Science dictionary for kids

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ContentsIntroductionScientificEquipmentTheScientificProcessMeasurementsandUnitsLifeSciencesPhysicalSciencesEarthSciencesSpaceSciencesQuickReferenceGuideReferencesIndexAbouttheAuthorIntroduction“Scienceisawayofthinkingmuchmorethanitisabodyofknowledge.”—CarlSaganAsCarlSaganstated,thestudyofscienceismuchmorethanjustfactsandknowledge;yetwithoutthespecializedvocabularythataccompaniesthescientificconceptsandprocesses,apersonwillfindhimselfatadisadvantageashestrivestoexpresshimselfscientifically.ThatiswhereScienceDictionaryforKidscomestotherescue.Thisdictionaryismuchmorethanalistofwordswithdictionarydefinitions,althoughitdoescontainsciencewordsand,yes,definitions.Thevocabularyusedinscienceisvast;manyof the words resemble commonly used words, however, their scientific usage may be verydifferent. There also are many science words that are new and difficult for students toremember.Thesearethewordsthatwillbefoundinthisdictionary,thosenewandseeminglydifficultwordsorthosethathavesignificantlydifferentdefinitionsthancommonlanguage.Inadditiontodefinitionsofthesespeciallychosenwordswrittenineverydaylanguage(ratherthandictionarylanguage),readersalsowillfindcommonexamplesanddrawingsformanyofthewordsinordertocreatebetterunderstanding.Thisbookdoesnotstopatvocabularywordscommonlyincludedinsciencedictionaries.Instead, it addresses other information that would be helpful to students on their way tobecoming scientific thinkers. Readers also will find diagrams and graphics of the differentcycles studied in the science classroom. The diagrams have the content presented in a basicway.Itisnotintendedtoreplaceinstruction,rathertoserveasanintroductionorreminderofwhatwaspreviouslystudied.Itismeanttobeuserfriendly,soifparentswouldliketohavetheirchildrenworkahead,orteacherswouldliketheirstudentstohaveabasicunderstandingof the content, these drawings will accomplish that. How many times do students read adefinitionormakeadrawingbeforeitisintroducedandnotunderstandwhattheyhavejustdrawn?There also is a reference guide devoted to commonly used formulas and units used inscience. Science is filled with standard units (e.g., kilograms and meters) and derived units(e.g.,Newtons,whichisakilogram•meter,andaJoule,whichequalsaNewton•meter)—could it get any more confusing? Students can get more wrapped up in the units than thecontent when they do not remember with what each unit is associated. And, what about themultitudeofformulasthatexistinscience?Studentsoftenhaveaformulasheet,buttheyhaveto manipulate or change the formulas in order to finish the problem. In this book’s guide,studentswillbeabletolocatethetargetword,readitsbriefdefinition,andreviewtheformulaforitscalculation(includingunits.)Inordertoassistreadersinmovingbeyondthe“bodyofknowledge,”thisbookcontainsmanyresourcestohelpthembesuccessfulwiththeirexperimentsinthelaboratory.Althoughtimeoftenistakentoexplainthepropernamesandusesforallofthescientificequipmentatthebeginningoftheschoolyear,byMarchstudentsmighthaveforgottenaboutthedangersofturning the eyedropper upside down to move liquids or have regressed to calling beakers“those cup things” again! This book has an entire section devoted to the equipment andglassware that students may work with in the science classroom, including a definition, butmore importantly, a drawing (for easy identification) and if appropriate, specific directionsfor the equipment’s use—such as how to transport liquid in an eyedropper without blowingairintotheliquidandturningitupsidedown.Whatatimesavertonothavetoreviewall oftheequipmentthedayoftheexperiment.Italsoisveryeffectivetohavestudentsreviewtheequipmentontheirownbeforeitisusedsoifareviewisneeded,itisaveryquickoneonthedayofthelab.Inadditiontoequipment,therealsoisaquickreferencesectiontoassiststudentswiththevariousstepsofthescientificmethodfromcreatingtestablequestionstowritingproceduresandhowtovisiblypresentdatathroughthecreationofdifferenttypesofgraphs.Studentscanquicklyfliptotheinstructionsonmultiplelinegraphsandbeontheirwaytoproducingtheirown.Thesequickreferencepagesaremeanttoassistthereaderinthestepsofthescientificmethodinaquick,conciseway.Fromequipmentusagetothestepsofthescientificmethod,thisbookismuchmorethana standard dictionary. It is intended to assist teachers in reinforcing their content as well asparentswhoarewillingtohelptheirchildunderstandascienceconcept.Itisareadyreferencetofillthegaps,bringideasbacktomind,andallowstudentstobeevenmoreself-sufficientinthescientificwayofthinking.ScientificEquipmentAnemometerAweatherinstrumentusedtomeasurewindforceandspeed.BarometerAweatherinstrumentusedtomeasureatmosphericpressure.Below29isconsideredrainyorstormywhile30oraboveisconsideredfairweather.BeakerAcontainerusedtotransport,pour,ormixliquids.Itcannotmeasureanexactamountofliquid.BunsenBurnerAsmallburnerusedinthelaboratory.Itisconnectedtoagassourceandusesaveryhotflame.Whenheating,thehottestareaisatthetopoftheinnercore.CompassAninstrumentusedtofinddirection.ItusuallyismadeofamagneticneedlethatisfreetomoveuntilitislinedupwithEarth’smagneticfield.CompoundLightMicroscopeAlightmicroscopethathasmorethanonelensthatisusedtomagnifyasmallobjectorspecimen.ErlenmeyerFlaskAflat-bottomed,cone-shapedflaskusedformixingandheatingliquid.Astoppercanbeusedtosealit.EyedropperAtubewitharubberbulbontheendthatisusedtopullliquidintothetube.Itisusedfortransportingsmallamountsofliquid.EyewashSafetyequipmentthatisusedtoflushtheeyesincasesomethinggetsintothemduringalabexperiment.FunnelAutensilusedtopoursmallsolidsorliquidsintosmall-mouthedcontainers.Itisusuallymadeofeitherplasticorglass.GogglesSafetyequipmentusedtoprotectyoureyesduringanexperiment.GraduatedCylinderAcylinderthathasbeenmarkedwithdifferent“graduations,”orlinesandnumbers,toshowtheleveloftheliquidputinit.Alwaysreadthemeniscus,orthebottomofthecurvedliquid,whenusingaglassgraduatedcylinder.HandLensAhand-heldmagnifyingglassthatallowsyoutolookcloselyatobjects.Thetypicalmagnificationis10x;itmakestheobject10timesbigger.HotPlateAdeviceusedtoheatbeakersorflasks,ithaseithercoilsoraceramicplateforheating.Alwaysbesurethecordistuckedawayforsafety!HydrionPaperAspecialkindoflitmuspaperthatturnsdifferentcolorsdependingonthepH(acidityoralkalinity)ofthesubstancebeingtested.LitmusPaperPaperusedtodeterminepH.Thepaperchangescolordependingonwhetherithasbeenputinanacid,base,orneutralsubstance.Redlitmuspaperwillturnbluewhenplacedinabaseandbluelitmuspaperwillturnredwhenplacedinanacid.MeniscusThelowestpartofthecurvecreatedbywaterwhenitisplacedinaglassgraduatedcylinder.Whenreadingtheexactamountinaglassgraduatedcylinder,youlookatwherethemeniscuslies.MeterStickAcommoninstrumentformeasuringlengthintheclassroom.PanBalanceAbalancethatusestwodifferentpanstofindthemassofanobject.PetriDishAshallowdishapproximately10centimetersindiameter,usedforgrowingbacteriaculturesorevaporatingcrystals.RingStandAmetalstandthatusuallyincludesaringandisusedtosupportglasswareduringheatingorotherlabequipmentduringanexperiment.SpringScaleAmeasuringdeviceorscalethatusesaspringtomeasuretheweightofanobject.ThemostcommonunitmeasuredusingaspringscaleisNewtons;4.45Newtonsequals1pound.StopperAcorkorplugthatisplacedinglasswaretosealit.Itcanbemadeofcork,plastic,orrubberandcaneitherbesolidorhaveholesinittoallowglasstubingtopassthrough.StreamTableAlongtablethatisusedtoshowweathering,erosion,andwaterflowinstreamsandbodiesofwater.TelescopeAninstrumentthatuseslensesandmirrorstoviewfarawayobjects.Therearethreetypes:refracting,reflecting,andradio,whichdoesnothaveanylensesormirrorsbutdependsonradiowavesgivenoffbyfarawayobjectsinspace.TestTubeAlongglasstubethathasoneendopenwiththeotherendrounded.Itcanbeusedforheating,mixing,orcollectingchemicals.Becauseithasaroundedbottomandcannotstandonitsown,itusuallyneedstobekeptinarack.TestTubeClampAclampdesignedspecificallytoholdtesttubeswhiletheyarebeingheated.Toopentheclamp,squeezethemiddleloops.TestTubeRackArackmadeoutofwoodorplasticspecificallydesignedtoholdtesttubeswhiletheyarebeingused.Somealsohavearowofrodsinthebackonwhichtoplacethetesttubesupsidedownfordrying.ThermometerAdeviceusedtomeasuretemperature.Itcontainsmercuryorcoloredalcohol,whichexpandsandrisesinthethermometerasthetemperatureincreases.ThermometersmeasuretemperaturesinCelsiusorFahrenheit,orboth.Somecurrentthermometersprovidedigitalreadings.TripleBeamBalanceAbalancethatisusedtodeterminethemassofanobject.TheScientificProcessBarGraphAgraphorchartthatshowsinformationusingbars.Itshouldbeusedtocomparequalitiesofdata.ConclusionAsummarizationoftheresultsoftheexperimentandtheirimpactonthehypothesis.Control(ControlledVariables)Alloftheaspectsofanexperimentthatarekeptconstantandnotchanged.Inawellplannedexperiment,allofthefactorsshouldbecontrolledexcepttheindependent(manipulated)variable.Example:Whentestinghowtheheightofarampaffectsthetimeittakesacartogodownit,thefollowingarecontrolled:sameramp,samecar,sametimer,samepersonwhotakesthetime,andsamereleasetechniqueofthecar.Control(ControlGroup)Whendesigninganexperiment,thisgrouporobjectremainsasitis;nochangesaremadetoit.DataAgroupoffactsormeasurementsgatheredeitherthroughresearchorexperimentation.DataTableAtablethatisdesignedtorecordquantitativeinformationgainedinanexperiment.DependentVariableTheoutcomeorresultsoftheexperiment;anothernamefortherespondingvariable.Example:Whentestinghowtheamountofsunlightaffectstheheightofabeanplant,theheightofthebeanplantisthedependentvariable.HypothesisAneducatedguessorprediction(basedoneitherresearchorpreviousexperience)abouttheresultofanexperiment.Examples:Ifarampisraisedhigher,itwilltakelesstimeforacartotraveldownit.Basedonpreviousexperiments,thebiggerthewheelsonthecar,thefasteritwilltravel.IndependentVariableThevariablethatischangedinanexperiment;anothernameforamanipulatedvariable.Example:Whentestinghowtheamountofsunlightaffectstheheightofabeanplant,theamountofsunlightistheindependentvariable.InferenceUsinganobservationtocometoaconclusion.Example:Inthepicturewecanobserveabrokenwindowandabaseballonthefloor.Basedontheobservations,wecouldmakeaninferencethatthebaseballbrokethewindow.LineGraphAgraphthatshowsinformationusinglines;usuallyusedtoshowdatathatwerecollectedovertime.ManipulatedVariableThevariablethatischangedinanexperiment;anothernameforanindependentvariable.Example:Whentestinghowtheamountofsunlightaffectstheheightofabeanplant,theamountofsunlightisthemanipulatedvariable.ObservationTheactofgatheringdatabyusingoneormoreofthefivesenses.ProblemThequestiontobeconsideredandaddressedinanexperiment.