Influence of transboundary pollution of biomass burning on ionic compounds in urban particulates

INFLUENCE OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION OF BIOMASS BURNING ON IONIC COMPOUNDS IN URBAN PARTICULATES NGUYEN DUC MINH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 INFLUENCE OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION OF BIOMASS BURNING ON IONIC COMPOUNDS IN URBAN PARTICULATES NGUYEN DUC MINH (B.Eng (Hons.), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor; Associate Professor Liya Yu, who not only gives me valuable guidance in research but is my mentor throughout my academic program I would also like to give my deepest appreciation to all the staff members in the Division of Environmental Science and Engineering and all my fellows in the lab I would like to acknowledge to National University of Singapore for providing the Research Scholarship and to the Division of Environmental Science and Engineering for providing the facilities to take this study through in its entirety I am extremely grateful to my parents and parents-in-law for their love and full support throughout the time Last but not the least, I would like to express the greatest appreciation to my wife and son for their patience and love which encourage me during hard time of my experimental progress Nguyen Duc Minh Aug 2010 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SUMMARY iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Transboundary Pollution 2.1.1 Transboundary Pollution of Dust Storm 2.1.2 Transboundary Pollution of Anthropogenic Pollution 2.1.3 Transboundary Pollution of Biomass Burning 2.1.4 Transboundary Pollution of Biomass Burning and Particulate Matters 13 2.1.5 Transboundary Pollution of Biomass Burning and Ionic Species 13 2.2 Oxalic Acid in Atmospheric Aerosols 16 2.3 Size Distribution of Inorganic Ions, Oxalic, Malonic, and Succinic Acid 17 2.3.1 Size Distribution of Inorganic Ions in Atmospheric Aerosols 18 2.3.2 Size Distribution of Oxalic, Malonic and Succinic Acids in Atmospheric Aerosols 20 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Sample Collection 33 3.1.1 Sampling Site and Duration 33 ii 3.1.2 Bulk Particulate Sampling (PM2.5) 34 3.1.3 Size-Segregated Particulate Sampling 35 3.2 Back Trajectory Analysis 35 3.3 Chemical Analysis 36 Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38 4.1 Effects of Transboundary Pollution on Bulk and Size Segregated Particulates 38 4.1.1 Identification of Influence of Transboudanry Smoke 38 4.1.2 PM2.5 and PM10 44 4.1.3 Size Segregated Particulate Matter 48 4.2 Effects of Transboundary Pollution on Oxalates in PM2.5 51 4.3 Effects of Transboundary Pollution on Size Distributions of Inorganic Ions and Oxalates 55 4.3.1 Size Distribution of Cations 56 4.3.2 Size Distribution of Anions 61 4.3.3 Size Distribution of Oxalates 65 4.3.4 Correlation Among Ionic Species 67 4.3.5 Chemical Composition of Fine Particulates 69 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76 5.1 Conclusions 76 5.2 Recommendations 78 Appendix 79 References 86 iii SUMMARY Transboundary pollution of biomass burning smoke is a recurrent issue affecting air quality at receptor site, such as Singapore In this study, daily PM2.5 collected in Singapore in 2006, 2008, and 2009, and weekly size segregated particles sampled in weeks of 2008 were chemically characterized Back trajectory analysis along with satellite images (haze maps) was employed to differentiate between smoke episodes vs non-smoke episodes With a strong influence of transboundary smoke, PM2.5 was linearly correlated with visibility (R2=0.85), and PM10 to PM2.5 ratio substantially decreased Mass size distribution of particulates appeared in bimodal distribution, peaking at cut-off size of 0.38 and 4.1 µm Transboundary pollution of biomass burning smoke reinforced size distribution with higher concentration, rather than altering distribution pattern Oxalates in PM2.5 were enhanced by 2.5, 1.6, and 0.6 times due to the transboundary smoke in 2006, 2008, and 2009 respectively Chemical characterization of size segregated particles showed that NH4+, K+, SO42- and oxalates dominated in fine mode particles (0.384 µm), whereas Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3occupied in coarse mode particles The concentration of major ions changed in the order of SO42- > NH4+ > NO3- > Cl- > K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ Appearance of both NH4+ and SO42- in droplet mode (0.384 µm) was attributed to condensation of NH3 on surface of acidic particles, and an unusual appearance of NH4+ in 0.029 µm (nuclei mode) in week is observed K+ was highly affected by biomass burning smoke with higher fine-coarse ratio of K+ during smoke episodes Mg2+ and Ca2+ were mostly found in coarse mode particles; and significant enhanced under influence of transboundary pollution It indicated Mg2+ and Ca2+ were contributed from crustal particles which were re-suspended during burning process Cl- and iv NO3- concentrated in coarse mode particles during the transboundary smoke episode Oxalates