2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI 2010) Application WASP Model on Validation of Reservoir-Drinking Water Source Protection Areas Delineation Jianping Huang*1,2, Na Liu1, Mengyuan Wang1 Kelu Yan2 Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department College of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai, China North China University of Water Resource and Electric Power Zhengzhou, China Abstract—Applied the OTOXI module and EUTRO module of WASP7.2 model to carrying out forecast analysis on attenuation condition of the main water quality control factors within secondlevel protection area which delineated by experience value, took the reality water volume of 2007 and forecast water volume of 2010, 2020 as the validating condition, demonstrated the rationality of the second-level protection area which delineated by experience value method The results indicated that the second-level protection area could satisfy industry and life water request in 2007 and 2010, and could also satisfy the request of living in 2020, the protection area delineation has been proved reasonable Further obtained the allowable maximum taking water volume of the protection area is 145 million m3/a through the computation, it is suggested that the industry intake moves when water volume which taken from the first-level and secondlevel protection areas is bigger than the maximum volume, to ensuring the quality and stability of the intake drinking water Keywords-WASP7.2 model; reservoir-drinking water source; delineating protection areas; validation I INTRODUCTION Recent years the raises concerns about increased drinking water wellhead pollution make people highly be focus on safeguarding the public water supply The drinking water wellhead protection plays a key role in terms of environmental protection, socio-economic and safeguarding the public water supply Many methods or approaches are being used to delineate drinking water wellhead all over the word, but exact prediction of a wellhead protection effort is difficult because the amount of field work required for each method depends on how much information is already available, the complexity of the problem area, and the degree of accuracy desired by the wellhead protection program [1,2,3] Drinking water wellhead protection areas was re-delineated and approved work by the State Council and State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) in 2006 “Technical guidelines for delineating source water protection areas” (HJ/T338-2007) which was mandated in 2007 provided basis for drinking water wellhead protection delineating Wellhead protection delineating must be accurate and easy to carry out The drinking water wellhead delineating combined actual circumstance, especially for reservoir-drinking water source, is faced with many challenges and needs further study Nanwan Reservoir is located from 8.5km southwest to the city of Xinyang, Henan Its drainage area is 1100km2 and total Reservoir water volume is 16.3 billion m3 Nanwan Reservoir is a Large-scale Reservoir which mainly combined by floodprotection, irrigation and so on At the same time it is the only drinking water wellhead of Xinyang A water quality model, WASP 7.2, was applied to simulate water quality results of drinking water wellhead delineated by experience value method, demonstrated the rationality of the protection area which delineated by experience value method The results of this division may provide a draw for the delineation of the reservoir-drinking water source and a more practical approach for the operation of reservoir II Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) was developed by the EPA to simulate the water quality of rivers and lakes and so no WASP 7.2 model is the seventh improved version of WASP water quality model; it follows the law of mass conservation and adopts study of composition of variable water quality model [4] At the same time it considered dilute diffusion process, migration delivery process, physical transformation and biological metabolic processes, direct load of pollutants, border load and so on WASP 7.2 is designed to permit easy substitution of user written routines into the program structure The model simulated and quantified relationship among convection, dispersion, point source pollution load, non-point sources pollution load and boundary exchange via time Based on flexible compartment modeling, WASP can be applied in one, two, or three dimensions of all waters: ponds, streams, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, estuarine, and coastal waters, and for the fate and transport of contaminants in surface waters [5,6] Three major submodules are contained in the WASP7.2 model: TOXI, EUTRO and HEAT The first is coupled with migration