Thehypothesisusuallyanswersthisquestion.Examples:Howdoesthenumberofbatteriesaffectthestrengthofthecurrentinacircuit?Doeswatertemperatureaffectthebreathingrateofgoldfish?ProcedureThestepsorplansthatneedtobefollowedtocompleteanexperiment.QualitativeObservationsCharacteristicsorqualitiesthatdescribewhatisbeingobserved;basedonaperson’sopinion.Donotinvolvenumbersormeasurements.Examples:Color,texture,taste,likesordislikes,comparisons(e.g.,Stanistallerthanme.)QuantitativeObservationsObservationsthatcanbemeasuredandrecordedusingquantitiesornumbers.Examples:Mass,length,volume,numberofsomething,recordedtimeRespondingVariableTheoutcomeoftheexperiment;anothernameforthedependentvariable.Example:Whentestinghowtheamountofsunlightaffectstheheightofabeanplant,theheightofthebeanplantistherespondingvariable.ScientificMethodAtoolusedbyscientiststofindtheanswertoaquestionorproblem.Thestepsofthescientificmethodare:1.IdentifytheProblem2.ConductResearch3.CreateaHypothesis4.PerformanExperiment5.AnalyzetheData6.DevelopaConclusionTheoryAgeneralprincipleorideathatexplainsfactsorpasteventsorthatcanbeusedtopredictfutureevents.TrialAtestthatisconductedmorethanonceduringanexperiment.MeasurementsandUnitsAmpere(A)Theunitforelectriccurrentortheamountofelectronspassingapointinacertainamountoftime.AstronomicalUnit(AU)Theunitusedtomeasurelongdistancesinspace.ItisequaltothedistancefromtheEarthtothesun.1AU=149,597,870,691km(149.60×109km)1AU=93millionmiles(9.3×106mi)Calorie(cal)Aunitofenergy;kilocalories(1,000calories)arecommonlyusedtodescribetheamountofenergyfoundinfood.1,000calories=1kilocalorie1calorie=4.18joulesCelsius(°C)Themetrictemperaturescaleonwhichwaterfreezesat0°andboilsat100°.Fahrenheit(°F)Thestandardtemperaturescaleatwhichwaterfreezesat32°andboilsat212°.Gram(g)Thebasicmetricunitusedtomeasuremass.1gram=1,000milligrams1,000grams=1kilogramGravityConstant(gc)ThespeedatwhichanobjectwillaccelerateasitfallstowardEarth(untilitreachesterminalvelocity).Itisalsocalledtheacceleration(duetogravity).g c=9.8m/sec2Hertz(Hz)Themetricunitforfrequency.Itisthenumberofwavesthatpassacertainpointinonesecond.1Hertz=1wave/secondJoule(J)Themetricunitforenergyandheat.1joule=1Newtonofforce•1meter1joule=1watt/1second4.18joules=1calorieKelvin(°K)Thetemperaturescalethatbeginsatabsolutezero,wherethereisnomolecularmovement.Waterfreezesat273°Kandboilsat373°K.°Kelvin=°Celsius+273LightYear(ly)Theamountofdistancelightcantravelthroughspaceinoneyear.Itisusedtomeasurelongdistancesinspace.Alightyearequalsabout9.461trillion(9.461×1012)kilometersor5.879(5.879×1012)trillionmiles.Example:Ourneareststaris4.4lightyearsaway,soittakeslightfromthatstar4.4yearstoreachtheEarth.Liter(l)Ametricunitforvolume.1,000liters=1cubicmeter(m3)1liter=1,000milliliters1,000liters=1kiloliterMeter(m)Thebasicmetricunitoflength.1meter=1,000millimeters1meter=100centimeters1,000meters=1kilometerNewton(N)Themetricunitforforce.Itisequaltotheamountofforceneededtoaccelerateamassofonekilogramatarateofonemeterpersecondpersecond.1Newton=1kg•m/s24.45Newtons=1poundOhm(Ω)Themetricunitforresistance.1ohm=1volt/1ampereVolt(V)Thestandardmetricunitforvoltageortheforceofelectricity.1volt=1ohm•1ampereWatts(W)Thestandardmetricunitforpower.Itisequaltoonejouleofenergypersecond.1watt=1joule/1sec1,000watts=1kilowatt1,000,000watts=1megawattLifeSciencesAcquiredTraitsAbilitiesthatarehelpfultoanorganismbutarenotpassedonfromaparent.Example:LargearmmusclesdevelopedbytrainingforasportingeventAlleleAletterthatrepresentsagenetictraitandamemberofapairofgenesonachromosome.WritteninpairsandusedinPunnettSquares.AmphibianAcold-bloodedvertebratethatisbornunderwater,usingitsgillstobreathe,thenspendstherestofitslifeonland,usinglungstobreathe.Examples:Frogs,toads,newts,salamandersAnaphaseThestageofmitosisandmeiosiswhenthechromosomesareseparatedfromeachother.AntherThepartoftheflowerthatproducesandcontainsthepollen.BiomeAlargegeographicalareaoftheEarth’ssurfacethathasacertainsetofcharacteristics.Examples:Tundra,taiga,grassland,freshwater,saltwater,deciduousforest,desert,tropicalrainforestCamouflageAnadaptationthathelpsananimalblendintoitssurroundingandhelpsitavoidpredators.Example:Thearcticfoxhaswhitefurinthewinterandbrownfurinthesummer.Carbon(Dioxide)CycleThewayinwhichcarbon(intheformofcarbondioxide)isremovedfromtheatmospherebylivingthingsandultimatelyreturnedtotheatmosphere.CarnivoreAnylivingthingwithadietconsistingmostlyofmeat.Examples:Lion,venusflytrap,bearCellThesmallestfunctionalunitofalllivingthings.CellMembraneThebarrieraroundacell’scytoplasm(seecell).Cold-BloodedAlivingthingthatcannotcontrolitsbodytemperature.Itstemperatureisdeterminedbyitsenvironment.Example:Inordertogetwarm,alizardorsnakewilllayonwarmsandorindirectsunlighttobringupitsbodytemperature.CommensalismAsymbioticrelationshipbetweenorganismsinwhichoneofthembenefitsfromtherelationshipandtheotherisnotaffected.Example:Barnaclesthatattachthemselvestowhales(andships)CompoundLightMicroscopeAlightmicroscopethatisusedtocreateanenlargedimageofanobject.ConsumerAnorganismthatfeedsonplantsorotheranimals.DecomposerAnorganismthatbreaksdowndeadanimalsanddecayingmatterintoothersubstances.Examples:Bacteria,fungiDichotomousKeyAkeythatallowsyoutoidentifyanitembasedonaseriesofchoices.DNA(DeoxyribonucleicAcid)Themoleculethatcarriesthegeneticinformationinacell.Ithasa“twistedladder”ordoublehelixshape.DominantTraitAtraitthatwillappearinchildren(offspring)ifoneoftheparentshasthetrait.ItiswrittenwithacapitalletterwhenwritingtheallelesforthetraitsinaPunnettsquare.Example:Becausetallisadominanttraitinpeaplants,thetalltraitwouldbewrittenasT.EndoplasmicReticulumAgroupofpathwaysinthecytoplasmofthecellthathelpmovematerialsthroughthecell.Epidermis1.Theoutermostlayeroftheskin.2.Theoutermostlayerofaleaf.FilamentThelongtube-likestructurethatholdsuptheantherofaplant.FoodChainThesequenceofhowlivingthingseateachotherinabiologicalcommunity.Italwaysstartswithaprimaryenergysource(usuallythesun).FoodWebTwoormorefoodchainsinterconnectedtogether.FruitThefleshypartofaplantthatcontainstheseeds.Examples:Tomato,apple,orangeGenotypeThegeneticmakeupofanorganismasshownbytheallelesorlettersthatrepresentthetrait.Example:Thegenotypeforaheterogeneoustallpeaplantwouldbe:Tt.GenotypicRatioTheratioofthegenotypesofpredictedoffspringusingaPunnettsquare.Example:ByusingaPunnettsquare,youcancalculatethatthefourpossibleoffspringwouldbe:TT,Tt,Tt,andtt.Thegenotypicratioforthiswouldbe1:2:1.GolgiApparatusAnorganellefoundinthecytoplasmofcellsthatprocessesandpackagessubstancesthecellneeds.HabitatTheareaorenvironmentwhereanorganismnormallylivesorhasitsneedsmet.HerbivoreAnorganismthatdependsonplantsformostofitsfoodandenergy.HeterozygousWhenanorganismhastwodifferentallelesforagenetictrait.Examples:TtisaheterozygoustallplantorRrwouldbeaheterozygousroundseed.HibernationAstateofinactivityinwhichanorganismconservesenergythroughthecoldermonths.HomozygousWhenanorganismhastwoofthesameallelesforagenetictrait.Examples:TTisahomozygoustallplantorttwouldbeahomozygousshortplant.HybridAnothertermforhavingheterozygousallelesforacertaintrait.Examples:Ttisahybridorheterozygoustallplant,andRrisahybridorheterozygousroundseed.InheritedTraitTraitsthatcomefromaparentorotherancestor.Examples:EyeorhaircolorInstinctAbehaviorthatanorganismisbornwithanddoeswithoutthinkingortraining.Example:BirdsmigratingsouthforthewinterInterphaseThephaseofmitosiswherethecellisresting.Growthandmaturingaretakingplaceduringthisphase.InvertebratesAnimalsthatdonothaveabackbone.Examples:Jellyfish,insect,spider,clam,starfish,antLearnedBehaviorAnactionorsetofactionsthatanorganismlearnsandchangesbasedonitsexperiences.Examples:Tyingyourshoes,orwhenacatcomestothesoundofthecanopenerasacanoffoodisopenedFrogLifeCycleLifeCycleThelifesequenceofanyorganismasitpassesfromeggtoadult.MammalsAnimalsthatarewarm-blooded,havebodyhair,andprovidemilkfortheiryoung.Therearethreegroups:marsupials,monotremes,andplacentals.Examples:Kangaroo,elephant,anteater,batMarsupialsMammalswhoseyoungstayinpouchesforthefirstpartoftheirlife.Examples:Koalas,kangaroosMeiosisTheprocessofcelldivisioninwhichaparentcelldividesandproducesfourdaughtercells(sexcells)thathavehalfofthechromosomesoftheparent.MetaphaseThephaseofmitosiswherethechromosomeslineupinthemiddleofthecell.MimicryWhenoneorganismlookslikeanotherorganism,helpingitsurviveinitsenvironment.Example:Theharmlessscarletkingsnake(redwithyellowandblackstripes,inwhichtheredcolorisnexttotheblackstripes)resemblesthepoisonouscoralsnake(red,black,andyellowstripes,buttheredisnexttotheyellowstripes).Predatorsleavethescarletkingsnakealonebecauseitresemblesthepoisonouscoralsnake.MitochondriaAnorganellefoundinthecytoplasmofcellthathelpsthecellconvertfoodintouseableenergy.MitosisTheprocessofcelldivisioninwhichaparentcelldividesandproducestwoidenticaldaughtercells,eachwiththesamenumberofchromosomesastheparentcell.MonotremesMammalsthatlayeggs.Examples:Anteaters,duck-billedplatypusMutationApermanentchangeinanorganism’sDNA.MutualismAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothorganismsbenefitfromtherelationship.Example:Clownfishbenefitfromtheprotectionofseaanemone,whiletheseaanemonebenefitbyeatingthelargerfishtheclownfishattractaswellastheclownfish’sscraps.NaturalSelectionTheideathatifanorganismhascharacteristicsortraitsthathelpitsurvivebetterinitsenvironment,itwillsurvivetoproducemoreoffspringthanotherorganismsthatdonothavethehelpfultrait.Thiswillleadtothehelpfultraitbecomingmoreandmoreevidentinfuturegenerations.NicheThespecialareaorfunctionanorganismhasinitshabitat.Nitrogencycle.NitrogenCycleThestepsbywhichnitrogenistakenoutofsoilandwaterbylivingthingsandultimatelyreturnedbacktothesoil.NucleusThecontrolcenterforthecellthatcontainsthegeneticmaterial,DNA.OmnivoreAnorganismthateatsbothplantsandanimalsasitsfoodsource.OrganApartofanorganismthatperformsaspecificfunction.OrganelleAstructureinthecellthathasaspecificfunction.Examples:Cellwall,cellmembrane,nucleus,cytoplasm,nuclearmembrane,endoplasmicreticulum,ribosome,mitochondrion,vacuole,lysosome,chloroplastOrganSystemAgroupoforgansinthehumanbodythatworktogethertocarryoutavitalfunction.Examples:Digestive,circulatory,respiratory,integumentary,endocrine,muscular,lymphatic,nervous,reproductive,skeletal,andexcretorysystemsOvaryThepartofafloweringplantthatcontainstheseeds.Itwillmatureintoafruit.ParasitismAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsfromtherelationshipandtheotherorganismisharmed.Example:AdoganditsfleasPetalsThebrightlycoloredpartsoftheflowerthatsurroundandhelpprotectthereproductivepartsoftheflower.PhenotypeThewayanorganismlooksbasedonitsgeneticmakeuporalleles.Example:ThephenotypeforaplantwithagenotypeofTtwouldbetall.PhenotypicRatioTheratioofthephenotypesofpredictedoffspringusingaPunnettsquare.Example:ByusingaPunnettsquare,youcancalculatethatthefourpossibleoffspringwouldbe:TT(tall),Tt(tall),Tt(tall),andtt(short).Thephenotypicratioforthiswouldbe3:1,or3tallplantsforevery1shortplant.PhloemThetissueinthestemoftheplantthattransportsthefoodandnutrientsthroughouttheplantPhotosynthesisTheprocessinwhichplantsusesunlighttocombinecarbondioxideandwatertocreatefood.Itschemicalformulais:6CO2+6H2O+energy6O2+C6H12O6carbondioxide+water+sunlightoxygen+carbohydrate(sugar)PistilThefemalereproductivepartsofafloweringplant.Itincludesthestigma,style,andovary.PreyAnanimalthatishuntedorcaughtforfood.ProducerAnorganismthatproducesitsownfoodandisafoodforotherorganisms;usuallyagreenplant.ProphaseThephaseofmitosiswherechromosomescopythemselvesandthenucleusstartstodisappear.PunnettSquareAmethodusedtopredicttheoutcomesofgeneticcrosses.PurebredAnothertermforhavinghomozygousallelesforacertaintrait.Examples:TTisapurebred,orhomozygoustallplant,orttwouldbeapurebredshortplant.RecessiveTraitAtraitthathastobecontributedbybothparentsinordertoappearintheoffspring.Itwillalwaysbeoverriddenbythedominanttrait.Itsalleleisshownbyusingalowercaseletter.Example:Ashortplantwouldhavethegenotypettbecausetallisdominant(T).ReptilesAgroupofcold-bloodedanimalsthathavescales,breatheair,andusuallylayeggs.Examples:Turtles,lizard,snakes,crocodiles,alligatorsRespirationThewaythatanorganismexchangesgasseswithitsenvironment.RibosomeAnorganellewhereproteinsynthesistakesplace.Itisfoundeitherinthecytoplasmofacelloronanendoplasmicreticulum.RNA(RibonucleicAcid)Alongsinglestrandofnucleicacidthatassistsacellinmakingproteins.ScavengerAnorganismthatfeedsondeadordecayinganimals.SepalAmodifiedleaf,sometimeslookinglikeapetal,thatisfoundatthebaseoftheflowerblossom.StamenThemalereproductivepartsofafloweringplant.Itincludestheantherandthefilament.StigmaThepartofthefemalereproductivesysteminfloweringplantsthatreceivesthepollenfromtheanthers.Itislocatedatthetoporendofthestyle.StyleThisfemalereproductiveorganinfloweringplantsconnectsthestigmawiththeovary.TelephaseThephaseofmitosiswherethedivisionbetweenthetwonewcellsforms.TissueAgroupofsimilarcellsthatworktogethertoperformaspecificfunctionforanorganism.Examples:Muscle,nerve,connective,epidermalTraitAfeatureorcharacteristicofanorganism.TranspirationAprocessinplantsinwhichtheylosewaterthroughtheundersidesoftheirleaves.TropismWhenanorganism(usuallyaplant)movestowardorawayfromsomething.Example:Plantsgrowtowardsunlightorheat;hangaplantupsidedownanditwillgrowupright.VacuoleAnorganellefoundinthecytoplasmofcellsthatisusedtostorewaterornutrients.Itusuallyisquitelargeinplantcellsandsmallerinanimalcells.VertebrateAnimalsthathaveabackbone.Examples:Humans,dogs,horses,fish,reptiles,birds,amphibians,frogsWarm-BloodedAnorganismthatcanmaintainarelativelyconstantbodytemperaturenomatteritsenvironment.XylemThetissueinthestemoftheplantthattransportswaterthroughouttheplantandhelpssupportit.ZygoteAcellformedfromtwocells—onefromthemotherandonefromthefather;thefirstcellofanoffspring.PhysicalSciencesAccelerationTheamountvelocitychangesinacertainamountoftime.Usuallyexpressedinm/sec2.Anegativeaccelerationmeanstheobjectisslowingdown.CalculatingAcceleration:•Usetheformula:•A=acceleration•Vf=thefinalvelocity•Vi=theinitialorstartingvelocity•t=thetimefortheaccelerationtotakeplaceAcidAmaterialthathasapHlessthan7.Itturnsbluelitmuspaperred.Examples:Citricacid(foundinsodasandlemonjuice),batteryacidAtomThesmallestpieceofanelement.Madeupofanucleusandacloudofelectrons.AtomicMassThetotalmassofanatom;thenumberofprotonsandneutronsinanatom.Shownbytheunitu,ortheunifiedatomicmassunit.Example:Silver ’satomicmassis107.87u.AtomicNumberThenumberofprotonsinanatomicnucleus.BaseAmaterialthathasapHgreaterthan7.Itturnsredlitmuspaperblue.Examples:Bakingsoda,draincleanerBohrModelofChlorineBohrModelAmodelthatshowstheapproximatelocationoftheprotons,neutrons,andelectronsinanatom,withtheelectronstravelinginorbitsaroundthenucleus.BoilingPointThetemperatureatwhichaliquidboils.Waterboilsat100°Cor212°F.BuoyancyThecapacitytofloatineitherairorliquid.Theprincipalofbuoyancy,whichstatesthatinorderforanobjecttofloatithastodisplaceenoughofthefluidaroundit,isattributedtoArchimedes.ChemicalChange(ChemicalReaction)Anychangethatcreatesanewsubstancebyalteringthechemicalmakeupofacompound.Evidenceofachemicalchangecouldbechangeintemperature,light,heat,orsoundgivenoff,ortheformationofgasses.Examples:Combustion(woodburning),oxidation(ironrusting),cooking(orbaking)ChemicalPropertyApropertyofasubstancethatcanbeobservedduringachemicalchange.Example:Combustibility(abilitytoburn),reactivity(withotherelements)CircuitAclosedpaththatelectricityfollows.Therearetwobasictypes:seriesandparallel.CombustibilityHoweasilyamaterialwilligniteorburn.Italsoisachemicalproperty.CompoundAsubstancemadeupoftwoormoreelementsthatcannotbeseparatedbyaphysicalchange.Examples:Salt(NaCl),water(H2O),sugar(C12H22O11)ConductivityTheabilityofanobjecttoconductortransmitheat,electricity,orsound.ConductorAmaterialthatcanallowheat,light,sound,orelectricitytopassthroughiteasily.Example:Metalisagoodconductorofheatandelectricitybecauseittransmitsthemsoeasily.CurrentTherateofflowofelectrons(electriccharges)orwater.ElectriccurrentismeasuredinAmperes(A).CalculatingCurrentGiventheResistance:•UseOhm’sLawformula:I=•I=current(amps)•V=voltage(volts)•R=resistance(ohmsΩ)CalculatingCurrentGiventhePower:•UseOhm’sLawformula:I=•I=current(amps)•P=power(watts)•V=voltage(volts)DensityAmeasureofthecompactnessofthemoleculesofamaterial.Theclosertheparticlesaretooneanother,thehigherthedensityofthematerial.Themassperunitofvolumeofamaterial.CalculatingDensity:•Usetheformula:D=•D=density•m=mass•v=velocityDiatomicMoleculeAmoleculethatismadeupoftwoatoms.Italwayswillbebondedwithanotheratom,evenitismoreofthesamekindofatom.Examples:Hydrogen(H2),Oxygen(O2),Fluorine(F2),Iodine(I2),Bromine(Br 2),Chlorine(Cl2),Nitrogen(N2)Diffract/DiffractionThebendingofwavesaroundanobstacleorthespreadingofwavesastheygothroughanopening.DopplerEffect/DopplerShiftWhenthefrequencyofalightorsoundwaveischangedbecausetheobjectproducingthewaveisinmotion.Insound,thehigherthefrequency,thehigherthepitch;inlight,thehigherfrequencylightisbluewhilethelowerfrequencylightisred.Example:Asanambulancewithitssirensblaringapproachesyou,thesoundwavesinfrontofitarecompressed,givingitahigherfrequencyandthereforeahigherpitch.Asitpassesyou,thewavesspreadoutsothefrequencyislowerandthepitchisloweraswell.ElementAsubstancemadeupofallofthesameatoms.Foundontheperiodictable.ElectronsTinynegativelychargedparticiplesthatmovearoundthenucleusoftheatom.Theirmassisabout1/1836ofaprotonorneutronsotheydonotcalculateintotheatomicmass.CalculatingtheNumberofElectronsinanAtom:• In an electrically stable atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons(atomicnumber).•Hydrogenhasanatomicnumberof1,whichmeansithasoneprotonandoneelectron.ElectromagnetWrappedwirearoundanironcorethatactslikeamagnetwhenelectriccurrentflowsthroughthewire.EnergyTheabilitytodowork.Measuredinjoules.FamiliesTheverticalcolumnsoftheperiodictable;alsocalledgroups.Familieshavecertaincommoncharacteristicsortraits.Thereare18familiesinthestandardperiodictable.Examples:Alkalimetals,AlkalineEarthmetals,halogens,noblegassesForceApushorapull.FrequencyTheamountofwavesthatpassacertainpointinonesecond.ItismeasuredinHertz(Hz).CalculatingFrequency:•Usetheformula:F=•F=frequency(Hertz)•v=speed(usuallyinm/sec)•λ=wavelength(inmeters)FrictionAforcethatresistsmotionwhentwoobjectsmoveagainsteachother.GasAstateofmatterthatdoesnothaveadefiniteshapeorvolume.Itwillfillthecontainerinwhichitisplaced.Theparticleshavehighenergyandareinmotion.GravityAnaturalforceofattractionbetweenbodiesinspacewithgreatmassandotherobjectsinspaceaswellastheobjectsontheirsurfaces.Gravitydeterminesweight.Accelerationduetogravity:9.8m/sec2GroupsTheverticalcolumnsoftheperiodictable;alsocalledfamilies.Groupshavecommoncharacteristicsortraits.Thereare18groupsinthestandardperiodictable.Examples:Alkalimetals,AlkalineEarthmetals,halogens,noblegassesHalf-LifeTheamountoftimeittakesforhalfofaradioactivematerialtodecay.HeterogeneousMixtureAmixtureinwhichthematerialsaredifferentsizesandoftendifferentstatesofmatter.Itiseasytotellthedifferencebetweenthedifferentcomponentsinthemixture.Examples:Cerealandmilk,chickennoodlesoup,snackmix,nutsandboltsHomogenousMixtureAmixtureinwhichthedifferentmaterialsappeartobethesamestateofmatter.Theparticlesofthematerialsinthemixturearesimilarsizessothedifferentmaterialsaredifficulttotellapart.Examples:Powereddrinksinwater,saltwater,bronzeInclinedPlaneAsimplemachineconsistingofaslopedsurfaceorrampusedtoraiseaload.CalculatingtheMechanicalAdvantage(MA)ofanInclinedPlane:•Usetheformula:•Distanceeffort=lengthoftheramp•Distanceresistance=heightoftherampIndicatorAnysubstancethatcanshowthepresenceorabsenceofachemicalorsubstance.Examples:Litmuspaper(acidsorbases),Hydrionpaper(pH)Inertia(Newton’sFirstLawofMotion)Thetendencyofabodytoresistchangingitsmotion.Anobjectatrestwilltendtoremainatrest,whileanobjectinmotionwilltendtoremaininmotioninastraightlineunlessacteduponbyanoutsideforce.Examples:Asoccerballwillcontinueonastraightpathtowardthegoalunlessblocked.Alargerockatthetopofahillwillremainwhereitisunlessgravityactsuponittopullitdown.InsolubleAsubstancethatcannotbedissolvedinanothersubstance.InsulatorMaterialthatslowsdownordoesnotallowthepassingofheat,light,sound,orelectricity.Example:Rubberisagoodinsulatorforbothelectricityandheat.IonAnatomorgroupofatomsthathasacquiredachargebecauseithasgainedorlostelectrons.Example:Ahydrogenatomhasoneproton(onepositivecharge)andoneelectron(onenegativecharge).Thismakestheatomelectricallyneutral.Whenhydrogenlosesanelectron,itlosesonenegativesothatgivesitatotalchargeof1positive.Itisa+1ion.IsotopeTwoatomsthathavethesameatomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumbers,andthereforedifferentnumbersofneutrons.Itisusuallyexpressedwiththeelementnameanditsmass(e.g.,Carbon–14),anditmayberadioactive.Examples:•Carbon–12(itsmassmatchestheperiodictable)•AtomicNumber=6,soithas6protons•AtomicMass=12,soithas6neutrons•Carbon–14(ithasamassof14—doesnotmatchthemasswrittenontheperiodictable)•AtomicNumber=6,soithas6protons•AtomicMass=14,soithas8neutrons•Carbon–14isanisotopeofcarbon.LawofConservationofEnergyAprinciplethatstatesthatenergyisneitherlostnorgainedinanysystemorenergytransfer.LawofConservationofMassAprinciplethatstatesthatmassisneitherlostnorgainedinanychemicalreaction.LeverAsimplemachinemadeupofabarthatpivotsaroundafixedpoint.CalculatingMechanicalAdvantageofaLever•Usetheformula:•Distanceforceoreffort=measureofthelengthfromtheforcetothefulcrum•Distanceloadorresistance=measureofthelengthfromthefulcrumtotheloadLiquidAstateofmatterwithadefinitevolumebutnodefiniteshape.Ittakestheshapeofitscontainer.Itsmoleculeshaveenergyandrollpasteachother.Longitudinal(Compressional)WaveAwavethattravelsparallelthroughitsmedium.Theclosertheparticlesofthemedium,thefasterthelongitudinalwavecantravelthroughit.Examples:Soundwaves,earthquakewavesMassTheamountofmatterinsideanobject.Itdoesnotchangebasedongravity.Itisusuallymeasuredingramsorkilograms.MatterSomethingthathasmassandtakesupspace.Itcanbesolid,liquid,gas,orplasma.MechanicalAdvantage(MA)Thenumberoftimesamachinemultipliestheforceappliedtoit.CalculatingMechanicalAdvantage:•Usetheformula:MA=MeltingPointThetemperatureatwhichasolidchangestoaliquid.Ice(water)meltsat0°Cor32°F.MetalloidAnelementontheperiodictablethathaspropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetals.Locatedalongthestairstepseparatingthemetalsfromthenonmetals.MetalsSubstancesfoundontheleftsideoftheperiodictable.Theyusuallyaregoodconductorsofheatandenergy.MixtureAcombinationofoneormoresubstancesinwhicheachcomponentretainsitsownpropertiesandstillcanbeseparated.Therearetwotypes:heterogeneousmixturesandhomogenousmixtures.Examples:Cerealandmilk,salad,powdereddrinks,snackmixMoleculeConsistingoftwoormoreatomsjoinedtogether,itisthesmallestparticleofasubstancethatstillhasallofthepropertiesofthesubstance.Example:WatermoleculeisH2O,withtwoatomsofhydrogenandoneatomofoxygen.MomentumTheamountofmotionofamovingobject.CalculatingMomentum:•Usetheformula:p=mv•p=momentum(kg•m/sec)•m=mass(kg)•v=velocity(m/sec)Neutral1.Anatomorparticlethatdoesnotcarryacharge.2.AsolutionthathasapHof7.Purewaterisaneutralsubstance.NeutronAneutralparticlefoundinthenucleusoftheatom.Ithasanapproximatemassof1unifiedatomicmassunit.CalculatingtheNumberofNeutronsinanAtom:1.Findtheatomicmass(foundontheperiodictable)ofanatom;itisequaltonumberofprotonsandneutronstogether.2. Calculate the number of neutrons by subtracting the number of protons (atomicnumber)fromtheatomicmass.Example:Lithiumhasanatomicmassof6.9or7.Basedonitsatomicnumber,ithas3protons.Lithiumhas4neutrons.Newton’sFirstLawofMotionAnobjectatrestwillremainatrestunlessacteduponbyanoutsideforce;anobjectwillcontinuetotravelinastraightlineunlessacteduponbyanoutsideforce.AlsocalledtheLawofInertia.Example:Whenridinginacar,ifthecarsuddenlystops,aridernotwearingaseatbeltwillcontinuemovingatthespeedofthecar.Newton’sLawsofMotionThreelawsthatshowtherelationshipsbetweenforcesactingonanobjectandthemotionofthebody.Newton’sSecondLawofMotionInorderforanobjecttoaccelerateormoveinthedirectionoftheforceplaceduponit,youhavetohaveenoughforcetoovercomeitsmass.Example:Themoremassinthecar,themoreforceitwilltaketomoveit.Thefasteryouwantittomove,themoreforceyouwillneed.Newton’sThirdLawofMotionForeveryaction,thereisanequalandoppositereaction.Example:Inorderforarockettoleavetheground,hotgasseshavetopushdownwardwhiletherocketmovesup.NonmetalsSubstancesfoundontherightsideoftheperiodictable.Theygenerallyarenotgoodconductorsofheatandenergyandmostaregassesatroomtemperature.NucleusThecentralpartofanatomthatcontainstheprotonsandneutrons.ParallelCircuitAnelectriccircuitthathasmorethanonepathforthecurrenttofollow.Ifonelightbulb(orresistor)isturnedofforbreaks,thecurrentwillfollowtheotherpath.ParticleAverysmallpieceorpartofasubstanceorobject.PendulumAnobjectsuspendedfromafixedpointsoitcanswing(oroscillate)freelybackandforth.CalculatingthePeriodofaPendulum:•Usingastopwatch,measuretheamountoftimeittakesforthependulumtomakeonecompleteswingoutandreturntoitsstartingpoint.Period1.Ahorizontalrowontheperiodictable.2.Timeneededforonecompleteswingoutandbacktoapendulum.pH(PotentialofHydrogen)Ameasureofhowacidicorbasicasolution;7isconsideredneutral,while1–6areacidicand8–14arebasic.Thefurtherawayfromneutral,thestrongertheacidorbase.Seepage121foralistofcommonacidsandbases.PhaseAnothertermforstateofmatter.Therearefourphasesofmatter:solid,liquid,gas,andplasma.PhysicalChangeAchangeinsize,shape,orstateofmatterthatdoesnotchangeasubstance’scomposition.Examples:Watermeltingorfreezing,crumplingapieceofpaper,liquidevaporating,breakingglassPhysicsThestudyofmatter,energy,andforce.PitchHowhighorlowasoundis.Itisdeterminedbythefrequency.Thehigherthefrequency(amountofwavesinasecond),thehigherthepitch.Thelowerthefrequency,thelowerthepitch.Plasma1.Averyhot,gas-likestateofmatterthatoccursnaturallyonthesunandotherstars.Italsocanbeproducedinfluorescentlightsandplasmadisplaytelevisions.2.Theliquidpartofblood.Power1.Therateatwhichworkisdone.Measuredinwatts.CalculatingPower(Work):•Usetheformula:P=•P=power(watts)•W=work(joules)•t=time(seconds,minutes,hours)2.Theamountofelectricitybeingused.Measuredinwatts.CalculatingPower(Electricity):•Usetheformula:P=V•I•P=power(watts)•V=voltage(volts)•I=current(amps)ProductThesubstanceorsubstancesthatareformedinachemicalreaction.PropertyCharacteristicsofanobjectorsubstance.Examples:Chemicalproperties(flammability),physicalproperties(density)ProtonsPositivelychargedparticlesthatarelocatedinthenucleusoftheatom.Theyhaveanatomicmassof1u.CalculatingtheNumberofProtonsinanAtom:• In an electrically stable atom, the element’s atomic number equals the number ofprotons.Example:Hydrogenhasanatomicnumberof1,whichmeansithasjustoneproton.PulleyAsimplemachinemadeupofagroovedwheelthatcanturnfreelyinaframecalledablock.Therearetwobasickinds:fixed(thepulleydoesn’tmove)andmoveable(thepulleymovesalongtherope).Inaddition,ablockandtacklepulleyismadeofmorethanonepulleyworkingtogether.ReactantAsubstancethatisparticipatinginachemicalreaction.Reflect(Reflection)Tothroworbendbacklightorsoundwhenithitsasurface.Examples:Mirrorsreflectlight,echoesarereflectedsoundRefract(Refraction)Tobendlightasitpassesthroughamaterialorlensorfromonestateofmattertoanother.ResistanceAmeasureofhowmuchamaterialslowsdownorstopselectricity.Measuredinohms.Examples:Rubberhashigherresistancesoitisapoorconductorofelectricity.Copperhaslowresistancesoitisagoodconductorofelectricity.CalculatingResistance:•Usetheformula:R=•R=resistance(ohmsΩ)•V=voltage(volts)•I=current(amps)SaturatedSolutionAsolutionthathasdissolvedallofasubstancethatitisabletodissolveatacertaintemperature.ScrewAninclinedplanewrappedaroundacylindercore.Examples:Carjack,c-clamp,corkscrewSeriesCircuitAnelectriccircuitthathasonlyonepathforthecurrenttofollow.Ifonelightbulb(orresistor)isturnedofforbreaks,thepathisbrokenandthecurrentwillstop.SimpleMachineAdevicewithoutmovingpartsthatisusedtomakeworkeasier.Therearesixdifferentkinds:lever,wheelandaxle,pulley,wedge,inclinedplane,andscrew.SolidAstateofmatterwithadefiniteshapeandvolume.Itsparticleshavethelowestenergyofallofthestatesofmatter.SolubilityTheamountofsubstanceorsolutethatcanbedissolvedinacertainamountofsolvent.SolubilityGraphAgraphthatshowstherelationshipbetweentemperatureandtheamountofacertainsolutethatcanbedissolvedinwater.SolubleAbletobedissolvedintoanothersubstance.SoluteAsubstancethatisbeingdissolvedintosomethingelse.Example:Inmakingapowereddrink,thepowderisthesolute.SolutionAhomogenousmixtureoftwoormoresubstances;canbesolids,gasses,orliquids.Example:Air(solutionofvariousgasses),soda(solutionofgasinaliquid),bronze(solidsolutionofcopperandtin)SolventThesubstanceintowhichsomethingisbeingdissolved.Example:Insaltwater,thesolventiswater.SpeedTherateofmotionofanobject.Itisrepresentedbythedistanceoverthetimeanobjecttravels.CalculatingSpeed:•Usetheformula:S=•S=speed•d=distance•t=timeSupersaturatedSolutionAsolutionthathasmoresubstancedissolvedinitthanitwouldnormallybeabletohavedissolvedatacertaintemperature.Example:Heatingandstirringwatertodissolvesugarforsugarrockcandy.Ifyoujustheatedthewater,itwouldnotbeabletodissolveasmuchaswhenitisstirredaswell.TemperatureMeasureofthekineticenergyormotionofthemoleculesofasubstance.ItisexpressedinCelsius,Fahrenheit,orKelvin.CalculatingCelsiusWhenGivenFahrenheit:•Usetheformula:°C=(5/9)(°F–32)CalculatingFahrenheitWhenGivenCelsius:•Usetheformula:°F=(1.8×°C)+32CalculatingKelvinWhenGivenCelsius:•Usetheformula:°K=°C+273TransverseWaveAwavethattravelsata90°angletothemediumitismovingthrough.Examples:Waterwaves,lightwavesUnsaturatedSolutionAsolutionthatcanstillhavemoreofacertainsubstancedissolveditin.ValenceElectronsTheelectronslocatedintheoutermostelectronshellofanatom.Theyaretheelectronsinvolvedinchemicalreactions.Example:Oxygenhastworingsofelectrons;theinnermostonehastwoelectrons.Thesecond,oroutermost,ringhassix.Thesearethevalenceelectrons.Oxygenhassixvalenceelectrons.VoltageThestrengthorforceoftheelectronsorelectricalcurrentinacircuit.Technically,voltageisthedifferenceofpotentialenergybetweentwopointsofanelectricalcircuit.Agoodanalogyiscomparingelectricitytowater.Highvoltageislikewaterthatiscomingoutofapowerwasherversuswaterthatiscomingoutofagardenhose(lowervoltage)Example:Highvoltagesignswarnthatthecurrenttravelingthroughthecircuithasalotofenergyandstrengthandcouldbedangerous.CalculatingVoltageUsingResistance:•Usetheformula:V=IR•V=voltage(volts)•I=current(amps)•R=resistance(ohmsΩ)CalculatingVoltageUsingPower:•Usetheformula:V=•V=voltage(volts)•P=power(watts)•I=current(amps)VolumeTheamountofspaceanobjectoccupies.UsuallymeasuredinL,mL,orcm3usingagraduatedcylinder.WavelengthThedistancebetweentwocrestsortwotroughsinatransversewaveorthelengthofonecompressionandonerarefactioninacompressionalwave.CalculatingtheWavelength:•Usetheformula:•λ=wavelength(inmeters)•F=frequency(Hertz)•v=speed(usuallyinm/sec)WedgeAsimplemachinewithaninclinedplaneononeorbothsides.Examples:Knife,axe,nailWeightAmeasureofhowmuchgravitypullsonanobject.ItismeasuredusingascaleandisexpressedinNewtons.WheelandAxleAlargewheelsecuredtoasmallerwheelorshaftcalledanaxle.Examples:Doorknob,screwdriver,steeringwheelCalculatingtheMechanicalAdvantageofaWheelandAxle:•Measuretheradiusofthewheelanddividebytheradiusoftheaxle.WorkAforceactingthroughadistance.CalculatingWork:•Usetheformula:W=F•d•W=work(joules)•F=force(Newtons)•d=distance(meters)EarthSciencesAbrasionTheprocessofwearingawayofrockbyparticlescarriedbywind,water,orice.Example:Rocksinthebottomofaglacierruborscrapethebedrockastheglaciermovesoverit.AsthenosphereArelativelythinlayeroftheEarth,locatedintheupperpartofthemantle,onwhichtheEarth’splatesrestandmove.BiomassPlantmaterial,animalwaste,orvegetationthatisusedasafuelorenergysource.Example:Wood,manure,yardclippingsBiosphereThepartoftheEarthanditsatmospherethatsupportslife.CementationThelaststepintheformationofsomesedimentaryrocks.Mineralsseepintothecracksbetweenthesedimentsandcementthemtogether.ChemicalWeatheringAformofweatheringinwhichrocksandmineralsaretransformedintonewsubstances.Example:Arockwithironinitwillreactwiththeoxygenintheairandtherockwillbeginto“rust”andbreakoff.CirrusAhighaltitudecloud,havingathinwhiteandwispyappearance.CleavageAlineorplanethatarockwillbreakalongnaturally.CompactionThecompressingofrockandsedimentsthatcanformsedimentaryrocks.CondensationWhenwatervaporchangesintoliquid.Inthewatercycle,thisstepleadstoprecipitation.ConductionThetransferofheatorelectricitybydirectcontact.Example:Thehandleofametalspoongetshotwhenitisleftinapotofboilingwater.ContinentalDriftThetheorythatthecontinentsareabletomoveanddriftfreelyonthesurfaceoftheEarth;usuallycreditedtoAlfredWegener.ConvectionAheattransferthroughliquidsandgasses.Alsoknownasconvectioncurrents.ConvergentBoundaryAplacewheretwoormoreplatescometogether.CoreTheinnermostpartoftheEarth.Itiscomposedofanironandnickelliquidoutercoreandasolidironinnercore.CrustTheoutermostlayeroftheEarth’ssurface.Itisbrokenintolargepiecescalledplates,rangingfromapproximately3miles(5km)to47miles(75km)inthickness.CumulusAdense,fluffywhitecloudwithaflatbaseandroundedtop.DeltaAfan-shapedlandformformedatthemouthofariverastheriverslowsdownandsedimentsaredeposited.DepositionThedroppingofmaterialthathasbeenpickedupandtransportedbywind,water,orice.DivergentBoundaryAboundaryinwhichtwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Example:TheMid-AtlanticRidgefoundinthecenteroftheAtlanticOceanEpicenterThepointontheEarth’ssurfacethatisdirectlyabovethefocusofanearthquake.EraThelongestdivisionofgeologictime.Examples:Precambrian,Paleozoic,Mesozoic,CenozoicErosionTheprocessofmovingsoilandrockbywater,wind,orglacialaction.EvaporationTheprocessinthewatercycleinwhichwaterfromtheoceansandlakesisheatedupenoughbythesuntoturnintowatervaporintheatmosphere.ExosphereTheuppermostregionoftheEarth’satmosphere;wheretheatmospheremixeswithspace.ExtrusiveIgneousrocksthatareformedfromlavaabovetheEarth’ssurface.Usuallyhaveverysmallornocrystals.Examples:Pumice,obsidian,basaltFault(FaultLine)AcrackorfractureintheEarth’scrustalongwhichmovementoccurs.Therearethreemaintypes:normalfault(thehangingwallslipsdown),reversefault(thehangingwallispushedup),andslipstrike(thepiecesofcrustmovepastoneanother).FissionAnuclearreactioninwhichanatomicnucleusissplitintofragments,releasingasignificantamountofenergy.FocusTheexactlocationwherethecrustmoved,causinganearthquake.FoldAbendinthelayersofrock.FoliatedArockthathasalayeredappearance.Thisisusuallyassociatedwithmetamorphicrocks.FusionAnuclearreactioninwhichsmalleratomicnucleiarebroughttogethertoformalargernuclei,releasingenergy.Thisoccursnaturallyinstarsandoursun.GeneratorAmachinethatconvertsmechanicalenergy(energyinmotion)toelectricalenergy.Geothermal(Hydrothermal)EnergyUsingtheheatfromwithintheEarthtocreateenergy.HydrothermalenergyisspecificallyusingthehotsteamintheEarth’scrust.GlacierAlargeriveroficeslowlyflowingoveralandmassasitsmassandgravityforcesitforward.Althoughitstaysyear-round,itwillmoveforwardorrecedebasedonthesnowfallandtemperatures.Half-LifeTheamountoftimeittakesforhalfofaradioactivematerialtodecay.HumusTheorganicpartofsoil.Usuallydarkincolor,itiscreatedbythedecompositionoflivingmaterial.IgneousRockArockformedfrommoltenmaterial,eitheratorbelowtheEarth’ssurface.Examples:Pumice,basalt,granite,obsidianInexhaustibleResourceAnaturalresourcethatwillnotbeexhaustedorconsumedcompletely.Examples:Solarenergy,windenergyIntrusiveIgneousrocksthatareformedfrommagmabelowtheEarth’ssurface.Usuallyhavelargercrystals.Examples:Granite,diorite,gabbroLavaMoltenrockatorabovetheEarth’ssurface.LithosphereThestrongouterlayeroftheEarththatisdividedinto12majorplatesandmanymoresmallerones.LusterAdescriptionofthesurfaceofacrystal,rock,ormineral.Examples:Metallic,nonmetallic,dullMagmaMoltenrockbelowtheEarth’ssurface;containsdissolvedgasses.MantleThemiddlelayeroftheEarth.Althoughconsideredsolid,itcanmove.ComprisesmostoftheEarth’smass.MeanderAbendinariverformedbyerosionanddepositionalongitsbanks.Itcaneventuallybecutoffandturnintoanoxbowlake.MesosphereThemiddlelayeroftheEarth’satmosphere.Temperaturesdecreaseinthislayerasaltitudeisincreased.MetamorphicRockArockformedbyheatandpressuredeepwithintheEarth’scrust.Examples:Slate,gneiss,marbleMeteorologistAscientistwhopredictsandreportsweatherconditions.MineralAnaturallyoccurringsolidthathasadefinitechemicalcomposition,color,hardness,andcrystallinestructure.Examples:Diamond,quartz,gold,silverMoraineAnaccumulationofthesedimentsleftbehindbyaglacier.NonrenewableResourceAnaturalresourcethatcannotberestoredafteruseorisbeingusedatsucharatethatitcannotbereplacedasquicklyasitisbeingconsumed.Examples:Oil,naturalgas,petroleumOreAmineralthatcanbeminedforprofit.Examples:Aluminum,iron,copperPangaeaThenameofasupercontinentthatisbelievedtohaveexistedbeforethecontinentsdriftedapart.ProposedbyAlfredWegeneraspartofthetheoryofcontinentaldrift.PeriodThedivisionofgeologictimeintowhicherasaredivided.Examples:TheMesozoicEraisdividedintotheCretaceous,Jurassic,andTriassicperiods.PermeabilityTheabilityofamaterialtotransmitfluids.Anaquifermusthavepermeablerockforthewatertomovethroughit.PhysicalorMechanicalWeatheringTheprocessofbreakingdownrocksintosmallerfragmentsusingphysicalmeans.Example:Icewedging(watergetsintocracksinrocksandfreezes,breakingtherockapart)PlateTectonicsThetheorythatthecrustoftheEarthisbrokenintolargepiecescalledplatesthatarebeingpushedandmovedthroughconvectioncurrentsintheEarth’smantle.PrecipitationAnyformofwaterthatfallstotheEarth’ssurface.Examples:Rain,snow,sleet,hailRadiationAtransferofenergythatdoesnotrequiremattertotakeplace.Examples:Sunlight,heatlampsRenewableResourceAnaturalresourcethatcanbereplenishedatthecurrentrateitiscurrentlybeingconsumedbyhumans.Examples:Freshwater,wood,biomass,geothermalpowerRockCycleThesequenceofeventsthatshowshowrocksareinitiallyformedandchangedovertime.RunoffWaterthatisnotabsorbedbyrocksorsoilsoitflowsovertheground.SedimentaryRockArockformedbythecompactionorcementationoflayersofsedimentbeinglaiddownontopofeachother.Examples:Coal,limestone,conglomerate,shaleSedimentsWeatheredmaterialsthathavebeencarriedanddepositedbywind,water,orice.SeismographAninstrumentthatdetectsandrecordstheintensity,direction,anddurationofanearthquake.SolarPowerAninexhaustibleenergysourceinwhichtheenergyofthesuniscapturedandconvertedintousefultypesofenergy.Theenergyusuallyiscapturedwithlargesolarpanelslocatedindirectsunlight.StratosphereThelayeroftheatmosphereimmediatelyabovethetroposphere.Itcontainstheozonelayer.StratusAgreycloudwithlayersthatisclosetotheground.Example:FogStreakThecolorofthepowderleftbehindwhenamineralisrubbedagainstahardsurface(usuallyastreakplate).SubductionZoneAnareawhereoneedgeofacrustalplateisforcedbelowanotherplate;associatedwithaconvergentplateboundary.ThermosphereThelayeroftheEarth’satmospheredirectlybeneaththeexosphere.Temperaturesincreaseinthislayerasaltitudeisincreased.TidalPowerEnergycreatedbyoceanwavesthatiscapturedandusedtoturnaturbine.TopographicMapAmapthatisatwo-dimensionalrepresentationofathree-dimensionallandsurface.Thesemapsshowthesize,shape,andelevationofvariouslandfeatures.TransformBoundaryAboundaryinwhichtwoplatesarepassingbesideeachother.Example:SanAndreasFaultTroposphereThelayeroftheatmospherethatisclosesttothesurfaceoftheEarth.Cloudsandweatherarefoundinthislayer.TsunamiAhugewavethatiscausedwhenthewavesfromanunderwaterearthquaketravelthroughthewater.Asthewavesgetclosertoshore,theybegintopileupuntiltheysmashonshore.WaterCycleThecyclethatshowshowwateristransferredandchangedfromthebodiesofwaterintotheatmosphereandthenbacktotheocean.WeatherMapSymbolsSymbolsorlettersusedonaweathermaptoshowthecurrentweather.Acompletelistisincludedinthequickreferenceguideonpage124.Commonsymbols:WeatheringTheprocessofbreakingdownrockintosmallerpiecesandsediments.Therearetwotypes:physicalandchemical.WindPowerArenewableenergysourceinwhichtheenergyofwindiscapturedandconvertedintousefultypesofenergy.Usuallycapturedwithlargewindturbineslocatedinareasofconstantwind.SpaceSciencesAsteroidAnyoftherocksorbodiesinspacethatrevolvearoundthesun,usuallylocatedbetweenMarsandJupiter.BlackHoleAnareainspacewithsuchstronggravitationalpullthatevenlightcannotescapeitspull.CometAbodyinspacethattravelsinalongorbitaroundthesun.Itismadeupasolidheadwithalongvaportailthatalwayspointsawayfromthesun.Examples:Halley’sComet(appearsevery76years)andHale-Bopp(appearsevery2,400years)ConstellationAformationofstarsthatseemtoformpicturesinthenightsky.Examples:Cassiopeia,Orion,Cygnus,theastrologicalsignsCoronaTheplasma-likeatmosphereofthesun.Itiswhatisvisibleduringatotalsolareclipse.CrescentOneofthephasesofthemoon,associatedwiththecoming(waxing)orgoing(waning)ofthenewmoon.EclipseWhenabodyinspaceiseitherpartiallyorcompletelyblockedfromsight.Lunar•OccurswhentheEarth’sshadowfallsonthemoon,blockingitfromsight.Occursaboutevery6months.Solar•OccurswhenthemoonpassesdirectlybetweentheEarthandsun,sothesunisblockedfromview.Usuallylastslessthan8minutes.EllipticalGalaxyAgalaxywithnospiralstructurethatseemstohaveanellipticalshape,containingmostlyolderstars.Examples:Messier32,Messier87,LeoIImag eCredit:NASA,ESA,andtheHubbleHeritag e(STScI/AURA)-ESA/HubbleCollaborationFullMoonThephaseofthemoonwhenitisdirectlybehindtheEarthandcompletelylitbythesun’slight.GalaxyAlargegroupofstars,dust,gas,andotherbodiesheldtogetherbygravity.Theyareclassifiedbytheirshapes.Therearethreemaintypes:elliptical,spiral,andirregular.GibbousThemoon’sphasesinwhichmorethanhalfofthemoon’ssurfaceisvisible.IrregularGalaxyAgalaxythathasauniqueshapeandisnotsymmetrical.Comprisedofbothyoungandolderstars,itistheleastcommonshapeforgalaxies.Examples:LargeMagellanicCloud,MessierObjectsImag eCredit:NASA,ESA,theHubbleHeritag eTeam(STScI/AURA),andA.Aloisi(STScI/ESA)LightYearTheamountofdistancelightcantravelthroughspaceinoneyear.Itisusedtomeasurelongdistancesinspace.Alightyearequalsabout9.46trillion(9.46×1012)kilometersor5.88(5.88×1012)trillionmiles.Example:Ourneareststaris4.4lightyearsaway,soittakeslightfromthatstar4.4yearstoreachtheEarth.MeteoriteArockorpieceofmetalthathasfallentoEarth’ssurfacefromspace.MoonorLunarPhasesThechangeintheappearanceofthemoontoanobserveronEarthasthemoonrevolvesaroundtheEarth.Seepage125ofthequickreferenceguideforafulllunarphasechart.NebulaAlargecloudofspacedustorgasses.NewMoonAphaseofthemooninwhichthemoonisbetweenthesunandtheEarthsothesidefacingtheEarthdoesnotreceiveanysunlight.OrbitThepathanobjectfollowswhenitgoesaroundanotherobject.Example:ThemoonorbitstheEarth.Imag