Sunni, 350 Wahhabi, 350 Mosses, 343 Motivation, 43, 129 Motive, 86 Motive stratification, 129 Movies, 85, 94, 129 Muller-Lyer Illusion, 99 Multicultural civilization, 306 comprehensive, 367 synergy, 91 training programs, 381 understanding, 367 Multiculturalism, 14, 101, 102, 261, 262 behavior, 268 civic, 282 contacts, 367 definition, 22 management, 264 philosophy, 295 socioeconomic, 30 Multinational corporations, 91 definition, 12 Music, 85, 94 Myers-Briggs personalities, 193 NAFTA, 3, 296, 305 National legal value systems, 19 Near East, 387, 390 Necessity of causes, 125 Needs, 87, 115 acquired, 119 belonging, 120 biological, 33 efficient, 126 esteem, 120 hierarchy, 119 innate, 119 material, 126 physiological, 33, 119 psychological, 33 primary, 33 quiddity, 126 safety, 120 secondary, 33 self-actualization, 120 sociocultural, 126 spiritual, 126 sufficiency, 125 vital, 125 Needs theories, 118 achievement, 122 affiliation, 122 existence, 121 growth, 122 kinetic existence, 124 manifest, 123 minimization of pain, 123 power, 122 relatedness, 122 Needs theory, cycle, 118 Neolithic era, 33 Neo-Marxist, 68 Netherlands, 2, 10, 13, 31 New Zealand, 10, 390 Newsweek, 18 Nirvana, 297 North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 3, 296, 305 Norway, 10, 213 Nur-e-Mojarrad, 297 Occidental language, 305 Occidental Petroleum Co., 222 Old Testament, 343 Olfaction, 149 Oman, 387 Ontology, 85, 311 Optimism, 45, 46 Ordinances, 224 Organization private for profit, 67 private nonprofit, 68 private not for profit, 68 public agencies, 68 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Oriental language, 305 Orthodox Hindu, 334 Out-culture, 109 Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 274 Pakistan, 10, 330 Palestine, 329 Pan Am, 379 Papuan, 390 Paradigm, 261 Parochialization, 101, 106 Parsons-skills type personalities affective neutrality/affective, 195 performance/quality, 194 self-oriented/collective, 194 specificity/diffuseness, 194 universalism/particularism, 194 Passion, 222 Patience, 236 People, primary/secondary groups, 60 Peoplehood, 61 Perceiver, 154 Perception, 143 definition, 150 kinesthetic, 153 Perceptual processes, 150 Perseverance, 236 Persia, 108, 118 Personality, 38, 183, 185 big five theories, 200 bipolar traits, 199 categories, 190 extroverted, 193 humanistic, 202 immaturity, 196 integrative, 201 introverted, 193 maturity, 196 narcissistic, 204 neurotic type, 195, 197 pair types, 194 psychodynamic, 202 religious type, 195 sixteen types, 193 sociocultural pair types, 194 somatotype, 190 trait theories, 198 type theories, 190 types A, B, T, 191 Personalogy, 185 Personhood, 143, 146, 187 biological, 148 nomothetic, 189 psychocultural, 188 Peru, 10 Pessimistic, 45, 46, 49 Phenomenology, 92 Phenotype, 145 Philippines, 3, 10 Philosophy, 85, 92 Phylontype, 145-146 Physical body, 33 Physics, 95 Physiological functioning, 145 Plymouth, Polycentric, 38 Portugal, 10 Positive conclusive needs, 127 Positive imagery needs, 126 Power, 75 Power distance, 10 Pragmatic theory, 89, 397 Prejudice, 176 Presentative theory, 88 Product life cycle (PLC), 308 Profitability, 14 Protestant, 14, 196, 324, 325 Protestant ethics, 116 Prudence, 237, 248 Psychoanalysis, 99 Psychodynamic personality, 201 Psychology, 98 Puerto Ricans, 102 Pull motive, 86 Push motive, 86 Pygmalion effect, 177 Rabbi, 323 Racism, 175 Rationality, 35 Realistic affinity needs, 127 Recreational contact, 86 Regiocentric, 38 Religion, 72, 321 Anglican, 346 Babbism, 355 Baha’ism, 356 and behavior, 327 Buddhism, 340 Christian, 345 Confucianism, 336 definition, 323 Eastern Orthodoxy, 348 Episcopalian, 346 Hinduism, 333 and inspiration, 324 Islam, 349 Jainism, 335 Judaism, 343 Lutheran, 346 and politics, 325 Presbyterian, 346 Protestantism, 348 Reformed, 346 Roman Catholicism, 347 and science, 326 Shiite, 350 Shintoism, 