showed unimodal distribution in background condition, bimodal distribution under partial effects of transboundary pollution, and trimodal distribution with full effect of transboundary pollution A high correlation coefficient (R2>0.82) between oxalates and SO42in sampling weeks suggested their in-cloud process formation pathway Enrichment of oxalates in 2.4 µm particles was attributed to heterogeneous formation on surface of sea salt particles, while their appearance in nuclei mode (0.057 µm) could be due to photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons with oxidants followed by gas-particle condensation v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Effects of transboundary on atmospheric aerosols Table 2.2: Effects of biomass burning transboundary pollution on PM10 and PM2.5 15 Table 2.3: Size distribution of inorganic compounds in atmospheric aerosols 22 Table 2.4 Size distribution of oxalic (C2 DCA), malonic (C3 DCA) and succinic (C4 DCA) acids in atmospheric aerosols 29 Table 4.1: Visibility and its correlation with particulate matter during the sampling periods in 2006, 2008, and 2009 43 Table 4.2: Effects of transboundary smoke on PM10 and PM2.5 during the sampling periods in 2006, 2008, and 2009, and in other studies on transboundary biomass burning pollution 45 Table 4.3: Comparison of accumulated particulate in size segregated ELPI with PM2.5 49 Table 4.4: Concentrations of oxalates under transboundary pollution 54 Table 4.5: Fine/ coarse ratio of size segregated particles during weeks of sampling period in 2008 61 Table 4.6: Linear correlation coefficient between ions 69 Table 4.7: Chemical compositions (presented in percentage (%) and average concentration (ng/m3)) of fine particles in various studies 73 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: (a) gravimetric data vs the minimal transport duration of smoke to reach Singapore, and (b) gravimetric data and visibility during the sampling period in 2006 39 Figure 4.2: (a) gravimetric data vs the minimal transport duration of smoke to reach Singapore, and (b) gravimetric data and visibility during the sampling period in 2008 41 Figure 4.3: (a) gravimetric data vs the minimal transport duration of smoke to reach Singapore, and (b) gravimetric data and visibility during the sampling period in 2009 42 Figure 4.4: Accumulative mass concentration of size segregated particulates during sampling period of 2008 50 Figure 4.5: Distribution of particulates during the sampling period in 2008 51 Figure 4.6: Temporal trend of PM2.5 and oxalate during sampling period of (a) 2006; (b) 2008; and (c) 2009 54 Figure 4.7: Mass size distribution of (a) NH4+; (b) K+; (c) Mg2+; (d) Ca2+ during weeks of sampling period in 2008 61 Figure 4.8: Mass size distribution of (a) Cl-; (b) NO3-; (c) SO42- during weeks of sampling period in 2008 64 Figure 4.9: Mass size distribution of oxalates during weeks of sampling period in 2008 66 Figure 4.10: Contribution of chemical species to mass concentration of fine particles 70 vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Singapore, a small island city-nation located at the southern tip of Malayan peninsula, is highly urbanized and industrialized The weather of Singapore is characterized with a relatively stable condition throughout the year due to its close proximity to the equator with high relative humidity (RH) (61-90%) and abundant rainfall (~2300 mm per year) The maximum and minimum daily average temperature in 2009 was 31.1oC and 24.7oC, respectively (Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2009) There are two monsoon seasons in Singapore yearly: northeast monsoon season from late November to March and southwest monsoon season from late May to September From April to early May and October to early November are generally transitional months separating the two monsoon seasons During the northeast monsoon season, the wind direction of north to northeast dominates On the other hand, during the southwest monsoon season, the south to southwest/southeast wind prevails Northeast monsoon season brings more rainfall, about 48% of the total annual rainfall; only 36% of the annual rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon season (Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2009) Depending on wind speed and direction, air quality in Singapore can be substantially influenced by transboundary pollutants from neighboring countries The transboundary pollutants were originated from biomass burning in Sumatra and Borneo/ Kalimantan island for removing dry vegetation, clearing land, shifting cultivation, and converting forest to agricultural lands (Nichol, 1998) From 1985 to 1997, there was a total loss of forest land area of 19 million hectares in Indonesia (Jones, 2006; Nichol, 1998) In References Abas, M.R.B.; Oros, D.R.; Simoneit, B.R.T., 2004 Biomass burning as the main source of organic aerosol particulate matter in Malaysia during haze episodes Chemosphere, 55, 1089 – 1095 Appel, B.R., Tokiwa, Y., Hsu, J., Kothny, E.L., Hahn, E., 1985 Visibility as related to atmospheric aerosol constituents Atmospheric Environment, 9, 1525-1534 Aymoz, G., Jaffrero, J.