eCredit:NASAProminenceAnarcofflaminggaseruptingfromthesun’ssurface.ProtostarAtightlypackedcloudofmaterialthatisintheprocessofbecomingastar.QuarterThephaseofthemooninwhichhalfoftheilluminatedsideofthemoonisvisibletoEarth.RadioTelescopeAtelescopethatcollectsradiowavesgivenoffbybodiesinspace.Theradiowavesthenaretranslatedintophotographsbasedonthetypesofradiowavesreceived.Scientistscannotlookthroughradiotelescopes.ReflectingTelescopeAtelescopeinwhichlightforafarawayobjectisgathered,reflected,andfocusedbymirrorsbeforebeingpassedthroughtheeyepiecetotheobserver.RefractingTelescopeAtelescopeinwhichlightfromafarawayobjectisgatheredandfocusedbyvariouslensesbeforebeingmagnifiedonemoretimeasitpassesthroughtheeyepiecelenstotheobserver.RevolutionThemovementofabodyaroundanotherinspace.TheEarthrevolvesaroundthesun,whichaccountsforourseasons.1orbit=1year.RotationTheturningonacenterpointoraxis.TheEarth’srotationonitsaxiscausesdayandnight.1rotation=1day.SatelliteAbodyinspacethatorbitsaplanet.Itcanbenaturallikeamoonorman-made.SolarFlareAsuddeneruptionofhydrogengasonthesurfaceofthesun;appearsasaverybrightspot.Itusuallyoccursnearsunspots.SpiralGalaxyAgalaxythathasarmsthatseemto“spiral”outfromacompactedcenter.Madeupofmostlyyoungbrightstars.Examples:MilkyWayGalaxy,PinwheelGalaxyImag eCredit:NASA/courtesyofnasaimag es.orgSunSpotCool,darkspotsthatappearonthesun’ssurface.SupernovaTheexplosionofastarthatgivesofflotsoflightandenergy.WhiteDwarfTheremainsofastarafterithascollapsed.Itsparticlesareverytightlypackedanditdoesnotgiveoffmuchlight.Itisneartheendofthecycleofastar.QuickReferenceGuideUsingLabEquipmentUsingaMicroscope1. Pluginthemicroscopeandbesurethecordistuckedsafelyoutoftheway.2. Movetheobjectivelensessothelowestpower(theshortestlens)ispointingdowntowardthestage.3. Placetheslideonthemicroscopestage,puttingitunderthestageclipstokeepitfrommoving.Besurethespecimenisoverthemiddleoftheholeinthestage.Thatwillmakeiteasiertofind,butdon’tlookyet!4. Lookingattheobjectivelenses,usethecoarsefocus(biggerknob)andmovethelenstoitslowestpoint,closesttotheslide.5. Lookthroughtheeyepieceandslowlyturnthecoarsefocusuntilthespecimencomesintofocus.6. Onceitisinsight,ifneeded,adjustthefinefocustoseemoredetails.7. Ifthespecimenseemswashedoutorhardtosee,adjustthediaphragmtoallowlesslighttopassthroughtheholeinthestage.Thiswillbringoutmoredetail.UsingaTripleBeamBalance1. Besurethebalanceiszeroed,ormeasureszero,whenthereisnothingbeingmassed.Thebalanceindicator(usuallyalineontheright)shouldbelinedupshowingit’sbalanced.Differentbalanceshavedifferentwaysofzeroingthem.2. Placetheobjecttobemassedonthepanofthebalance.3. Startingwiththelargest(heaviestslider),movethesliderintoeachnotchalongthebeamuntilthebalanceindicatorgoesbelowthebalanceline.4. Returntheslidertothelastnotchitwasinbeforeitwenttoolow.5. Usingthenextsmallestslider,moveitfromnotchtonotchuntilthebalanceindicatoragaingoesbelowthebalanceline.6. Returntheslidertothelastnotchitwasin.7. Usethelastslider(usuallyasmallmetalonewithoutnotches),andslideitslowlyalongthebeamuntilthebalanceindicatorandbalancelinematchexactly.8. Addthedifferentnumbersindicatedoneachbeamtocalculatethemass.Thesebeamsread10,200,and6.5,sothemassis10+200+6.5,or216.5grams.UsingaSpringScale1.2.3.4.Besureyourscaleis“tared,”ormeasuringzero,whennothingisbeingweighed.Attachtheobjecttobeweighedtothescale.Tomeasuretheweightoftheobject,lifttheobjectoffthetableusingthescale.Tomeasuretheforceittakestomoveanobject,pulltheobjectalongthetableorgroundwiththescale.UsingaPanBalance1. Placetheobjectsyouwanttomassinoneofthepans.2. Placemasses(orweights)intheotherpanuntilthepansbalance.Thereusuallyisalineorpointerthatneedstobematcheduptoshowexactbalance.3. Countthemasses(orweights)thatwereputinthesecondpantodeterminethemassoftheobject.UsinganEyedropper1.2.3.4.Squeezethebulbatthetopoftheeyedropper.Placetheeyedropperintotheliquidyouwanttotransport.Slowlyreleasethebulbatthetoptodrawliquidintotheeyedropper.Withouttippingorturningtheeyedropperupsidedown,moveittothenewlocationandslowlysqueezethebulbatthetoptoreleasetheliquidonedropatatime.ReadingaGraduatedCylinder1. Besurethegraduatedcylinderisonaflatsurface.2. Lookatthecurvedleveloftheliquidinthecylinder.Thecurvedsurfaceiscalledameniscus.3. Thelowestpointofthemeniscusisthevolumeoftheliquid.Note:Plasticgraduatedcylindersdonotcreatemeniscuses.MeasuringVolumeMeasuringthevolumeofaregularsolid:1. Measurethelength,width,andheightoftheobjectusingameterstickorruler.2. Multiplythemeasurementstogetthevolume.Measuringthevolumeofanirregularsolid:1.2.3.4.5.Fillagraduatedcylinderwithwatertoacertainlevel.Readthemeniscusandrecordthevolumeofthewater.Addthesolidtothegraduatedcylinder.Recordthenewvolumeafterthesolidwasadded.Subtractthetwovolumestocalculatethevolumeofthesolid.Theinitialvolumeinthiscylinderwas60ml.Afterthesolidwasadded,itwentupto65ml.Thechangewas5ml,sothatisthevolumeofthesolid.MeasuringtheDensityofanObject1. Findthemassoftheobjectusingabalance.2. Findthevolumeoftheobject,eitherthroughmeasurementandcalculationorthroughdisplacementusingagraduatedcylinder.3. Dividethemassbythevolume.Example:Accordingtoatriplebeambalance,arockhasamassof56grams.Afterputtingitinagraduatedcylinderandusingdisplacement,thevolumeis10ml.Thedensityis5.6g/mlor56grams/10ml.TheScientificMethodStepsoftheScientificMethod1.IdentifytheProblema.Decideonatestablequestionthatcanbeansweredthroughexperimentation.2.ConductResearcha.Collectbackgroundinformationontheproblemandthetopicbeingstudied.b.Findoutwhatothersalreadyknowaboutthetopicandproblem.3.CreateaHypothesisa.Proposeasolutiontotheproblembasedontheresearchandpreviousknowledge.4.PerformanExperimenta.Testyourhypothesisandcollectthedata.5.AnalyzetheDataa.Organize,examine,andgraphthedataobtainedthroughtheexperiment.6.DevelopaConclusiona.Summarizetheresultsoftheexperimentanditsimpactonthehypothesis.DevelopinganAppropriateorTestableQuestionTheproblembeinginvestigatedhasaquestionthatneedstobeanswered.Thisquestionneedstobetestableinordertogatherinformationandapproachyourproblem.Tobesureyourquestionorproblemistestable,askyourselfthesequestions:1.2.3.4.5.Canitbeansweredthroughanexperiment?Canyoumakeobservationsinordertoanswerthequestion?Doesitcomparetwothingsthatcanbemeasured?Canyouobtainquantitativedata(usingmeasurements)toanswerthisquestion?Doesitaskaboutobjects,organisms,oreventsinthenaturalworld?NontestableQuestions1. Dependonpersonalpreferenceormoralvalues.2. Askaboutthesupernatural.3. Relatetoideasthatcannotbemeasured.TipsforWritingSpecificProcedures1.2.3.4.5.Includeamaterialslistwitheverythingneededtocompletetheexperiment.Writetheproceduresstep-by-step;donotleaveanythingout!Numbereachstep.Makestepsshort,tothepoint,andeasytounderstand.Includespecificmeasurementsaswellasexactnamesoftheequipment(e.g.,250mLbeakerratherthanlargecup).6. Includeadrawingorsketchtoshowhowtheexperimentissetupifitwillhelp.7. Includeanysafetyrulesorcautions.8. Ifpossible,haveanotherpersonreadthroughyourprocedurestoseeifanythingwasleftout.CommonLabSafetyRules1. Followallwrittenandverbalinstructionscarefully.2. Donotworkinthelabwithoutateacherpresent.3. Wearsafetygoggleswheninstructed.Keepthemonduringtheentireexperiment,evenifyouoryourlabgroupisalreadyfinished.4. Conductyourselfinaresponsiblewayatalltimes.5. Onlyperformtheexperimentgivenorapprovedbyyourteacher.6. Donottouch,smell,ortasteanychemicalsunlessyourteachertellsyoutodoso.7. Alwayscarrymicroscopes,triplebeambalances,andglasswarewithchemicalsusingtwohands.8. Reportanaccident(breakage,spill,etc.)orinjurytotheteacherimmediately.9. Donotpickupbrokenglassorcleanupanychemicalspills.10. Knowwhereallofthesafetyequipmentislocatedandhowtouseit.11. Besurethecordsonanyequipmentaresafelystoredwheretheycannotbepulledortrippedover.12. Neverleaveanopenflameorhotplateunattendedandneverassumeahotplateisnothot.13. Donoteatfood,drinkbeverages,orchewgum.14. Keepyourhandsawayfromyourface,eyes,andmouthwhileusinglabmaterials.Alwayswashyourhandsafteranexperiment.15. Donotuseorplaywithanyequipment,supplies,orothermaterialsinthescienceroomwithoutpermissionfromtheteacher.16. Tielonghairbackwhenworkingwithequipment.17. Treatanypreservedbiologicalspecimenswithrespect.18. Keepyourworkareaneatandcleanandcleanallworkareasandequipmentattheendoftheexperiment.19. Alwaysdisposeofanywastematerialsasinstructed.Donotreturnunusedchemicalstotheiroriginalcontainers.CollectingandRecordingYourDataCreatingaDataTable1. Identifytheindependentanddependentvariables.2. Decideonatitleforyourdatatablethattellsthepurposeofthedatatable.3. Writeyourindependentvariable(whatyouaregoingtochangeandhow)inthefirstcolumn.Don’tforgetyourunits!4. Makecolumnstorecordallofthedetailsaboutyourdependentvariable(orresults).5. Ifappropriate,makemorethanonecolumnforthedependentvariablesomorethanonetrialcanberecorded.6. Ifusingmorethanonetrial,includeacolumntocalculatetheaverageoftheresults.TitleTheEffectofRampHeightonCar’sTravelTimeGraphingYourDataCreatingaBarGraphFromaDataTableTheEffectofRampHeightonCar’sTravelTime1. Identify the independent (what was changed in the experiment) and dependent(measuredresultsofthechange)variables.Independent=heightoftheramp(centimeters)Dependent=timeofcarontrack(seconds)2.Labeleachaxiswithitsvariable.Besuretoincludeunitsiftheyareneeded.Independentvariableonthehorizontal(x)axisDependentvariableonthevertical(y)axis3. Determine the range of the data for each variable by subtracting the largest numberfromthesmallestnumberneededoneachaxis.Heightoframp(xaxis)=15cm–0cm=15Timeofcar(yaxis)=6.5sec–0sec=6.54.Countthenumberoflinesoneachaxisofyourgraph.15linesoneachaxis5.Dividetherangefortheyaxisbythenumberoflinesonyourgraph.Thisiswillgiveyouthevalueforeachlineontheyaxis.Timeofcarontrack(yaxis)=6.5sec/15lines=.43sec/line(roundto.5sec/line)6.Countthenumberofindependentvariablesintheexperimenttodeterminethenumberofbars.Heights:5,10,and15,so3bars.7.Decidehowtoplacethebars(equallyspaced)onthexaxis.8.Numberthelinesofyourgraph.9.Usethedatatocreatebarsthatshowyourquantities.