delivery process of traditional contamination (DO, BOD, eutrophication), the second is coupled with migration delivery process of toxic contamination (organic chemical component, metal, sedimentation), and the third is coupled with migration delivery process of heat [7] Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) is an effective, pragmatic and reliable water quality model which applied in and aboard III VALIDATION STUDY OBJECT It is determined that there was no attenuation of water quality between first-level protection area and quasi-protected area the basis for the analysis water quality goal of wellhead *Corresponding author: huangjianping@ncwu.edu.cn 978-1-4244-6498-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE INTRODUCTION OF WASP7.2 MODEL 3031 protection areas The second-level protection area water quality controlling factors reached the level of class Ⅲ in “Surface Water Quality Standard” (GB3838-2002) and the first-level protection area water quality controlling factors were as the same [8], that is to say water quality attenuation from Ⅲ to Ⅱ was completed in second-level protection area The radial distance which was from the first-level protection area boundary to the second-level protection area boundary should longer than the distance of attenuation of pollutant concentration from Ⅲ to Ⅱ (GB3838-2002) So delineating second-level protection area of delineating wellhead protection areas was the main important issue for water suppliers, experience value method as validating model was adopted to delineate second-level protection area Applied OTOXI module of WASP7.2 model to simulating the CODMn, the results showed that the degradation of the CODMn was in accordance with the first-order reaction, and applied simple nutrition dynamics of OTOXI module to validate eutrophication of second-level protection area IV A MODELING OF VALIDATION Hydrodynamic model 1) Simplification of grid: Based on the detail of real data and availability of hydrologic data, water quality data, making the volume of each grid similar as much as possible and making concerned points locate in the center of grid The delineating drinking water wellhead protection was shown in Fig.1 Specific steps are as follows: a) Simplified of topographic map of Nanwan reservoir second-level protection region water boundary; b) Establish validation concerned points which is the nearest radial distance from the first-level protection area boundary to the second-level protection area boundary There are four water intakes in Nanwan reservoir Three which located in the same enclosure in the Southeast of Dam were Tielu intake plant, Hudong intake plant and Huayu Power plant except one was located in the west of Dam The three closer intakes as one protection area was delineated by experience value method Then the first-level protection area involve two parts and the concerned points are A and B, respectively (Fig.1); c) Grid was delineated by combining the size of studying region and the concerned points, the grid was about 608.19m ×501.74m; d) A 20-segment model grid, a 20-segment node and a 30-segment channel were established for studying region When the eutrophication submodel ‘EUTRO’ was used for the water body analysis simulation program increased a bottom section under each grid which using for substances precipitation but without simulation Figure The grid division of second-level protection area 3032 2) Hydrological condition: Throughout 1955-2005, lots of data such as the average runoff, water level, water depth, storage capacity were obtained Based on the above data, hydrological condition of studying region was obtained by combining topographic map 3) Dynamic source of flow movement and simplification of water flow: Based on observation an analysis of Nanwan Reservoir water flow, water diffusions which caused by water volume change (intake water volume) of studying region was the main dynamic source of movement and the main cause of contamination migration delivery process Validation of dynamic source of water flow movement is the main cause of Nanwan Reservoir water flow movement and 15 flow functions of WASP7.2 model were adopted to express water flow 4) Flow boundary: There was no bigger pollution source importing that did not have significant impact on water quality of studying region by analysis and investigation Three boundaries were selected as validation simulation model of second-level protection area: one upstream boundary (secondlevel protection area boundary) and two downstream boundaries (two first-level protection boundaries) Water depth of boundary, the width of water area and so on was obtained from topographic map There was response relation exist between water input and water intake B Estalishment of water quality