339 Sikhism, 354 Sunni, 350 Religion (continued) Taoism, 337 Zen, 342 Zoroastrianism, 331 Repatriation, 363, 391 Representative theory, 89 Resources discoveries/exploitation, Revelation theory, 88 Revolutionary War, 300 Righteousness, 249 RNA, 145 Royal Dutch/Shell Group, 13 Russia, 6, 98, 167, 210, 261, 301, 302, 322 Salad bar culture, 279, 281 Samsung, Sanwa Bank Limited, 13 Saudi Arabia, 6, 8, 210, 354, 365, 381, 387 Scandinavia, 213, 387 Sciences, 85, 94 behavioral, 95, 99 cognitive, 95 natural, 95, 96 normal, 95 observational, 95 pseudoscience, 95 quasi-science, 95 social, 95, 96 taxonomy, 95 Scientist, 70 Self-image theory, 170 Sensation, 143 definition, 149 Senses, 33 etymological, 93 five, 34, 148 kinesthetic, 34 sixth, 34 Sensibility, 33 Separation, 390 Shah, 356 Shareholder activists, 18 Sharia, 90 Sherman Antitrust Act, 302 Shiite Moslems, 108, 349 Shinto, 65, 116 Similarity effect, 159 Singapore, 3, 10 Smithkline Beecham PLC, 81 Social castes, Social Darwinism, 300 Socialization, 36, 59 Society, 58 Sociology, 98 Sojourners, 373 Solvency, Somatotype personality, 190 Sophist, 70 South Africa, 10, 381 South America, 365, 406 South Pacific, 390 South Sea Islanders, 390 Soviet Union, 20, 301, 322 Spain, 9, 10, 46, 389 Sri Lanka, 333, 340 Standard Oil Company, 302 Statutory law, 283 Stereotyping, 158 Structuralism, 98 Sufis, 324 Sunni Moslems, 108, 349 Supernational Corporation, 12 Sweden, 10, 86, 213 Swiss, 11 Switzerland, 10, 108 Symbolic phraseology, 369 Synergism, 98 Synergy, 91 Syria, 344, 387 Tahiti, 390 Taiwan, 10, 337 Technical phraseology, 369 Technoculture, 69 Technologist, 70 Texaco, 218 Texan, 108 Texmex, 108 Thailand, 3, 9, 10, 299, 330, 340 Theatrical drama, 85 Theology, 85 Theories of motivation deontic, 130 equity, 131 eudaemonistic, 131 expectancy, 133 hedonistic, 130 two-factor, 136 Theory X, 120 Theory Y, 120 Theravada, 297 Thinkers, 35 Tibet, 372 Togoland, 212 Training, 383 Translation, 367, 369 Transnational Corporation, 12 Truthfulness, 249 Tunisia, 384 Turkey, 10, 324, 387, 362 Turks, 108 Two-factor theory of motivation, 136 Tylenol, 18 Ukraine, 20 Union Carbide Pesticide, 20 United Nations, 20, 379 United Nations Atomic Energy Com., 20 United States, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 31, 34, 35, 35, 46, 55, 59, 66, 67, 86, 88, 90, 98, 102, 108, 117, 147, 148, 149, 153, 155, 159, 189, 206, 207, 212, 223, 224, 229, 230, 261, 264, 265, 266, 276, 279, 282, 283, 300, 301, 305, 318, 323, 353, 365, 367, 372, 375, 376, 390 United Way, 68 Universal ethical value system, 17 Universalism, 73 U S Food and Drug Administration, 18 Utilitarian, 73 Valence, 134 Value, 40 Venezuela, 10 Vietnam, 337, 387 Virtue, 93, 233 Visual phraseology, 369 West Africa, 212 Western Asia, 296 Westinghouse, 282 Work ethics, 14 World Bank, 8, 12 World Health Organization, 20 World Investment Report, World War II, 65 Yahweh, 323 Yugoslavia, 10 Zaroorat, 297 Zealots, 344 Zen, 273, 297 Zionists, 344 Zoroastrian, 108, 226 [...]... the development and rapidly growing importance of international relations, as well as the need for educating future managers and professional experts, the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) now requires business schools to multiculturalize their curriculum Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments is a creative coverage of cultural differences and similarities... a human global multicultural synergy The author decided to examine many materials from many cultures, striving to bind the discussion of multiculturalism more closely to the theoretical and practical perspectives with which he had recently been concerned, particularly as expressed in multicultural behavior theory BOUNDARIES OF MULTICULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS Multiculturalism... sociocultural value systems of all nations