(5,6.5)(10,5.0)(15,3.3)10.Givethegraphameaningfultitle.CreatingaLineGraphUsingDataFromaDataTableTheEffectofaHeatLampontheEvaporationofWater1. Identify the independent (what was changed in the experiment) and dependent(measuredresultsofthechange)variables.Independent=numberofdayspassedDependent=amountofwaterleft(mL)2.Labeleachaxiswithitsvariable.Besuretoincludeunitsiftheyareneeded.Independentvariableonthehorizontal(x)axisDependentvariableonthevertical(y)axis3. Determine the range of the data for each variable by subtracting the largest numberfromthesmallestnumberneededoneachaxis.Numberofdays(xaxis)=5days–0days=5Amountofwaterleft(yaxis)=90mL–0ml=904.Countthenumberoflinesoneachaxisofyourgraph.15linesoneachaxis5.Dividetherangeforeachaxisbythenumberoflinesonyourgraph.Thiswillgiveyouthevalueforeachline.Roundyouranswersifyouneedtomakeiteasiertoplotyourinformation.Amountofwaterleft(yaxis)=90mL/15lines=6mL/lineNumberofdays(xaxis)=5days/15lines=.33days/line(usethreelinesfor1day)6.Numberthelinesofyourgraph.7.Plotthedataonyourgraphandconnectthepoints.(0,90)(1,70)(2,56)(3,42)(4,23)(5,6)8.Givethegraphameaningfultitle.CreatingaMultipleLineGraphTheEvaporationRateinDifferentSpotsinOurSchool1. Identify the independent (what was changed in the experiment) and dependent(measuredresultsofthechange)variables.Independent=time(days)Dependent=amountofwaterleft(ml)2.Labeleachaxiswithitsvariable.Besureandincludeunitsiftheyareneeded.Independentvariableonthehorizontal(x)axis.Dependentvariableonthevertical(y)axis.3. Determine the range of the data for each variable by subtracting the largest numberfromthesmallestnumberneededoneachaxis.Numberofdays(xaxis)=5days–0days=5Amountofwaterleft(yaxis)=15ml–0ml=154.Countthenumberoflinesoneachaxisofyourgraph.15linesoneachaxis5.Dividetherangeforeachaxisbythenumberoflinesonyourgraph.(Thiswillgiveyouthevalueforeachline.)Roundyouranswersifyouneedtomakeiteasiertoplotyourinformation.Amountofwaterleft(yaxis)=15ml/15lines=1ml/lineNumberofdays(xaxis)=4days/15lines=.27sec/line(roundto.3sec/line)6.Numberthelinesofyourgraph.7.Makeakeyforeachofthesetsofinformationthatwillbeputonthegraphandplaceitnearyourgraph.heatlampclassroomtabledarkcloset8.Plotthedataonyourgraphforeachlineandconnectthepointsusingthekeytoshoweachline.Heatlamp=(0,15)(1,6.4)(2,0)(3,0)(4,0)(5,0)Darkcloset=(0,15)(1,15)(2,13.5)(3,12)(4,11)(5,9)Classroomtable=(0,15)(1,10)(2,6)(3,3)(4,0)(5,0)9.Givethegraphameaningfultitle.AtomsCalculatingtheNumberofProtonsThenumberofprotonsisequaltotheatomicnumberoftheelement.Fluorine’satomicnumberis9=9protonsCalculatingtheNumberofNeutronsThenumberofneutronsisequaltotheatomicmassminustheatomicnumber.Fluorinehasamassof18.9(roundto19)–9(atomicnumber)=10neutronsCalculatingtheNumberofElectronsInastableatom,thenumberofelectronsisequaltothenumberofprotons,whichisequaltotheatomicnumber.Fluorinehas9protons=9electronsCreatingaBasicBohrModelforanElementWithanAtomicNumberBetween1–201.Calculatethenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsintheatom.2.Placetheprotonsandneutronsinthenucleusofyourmodel.3.Aftercalculatingthenumberofelectrons,placethemintheirelectronrings.1stRing=2electrons2ndRing=8electrons3rdRing=8electrons4thRing=4electronsDeterminingifanAtomIsanIonoranIsotope1.Calculatethenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsbasedontheperiodictable.Example:Fluorinehas9protons,10neutrons,and9electrons.2.Comparethenumberofeachparticleinyourquestionatomwiththenumbersyoujustcalculated.3.Ifthenumberofneutronsaredifferent,itisanisotope.Example:Fluorinewith9protons,11neutrons,and9electronsisanisotope.Thenumber of neutrons is different from the one calculated based on the periodictable.4.Ifthenumberofelectronsisdifferent,itisanion. Example: Fluorine with 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons is an ion. Thenumberofelectronsisdifferentfromtheonecalculatedfromtheperiodictable.DeterminingtheChargeofanIon1.Usingtheperiodictable,calculatethenumberofelectronsfortheatom.Example:Accordingtotheperiodictable,Calciumshouldhave20electrons.2.Comparethenumberofelectronsinyouratomwithwhatwascalculated. Example: Our Calcium ion has 18 electrons, which is two less than the periodictablecalculation.3.Iftherearefewerelectronsthatwhatisstatedonthetable,yourionispositivebythedifference.BecauseCalciumhas18electrons,whichistwolessthanthetable,itisapositive2or2+ion.4.Iftherearemoreelectronsthanwhatisstatedonthetable,yourionisnegativebythedifference.Example:IfaChlorineatomhad18electrons,whichisonemorethaniscalculatedfromthetable.Thatmeanstheionisnegativebyoneora1–ion.GeneticsCreatingandCompletingPunnettSquaresPunnettsquaresareusedtopredictthegeneticoutcomeoftheoffspringthatmaybeproducedwhentwoorganismsarebredtogetheror“crossed.”1.Carefullyreadthegiveninformationforthecross. Complete a cross between a homozygous (purebred) short pea plant and aheterozygous(hybrid)tallpeaplant.2.Determinewhichtraitisdominant(willalwaysshowifpresent)andwhichisrecessive(willonlyshowifnodominanttraitispresent).Inpeaplants,tallisdominantovershort.3.Designatelettersforthetraitorgenesinthecross.Capitallettersrepresentdominanttraits,andlowercaselettersrepresentrecessivetraits.T=tallplantst=shortplants4.Locatetheimportantwordsinthecrosstohelpyouidentifythemakeupofeachparent.homozygousorpurebred=theplanthastwoofthesamealleles(orletters)forthistrait;soeitherTT(dominant)ortt(recessive)heterozygousorhybrid=theplanthasdifferentallelesforthistrait;Tt5.Usingtheinformationgiven,writethegenotype(genes)foreachparent.homozygous(purebred)short=ttheterozygous(hybrid)tall=TtSo:tt×Tt(ReadasttcrossedwithTt)6.Listthegenesthateachparentcancontributetothecross.ttwillcontributeatandatTtcancontributeaTandat7.DrawaPunnettsquareandwritethepossiblecontributionsfromoneparentalongthetop,andtheotheralongtheside.8.Fillineachboxbywritingthetraitthatisbothaboveandbesideit.DeterminingtheGenotypicRatioFromaPunnettSquare1.CompleteyourPunnettSquare.Thelettersinsidethesquarerepresentthegenotypeorgeneticmakeupoftheoffspring.Ttandttintheexamplebelow.2.Countthenumberofeachgenotype.Tt=2tt=23.Writedownandreducetheratioofeachgenotypeproducedinthecross.Tttott2to2orreducesto1:1.Soitsgenotypicratiois1:1.ForeveryplantthathasgenotypeofTt,thereshouldbeonewithttasitsgenotype.DeterminingthePhenotypicRatioFromaPunnettSquare1.AftercompletingyourPunnettSquare,writethephenotypeofphysicalappearanceofeachoffspringinitssquare. Remember: Because a capital letter is the dominant trait, if there is at least onecapitalletter,theoffspringwillhavethattrait.2.Countthenumberofeachphenotype.Tallplants=2shortplants=23.Writedownandreducetheratioofeachgenotypeproducedinthecross.Tttott 2 to 2 or 1:1. Therefore, its phenotypic ratio is 1:1. For every short plant, thereshouldbeonetallone!4.Note:Thegenotypicandphenotypicratiosarenotalwaysthesame!SolubilityCurvesReadingaSolubilityGraph1.Locatethecurveforthesubstancebeingdissolved.Ignorealloftheothercurves!Let’susetheNH3curve.2.Tocreateasaturatedsolution,thecurvewillshowtheexactamountofgramsofthesubstancethatcanbedissolvedin100gramsofwateratanytemperature0°C–100°C.Forexample,lookatthecurveandfind10°CforNH3.Thecurveshows70gramsofNH3willcreateasaturatedsolutionin100gramsofwater.DeterminingtheSolubilityofaSolution1.Locatethecorrectcurveforthesubstancebeingdissolved.2.Findtheintersectionoftheamountofsubstanceandthetemperatureofthewater.3.Iftheintersectionofthetwoisbelowthecurveforthesubstance,itisconsideredanunsaturatedsolution.Forthetemperature10°C,ifthereis50gramsofNH3dissolvedinthe100gramsofwater,thesolutionisunsaturated.4. If the intersection of the two is above the curve for the substance, it is considered asupersaturatedsolution.Forthesametemperature,ifthereare90gramsofNH3dissolvedinthe100gramsofwater,thenthesolutionissupersaturated.FormulasMotionDensityTemperatureCurrentWavesMechanicalAdvantageofSimpleMachinesWeightWorkHandyTablesandChartsQuickConversionsMeasurementsandTheirUnitsCelsiusandFahrenheitCommonHouseholdAcidsandBasesCommonHouseholdChemicalsPeriodicTableBasicWeatherMapSymbolsCloudCoverageNoCloudsPartlyCloudyOvercastWindDirectionWindcomesfromthedirectionofthearrow.Misc.SkyCoverPatchyFogLightFogDenseFogAirPressureHighLowCloudTypesHighElevationScatteredCirrusDenseCirrusCirrostratusHeavyCirrostratusCirrusandCirrostratusMiddleElevationThinAltostratusThickAltostratusThinAltocumulusHeavyAltocumulusLowElevationStratocumulusFairWeatherCumulusDevelopingCumulusCumulonimbusCirrocumulusNimbostratusStratusWeatherConditionsWindSpeedCalm<5knots5knots10knots20knots25knots50knotsFrontsWarm(usuallyred)Cold(usuallyblue)Stationary(mixofredandblue)Occluded(mixofredandblue)LunarPhasesMoh’sHardnessScaleGeologicTimelineNote.FromGeolog y.com(n.d.),Hyperphysics(n.d.).,&U.S.Geolog icalSurvey(2002).ReferencesGeology.com. (n.d.). Geologic time scale. Retrieved March 9, 2009, fromhttp://geology.com/time.htmHyperphyics. (n.d.). Geological time scale. Retrieved March 9, 2009, fromhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/Geophys/geotime.htmlU.S.GeologicalSurvey.(2006).GeologichistoryofSouthernCalifornia.RetrievedMarch9,2009,fromhttp://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/socal/geology/geologic_history/index.htmlIndexA|B|C|D|EF|G|H|I|JK|L|M|N|OP|Q|R|S|TU|V|W|X|ZAAbrasion61Acceleration37,114,119Acid37,121AcquiredTraits19Allele19Ampere(A)15,119Amphibian19Anaphase19Anemometer5Anther19Asteroid77Asthenosphere61AstronomicalUnit(AU)15Atom37,105–107AtomicMass37AtomicNumber37,105BBarGraph11Creatinga99Barometer5Base38,121Beaker5Biomass61Biome20Biosphere61BlackHole77BohrModel38,105BoilingPoint38BunsenBurner5Buoyancy38CCalorie(cal)15Carbon(Dioxide)Cycle20Carnivore21Cell21CellMembrane21Celsius(°C)15,57,114,120Cementation61ChemicalChange(ChemicalReaction)39ChemicalProperty39ChemicalWeathering61Circuit39Parallel50Series55Cirrus62,124Cleavage62Cold-Blooded21Combustibility39Comet77Commensalism21CommonHouseholdAcidsandBases121CommonHouseholdChemicals122Compaction62Compass5Compound39CompoundLightMicroscope6,22Conclusion11,14,94Condensation62,75Conduction62Conductivity39Conductor40Constellation77Consumer22,23ContinentalDrift62,70ControlControlGroup11ControlledVariables11Convection63ConvergentBoundary63Core63Corona78Crescent78,125Crust63Cumulus64,124Current40,115,119DData11,94,98,99–104DataTable12,99,101Creatinga98Decomposer22,23Delta64Density40,119Formulafor40,114Measuring93DependentVariable12,98Deposition64DiatomicMolecule41DichotomousKey22Diffract/Diffraction41DivergentBoundary65DNA(DeoxyribonucleicAcid)22DominantTrait23DopplerEffect/DopplerShift41EEclipse78Electromagnet42Electrons42CalculatingtheNumberof42,105Element42CreatingaBohrModelfor105EllipticalGalaxy79,80EndoplasmicReticulum21,23Energy42,119Geothermal(Hydrothermal)67LawofConservationof46Solar72Tidal73Wind76Epicenter65Epidermis23Era65,127ErlenmeyerFlask6Erosion65Evaporation65,75Exosphere65Extrusive66Eyedropper6Usingan91Eyewash6FFahrenheit(°F)15,57,114,120Families42Fault(FaultLine)66Filament23Fission66Focus66Fold66Foliated66FoodChain23FoodWeb23Force42,119Frequency43,119Formulafor43,115Friction43Fruit24FullMoon79,125Funnel6Fusion67GGalaxy80Elliptical79Irregular80Spiral84Gas43Generator67Genotype24GenotypicRatio24Determining110GeologicTimeline127Geothermal(Hydrothermal)Energy67Gibbous80,125Glacier67Goggles7GolgiApparatus24GraduatedCylinder7Readinga91Gram(g)15,117Gravity43GravityConstant(g