model 1) Water quality control factors: The main contaminations of Nanwan Reservoir were TP, TN, NH3-N and CODMn Effects of chlorophyll-a [9] on zooplankton were incorporated into water quality analysis simulation program model, so as to divide TN to NH3-N, NO3 N, organo-nitrogen and TP to organo-phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus Chlorophyll-a, NH3-N, NO3 N, organo-nitrogen, organo-phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus and CODMn were selected as the main water quality control factors 2) Initial concentration: According to wellhead protection areas water quality requirements, initial concentration of second-level protection area water quality controll factors were the level of class Ⅱ (GB3838-2002), initial concentration of water quality controlling factors of water TABLE I Parameters Chlorophyll a (μg/L) CODMn(mg/L) Organonitrogen(mg/L) NH3-N(mg/L) NO3 N(mg/L) Organo-phosphorus (mg/L) Inorganic phosphorus (mg/L) flow which from quasi-protected area to second-level protection area were the level of class Ⅲ (GB3838-2002) Chlorophyll-a was the level of “Environmental quatity standards for surface water” (GHZB1-1999) on the condition of without on formulation of GB3838-2002 and the level of classⅡ, Ⅲ was 4μg/L, 10μg/L, respectively Based on the detail of many years monitoring data and relative information, in order to simulation more reasonable, the ratio of organo-nitrogen, NH3-N, NO3 N was 0.266:0.217:0.517, the ratio of organo-phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus was 0.294:0.706 The molecular formula of classic algae according to Redfield’s law is C106H263O110N16P, demonstrated that 1μg/L chlorophyll-a contributes 0.009μg/L phosphorus and 0.063μg/L nitrogen, a relatively small contribution The results showed that TP and TN concentration addition caused by chlorophyll-a can be ignored The initial concentration of studying region was shown in Table 3) Water quality boundary condition: Water quality boundary condition was determined by water quality boundary condition of the second-level protection area boundary and the first-level protection area boundary which was the upstream boundary and downstream boundary of studying region, respectively That is to say, the upstream water quality boundary condition was the inlet concentration of the secondlevel protection area boundary and the down stream water quality boundary condition was the initial concentration of the second-level protection area boundary as shown in Table 4) Load condition: The pollution loading of studying region was mainly caused by water which were flowed from second-level protection area border Based on this model, load condition (kg/d) can be described as Eq (1): Load condition=Water quality boundary condition of upstream×Flow boundry condition (1) TABLE II Parameters Degradation coefficient of CODMn Organ phosphorus mineralization rate at 20℃ Nitrifying rate at 20℃ Organic nitrogen mineralization rate at 20℃ Half saturation constant of DIN Half saturation constant of inorganic phosphorus The largest growth rate of phytoplankton at 20℃ Phosphorus-carbon ratio in phytoplankton Nitrogen-carbon ratio in phytoplankton Light attenuation Extinction coefficient Average illumination intensity Saturation light intensity for phytoplankton growth Phytoplankton respiration at 20℃ Phytoplankton mortality Phytoplankton sedimentation speed Inorganic phosphorus sedimentation speed Grazing rate THE INITIAL CONCENTRATION OF STUDYING REGION Initial concentration of second-level protection area Inlet concentration of second-level area 10 0.133 0.266 0.109 0.258 0.217 0.00734 0.0147 0.01766 0.0353 THE PARAMETERS OF VALIDATION MODEL 0.517 3033 Data 0.0175d-1 0.04 day -1 0.026 day -1 0.03 day -1 0.025 mg N/L 0.001 mg P/L 2.0day -1 0.025 0.176 0.017m2/mg chl.-a 0.45 m-1 300 langleys/day 300 langleys/day 0.1day -1 0.02 day -1 1m/day 0.03 m/day 1.2L/mgC-day C Study on the main parameters Degradation constant applied from inverse method by laboratory simulation study simulated with conclusion of other micro-pollution water area [10,11] Based on the actual circumstances of Nanwan Reservoir [7,12], empirical data was used as EUTRO module simulation parameters The nutrients conservation test for related parameters was carried out The simulation results showed that choosing model parameters involved a certain degree of credibility Details of the main parameters of module are summarized in Table V A STUDY AND CONCLUSION VALIDATION Circumstances simulation According to analysis of taking water volume of Nanwan Reservoir, took taking water volume of 2007, 2010 and 2020 as the validating condition as circumstances simulation analysis B Took the reality water volume of 2007 and forecast water volume of 2010, 2020 as the validating