and their economic and political doctrines in the global free market economy is a key ingredient in successful international business transactions and in investment decisions Professor Charles W Rudiger indicates very succinctly that “Kamal Dean Parhizgar is a consummate renaissance polymath Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments is a timely tour de... perceptions, artistic artifacts, and religious faiths, with a variety of beliefs, ideas, doctrines, and material and non-material hierarchies Clearly, knowledge is vital for the effective managerial integration within such a complex environment Understanding multicultural behavior and the global environments of businesses is crucial to every manager who belongs to and leads a multinational organization... Scoring Directions and Key for Exercise #7 Case Study: Texaco Sex Bias Chapter 8 Moral and Ethical Behavior Chapter Objectives Introduction Complexity of Global Business Behavior Moral, Ethical, and Legal Ordinances Separation of Moral and Ethical Behavior What Is Morality? Component Parts of Morality Moral Theories What Is Ethics? Ethical Relativism The Ultimate Means and Ends of Ethical Behavior Components... place in the global business environment conceptually as well as analytically The issues and subjects discussed have greater ramifications extending over the whole area of multicultural behavior, and consequently, over all of the global business environments as well as the interactions among them Managing an international business corporation is an important task In particular, assessing and forecasting... or handbook for any and all involved in or concerned with all aspects of growing global business But it will serve especially well as a comprehensive Baedeker and frame of reference for practitioners in international trade, political science, and education.” This anecdote well describes the very nature of this significant writing which addresses a major area of concern Multicultural Behavior and Global. .. multiculturalism from diverse, cultural values in order to provide a compelling call for more understanding, cooperation, and, above all, multicultural synergy Finally, the author has cited both theoretical and practical information as well as applications of both cultural and behavioral issues, for better understanding and crystallizing the necessity of paying attention to the needs of producers and. .. as an aspect of business holds special interest for employers and employees around the world The magnitude of competitive international enterprises makes it imperative that producers and consumers develop multicultural behavioral skills to deal with today’s culturally diverse global market Cultural diversity must be viewed as a reality in international business operations Multicultural behavior is a... for multicultural synergy but also to help develop a sense of understanding of the magnitude of multicultural synergy to minimize overall human behavioral efforts However, in global business, managers should promote the pride of all cultures in home and host countries Multinational corporations should provide room for the growth and development of all organizational constituencies—in sum, a human global ... Chinese Context by Y H Wong and Thomas K P Leung Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments by Kamal Dean Parhizgar Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments Kamal Dean... Book Boundaries of Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments The Plan of This Book Intended Audiences Chapter An Overview: Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments Chapter... International Business The Changing Profile of Global Business Behavior The Nature of International Business International Business Environments The Field of Multicultural Behavior Globalization