c)16Groups43HHabitat24Half-Life44,67HandLens7Herbivore24Hertz(Hz)16,119HeterogeneousMixture44Heterozygous24Hibernation25HomogenousMixture44Homozygous25HotPlate7Humus67Hybrid25HydrionPaper7Hypothesis12,14,94IIgneousRock68InclinedPlane44FormulaforMechanicalAdvantageof44,116IndependentVariable12Indicator45Inertia(Newton’sFirstLawofMotion)45InexhaustibleResource68Inference12InheritedTrait25Insoluble45Instinct25Insulator45Interphase25Intrusive68Invertebrates26Ion45DeterminingifanAtomIsan106DeterminingtheChargeofan101IrregularGalaxy80Isotope46DeterminingifanAtomIsan106JJoule(J)16,119KKelvin(°K)16,57LLava68LawofConservationofEnergy46LawofConservationofMass46LearnedBehavior26Lever46,116LifeCycle26LightYear(ly)16,81LineGraph13Creatinga101CreatingaMultiple103Liquid47Liter(l)17Lithosphere68LitmusPaper7Longitudinal(Compressional)Wave47LunarPhases81,125Luster68MMagma68Mammals26ManipulatedVariable13Mantle68Marsupials26Mass47,119Atomic37LawofConservationof46QuickConversions117Matter47Meander69MeasurementsandTheirUnits119MechanicalAdvantage(MA)47Formulasfor116InclinedPlane44Lever46WheelandAxle59Meiosis27MeltingPoint47Meniscus8Mesosphere69Metalloid48Metals48MetamorphicRock69Metaphase27Meteorite81Meteorologist69Meter(m)17MeterStick8Microscope,usinga88Mimicry27Mineral69Moh’sHardnessScale126Mitochondria27Mitosis27Mixture48Heterogeneous44Homogeneous44Moh’sHardnessScale126Molecule48Diatomic41Momentum48Formulafor48,114Monotremes28MoonorLunarPhases81,125Moraine69Mutation28Mutualism28NNaturalSelection28Nebula81Neutral49Neutron49CalculatingtheNumberof49,105NewMoon81,125Newton(N)17,119UsingaSpringScale90Newton’sFirstLawofMotion45,49Newton’sLawsofMotion49Newton’sSecondLawofMotion50Newton’sThirdLawofMotion50Niche28NitrogenCycle28Nonmetals50NonrenewableResource69NontestableQuestions95NucleusofaCell21,28ofanAtom50OObservation13Qualitative14Quantitative14Ohm(?)17,40,119Ohm’sLaw40Omnivore29Orbit81Ore70Organ29Organelle29OrganSystem29Ovary29PPanBalance8Usinga90Pangaea70,127ParallelCircuit50Parasitism29Particle51Pendulum51Period51Geologic70,127ofaPendulum51PeriodicTable123Permeability70Petals29PetriDish8pH(PotentialofHydrogen)51,121Phase51Phenotype30PhenotypicRatio30Determining111Phloem30Photosynthesis30PhysicalChange51PhysicalorMechanicalWeathering71Physics51Pistil30Pitch52Plasma52PlateTectonics71Power52,119CalculatingVoltage58Formulafor115,116Ohm’sLaw40Solar72Tidal73Wind76Precipitation71,75Prey31Problem13,94Procedure13,96Producer23,31Product52Prominence81Property52Chemical39Prophase31Protons53CalculatingtheNumberof53,105Protostar82Pulley53PunnettSquare31CreatingandCompleting108UsingtoDeterminetheGenotypicRatio110UsingtoDeterminethePhenotypicRatio111Purebred31QQualitativeObservations14QuantitativeObservations14Quarter82,125RRadiation71RadioTelescope9,82Reactant53RecessiveTrait31ReflectingTelescope9,82Reflect(Reflection)54RefractingTelescope9,83Refract(Refraction)54RenewableResource72Reptiles32Resistance54,119Formulafor115toCalculateCurrent40toCalculateVoltage58Respiration32RespondingVariable14Revolution83Ribosome32RingStand8RNA(RibonucleicAcid)32RockCycle72Rotation84Runoff72SSatellite84SaturatedSolution54Scavenger32ScientificMethod14,94–96Screw55SedimentaryRock72Sediments72Seismograph72Sepal32SeriesCircuit55SimpleMachine55FormulasforMechanicalAdvantageof116SolarFlare84SolarPower72Solid55MeasuringVolumeofa92Solubility55,112Curves112Determining113SolubilityGraph55Readinga112Soluble55Solute56Solution56DeterminingtheSolubilityof113Saturated54Supersaturated56Unsaturated57Solvent56Speed56,119Formulafor114SpiralGalaxy80,84SpringScale8Usinga90Stamen33StepsoftheScientificMethod14,94Stigma33Stopper9Stratosphere73Stratus73,124Streak73StreamTable9Style33SubductionZone73SunSpot85Supernova85SupersaturatedSolution56TTelephase33Telescope9Radio82Reflecting82Refracting83Temperature57,119CelsiusandFahrenheitConversionChart120Formulasfor114TestableQuestionDetermininga95TestTube10TestTubeClamp10TestTubeRack10Theory14Thermometer10Thermosphere73TidalPower73Tissue34TopographicMap74Trait34Acquired19Dominant23Inherited25Recessive31TransformBoundary74Transpiration34TransverseWave57Trial14TripleBeamBalance10Usinga89Tropism34Troposphere74Tsunami74UUnsaturatedSolution57VVacuole21,34ValenceElectrons57Vertebrate35Volt(V)17,119Voltage58,119Formulafor115Volume58,119Measuring92QuickConversions118WWaning125Warm-Blooded35WaterCycle75Watts(W)18,119Wavelength58Formulafor58,115Waxing125Weathering76Chemical61PhysicalorMechanical71WeatherMapSymbols75,124Wedge59Weight59,119Formulafor116QuickConversions117WheelandAxle59CalculatingtheMechanicalAdvantageof59,116WhiteDwarf85WindPower76Work59,119Formulasfor59,116toCalculatePower52XXylem35ZZygote35AbouttheAuthorAfter teaching science for more than 15 years, both overseas and in the U.S., Laurie E.Westphal now works as an independent gifted education and science consultant. She enjoysdeveloping and presenting staff development on differentiation for various districts andconferences,workingwithteacherstoassisttheminplanninganddevelopinglessonstomeettheneedsoftheiradvancedstudents.LauriecurrentlyresidesinHouston,TX,andhasmadeithergoaltosharehervisionforreal-world,product-basedlessonsthathelpallstudentsbecomecriticalthinkersandeffectiveproblemsolvers.SheistheauthoroftheDifferentiatingInstructionWithMenusseriesaswellasHands-OnPhysicalScience.[...]... 4.45Newtons=1pound Ohm(Ω) Themetricunit for resistance 1ohm=1volt/1ampere Volt(V) Thestandardmetricunit for voltageortheforceofelectricity 1volt=1ohm•1ampere Watts(W) Thestandardmetricunit for power Itisequaltoonejouleofenergypersecond 1watt=1joule/1sec 1,000watts=1kilowatt 1,000,000watts=1megawatt LifeSciences AcquiredTraits Abilitiesthatarehelpfultoanorganismbutarenotpassedonfromaparent... Example:Ourneareststaris4.4lightyearsaway,soittakeslightfromthatstar4.4years toreachtheEarth Liter(l) Ametricunit for volume 1,000liters=1cubicmeter(m3) 1liter=1,000milliliters 1,000liters=1kiloliter Meter(m) Thebasicmetricunitoflength 1meter=1,000millimeters 1meter=100centimeters 1,000meters=1kilometer Newton(N) Themetricunit for force Itisequaltotheamountofforceneededtoaccelerateamass ofonekilogramatarateofonemeterpersecondpersecond... terminalvelocity) Itisalsocalledtheacceleration(duetogravity) g c=9.8m/sec2 Hertz(Hz) Themetricunit for frequency Itisthenumberofwavesthatpassacertainpointinone second 1Hertz=1wave/second Joule(J) Themetricunit for energyandheat 1joule=1Newtonofforce•1meter 1joule=1watt/1second 4.18joules=1calorie Kelvin(°K) Thetemperaturescalethatbeginsatabsolutezero,wherethereisnomolecular... Examples:Tundra,taiga,grassland,freshwater,saltwater,deciduousforest,desert, tropicalrainforest Camouflage Anadaptationthathelpsananimalblendintoitssurroundingandhelpsitavoid predators Example:Thearcticfoxhaswhitefurinthewinterandbrownfurinthesummer Carbon(Dioxide)Cycle Thewayinwhichcarbon(intheformofcarbondioxide)isremovedfromthe atmospherebylivingthingsandultimatelyreturnedtotheatmosphere... Anorganismthatdependsonplants for mostofitsfoodandenergy Heterozygous Whenanorganismhastwodifferentalleles for agenetictrait Examples:TtisaheterozygoustallplantorRrwouldbeaheterozygousroundseed Hibernation Astateofinactivityinwhichanorganismconservesenergythroughthecoldermonths Homozygous Whenanorganismhastwoofthesamealleles for agenetictrait Examples:TTisahomozygoustallplantorttwouldbeahomozygousshortplant... Hybrid Anotherterm for havingheterozygousalleles for acertaintrait Examples:Ttisahybridorheterozygoustallplant,andRrisahybridorheterozygous roundseed InheritedTrait Traitsthatcomefromaparentorotherancestor Examples:Eyeorhaircolor Instinct Abehaviorthatanorganismisbornwithanddoeswithoutthinkingortraining Example:Birdsmigratingsouth for thewinter Interphase... Thewayanorganismlooksbasedonitsgeneticmakeuporalleles Example:Thephenotype for aplantwithagenotypeofTtwouldbetall PhenotypicRatio TheratioofthephenotypesofpredictedoffspringusingaPunnettsquare Example:ByusingaPunnettsquare,youcancalculatethatthefourpossibleoffspring wouldbe:TT(tall),Tt(tall),Tt(tall),andtt(short) Thephenotypicratio for thiswould be3:1,or3tallplants for every1shortplant Phloem... Theprocessinwhichplantsusesunlighttocombinecarbondioxideandwatertocreate food Itschemicalformulais: 6CO2+6H2O+energy 6O2+C6H12O6 carbondioxide+water+sunlight oxygen+carbohydrate(sugar) Pistil Thefemalereproductivepartsofafloweringplant Itincludesthestigma,style,and ovary Prey Ananimalthatishuntedorcaught for food Producer Anorganismthatproducesitsownfoodandisafood for otherorganisms;usuallya greenplant... Akeythatallowsyoutoidentifyanitembasedonaseriesofchoices DNA(DeoxyribonucleicAcid) Themoleculethatcarriesthegeneticinformationinacell Ithasa“twistedladder”or doublehelixshape DominantTrait Atraitthatwillappearinchildren(offspring)ifoneoftheparentshasthetrait Itis writtenwithacapitalletterwhenwritingthealleles for thetraitsinaPunnettsquare Example:Becausetallisadominanttraitinpeaplants,thetalltraitwouldbewrittenasT... Thegeneticmakeupofanorganismasshownbytheallelesorlettersthatrepresentthe trait Example:Thegenotype for aheterogeneoustallpeaplantwouldbe:Tt GenotypicRatio TheratioofthegenotypesofpredictedoffspringusingaPunnettsquare Example:ByusingaPunnettsquare,youcancalculatethatthefourpossibleoffspring wouldbe:TT,Tt,Tt,andtt Thegenotypicratio for thiswouldbe1:2:1 GolgiApparatus Anorganellefoundinthecytoplasmofcellsthatprocessesandpackagessubstancesthe ... personwillfindhimselfatadisadvantageashestrivestoexpresshimselfscientifically That iswhere Science Dictionary for Kids comestotherescue This dictionary ismuchmorethanalistofwordswith dictionary definitions,althoughit doescontain science wordsand,yes,definitions... TheScientificProcess MeasurementsandUnits LifeSciences PhysicalSciences EarthSciences SpaceSciences QuickReferenceGuide References Index AbouttheAuthor Introduction Science isawayofthinkingmuchmorethanitisabodyofknowledge.”—CarlSagan... definitionormakeadrawingbeforeitisintroducedandnotunderstandwhattheyhavejust drawn? There also is a reference guide devoted to commonly used formulas and units used in science Science is filled

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