condition of protection area delineating Took the reality water supply amount of Nanwan Reservoir of 2007(including drinking water and industry water) and forecast total water amount of 2010, 2020 as flow boundary condition, demonstrated the rationality of protection area which delineated by experience value method On condition of reality water volume of 2005 and forecast water volume of 2010, the concentration of CODMn, NH3-N, TN and TP of concerned points all reached the level of class Ⅱ in “Surface Water Quality Standard” (GB38382002) The second-level protection area which delineated by experience value method has been proved reasonable On condition of forecast water volume of 2020, the CODMn, TN and TP of the section of concerned points will all exceed the allowed range The results showed forecast life water volume of 2020 is smaller than forecast water volume of 2020 It is suggested that separated the industry intake and the drinking water intake and moved the industry intake from second-level protection area The protection area which delineated by experience value method could ensure the quality and stability of the intake drinking water C The allowable maximum taking water volume of the protection area The allowable maximum taking water volume of the protection area is 145 million m3/a through a lot of trial calculations, that is to say when water volume which taken from the first-level and second-level protection area is bigger than 145 million m3/a, the water quality of first-level protection area boundary may worse than the level of class Ⅱ even when the water quality of second-level protection area boundary reached the level of class Ⅲ under the protection area delineation TABLE III WHEN ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY STABLE THE FORECAST CONSISTENCE OF THE CONCERNED POINTS Parameter CODMn (mg/L) NH3-N (mg/L) TN (mg/L) TP (mg/L) A B A B A B A B 2007 2010 2020 Standard limit 3.43 2.01 0.133 0.127 0.387 0.368 0.004 0.001 3.43 2.01 0.184 0.182 0.46 0.449 0.015 0.005 8.63 6.02 0.165 0.161 0.525 0.509 0.051 0.037 VI 0.5 0.5 0.025 CONCLUSION 1) According to validating study, the results indicated that the second-level protection area which delineated by experience value could satisfy industry and life water request in 2005 and 2010, and could also satisfy the request of living in 2020, the protection area delineation has been proved reasonable; 2) The allowable maximum taking water volume of the second-level protection area is 145 million m3/a, it is suggested that the industry intake moves when water volume which taken from the first-level and second-level protection area is bigger than the maximum volume, to ensuring the quality and stability of the intake drinking water; 3) The use of WASP7.2 model in simulation of water quality should base on a lot of parameters The following work should enhance the monitoring work of reservoir and provide available data for the model, making the model more suitable to actual situation REFERENCES [1] A A Fadlelmawla, M A Dawoud, “An approach for delineating drinking water wellhead protection areas at the Nile Delta, Egypt,” J Environ Manage London, vol 79, pp 140-149, April 2006 [2] G Kilroy, C Coxon, J Ryan, Á Connor, D Daly, “Groundwater and wetland management in the Shannon river basin (Ireland) ,” Environ Sci Policy vol 8, pp 219-225, June 2005 [3] B.E Vieux, M.A Mubaraki, D Brown, “Wellhead protection area delineation using a coupled GIS and groundwater model,” J Environ Manage London, vol 54, pp 205-214, November 1998 [4] http://www.epa.gov/athens/wwqtsc/html/wasp.html [5] R.S Wu, W.R Sue, C.H Chen, S.L Liaw, “Simulation model for investigating effect of 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September 2002 3034 [11] J B Mu, Y Z Han, “Study of COD degradation coefficients in the port pollution regions of Nansi Lake,” Environmental Monitoring In China (in Chinese), China, vol 13, pp 47-50, 1997 [12] J P Wang, B L Su, H F Jia, S T Cheng, Z S Yang, D W Wu, et al, “Integrated model of nutrients for the Miyun Reservoir and its watershed,” Chinese Journal of Environmental Science (in Chinese), China, vol 27, pp 1286-1290, July 2006 3035 ... nutrition dynamics of OTOXI module to validate eutrophication of second-level protection area IV A MODELING OF VALIDATION Hydrodynamic model 1) Simplification of grid: Based on the detail of real... boundary condition was the inlet concentration of the secondlevel protection area boundary and the down stream water quality boundary condition was the initial concentration of the second-level protection. .. the main water quality control factors 2) Initial concentration: According to wellhead protection areas water quality requirements, initial concentration of second-level protection area water quality