-L., Jacob, V., Colomb, A., George, Ch., 2004 Evolution of organic and inorganic components of aerosol during a Saharan dust episode observed in the French Alps Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 2499 – 2512 Bao, L., Sekiguchi, K., Wang, Q., Sakamoto, K., 2009 Comparison of water-soluble organic components in size -segregated particles between roadsize and a suburban site in Saitama, Japan Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 9, 412-420 Cheng, L., Sandhu, H.S., Angle, R.P., Myrick, R.H., 1988 Characteristics of inhalable particulate matter in Albert cities Atmospheric Environments, 32, 3835-3844 Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Lowenthai, D.H., Solomon, P.A., Magliano, K.L., Ziman, S.D., Richards, L.W., 1993 PM10 and PM2.5 compositions in California’s San Joaquin, Valley Aerosol Science and Technology, 18 (2), 105 – 128 Crutzen, P.J and Andreae, M.O., 1990 Biomass burning in the Tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles Science 250, 2988, 1669 – 1678 86 Cruz, C.N., and Pandis, S.N., 2000 Deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of mixed inorganic−organic atmospheric aerosol Environment Science and Technology, 34 (20), 4313–4319 Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.D., Fay, M.E., Ferris, Jr., B.G., Speizer, F.E., 1993 An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S cities New England Journal of Medicine, 329 (24), 1753-1759 Eldering, A., and Cass, G.R., 1996 Source-oriented model for air pollutant effects on visibility Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19342-19369 Ervens, B., Feingold, G., Frost, G.J., Kreidenweis S.M., 2004 A modelling study of aqueous production of dicarboxylic acids: Chemical pathywas and speciated organic mass production, J Geophys Res., 109, D15205, doi:10.1029/2003JD004387 Fang, F., Zheng, M., Wang, F., To, K.L., Jaafar, A.B., Tong, S.L., 1999 The solventextractable organic compounds in the Indonesia biomass burning aerosols – characterization studies Atmospheric Environment, 33, 783 – 795 Falkovich, A.H., Grabber, E.R., Schokolnik, G., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., Artaxo, P., 2005 Low molecular weight organic acids in aerosol particles from Rondonia, Brazil, during the biomass-burning, transition and wet periods Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 781-797 Fuzzi, S., Decesari, S., Facchini, M.C., Cavalli, F., Emblico, L., Mircea, Andreae, M.O., 2007 Overview of the inorganic and organic composition of size-segregated aerosol in Rondonia, Brazil, from the biomass-burning period to the onset of the wet season Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D01201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006741 87 Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O.L., Guyon, P., Roberts, G.C., Decesari., S., Facchini, M.C., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Koll, P., Andreae, M.O., 2002 Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia Characterization by NMR and GC-MS Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, D20, 8047 Granier, C., Hao, W.M., Brasseur, G., and Muller, J.F., 1996 Land-use practices and biomass burning: Impact on chemical composition of the atmosphere Biomass burning and Global change (volume 1), The MIT Press, 140-148 Hanninen, O.O., Salonen, R.O., Koistinen, K., Lanki, T., Barregard, L., Jantunen, M., 2009 Population exposure to fine particles and estimated excess mortality in Finland from an East European wildfire episode Journal of exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 19, 414 – 422 Herckes, P., Engling, G., Kreidenweis, S.M., Collett JR, J.L., 2006 Particle size distribution of organic aerosol constituents during the 2002 Yosemite aerosol characterization study Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4554-4562 Hsieh, L.Y., Kuo, S.C., Chen, C.L., Tsai, Y.I., 2009 - Size distributions of nano micron dicarboxylic acids and inorganic ions in suburban PM episode and non-episodic aerosol Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4396-4406 Ho, K.F., Lee, S.C., Cao, J.J., Kawamura, K., Watanabe, T., Cheng, Y., Chow, J.C., 2006 Dicarboxylic acids, ketodicarboxylic acids and dicarbonyls in the urban roadside area of Hong Kong Atmospheric Environment, 40, 3030-3040 88 Huang X.F., Hu, M., He, L.Y., Tang, X.Y., 2005 Chemical characterization of water-soluble organic acids in PM2.5 in Beijing, China Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2819 – 2827 Iinuma, Y., E Brüggemann, T Gnauk, K Müller, M O Andreae, G Helas, R Parmar, and H Herrmann (2007), Source characterization of biomass burning particles: The combustion of selected European conifers, African hardwood, savanna grass, and German and Indonesian peat, J Geophys Res., 112, D08209, doi:10.1029/2006JD007120 Jacobson, M.C., Hansson, H.C., Noone, K.J., Charlson, R.J., 2000 Organic atmospheric aerosols: Review and state of the science Reviews of Geophysics, 38 (2), 267 – 294 Jimenez, J., Wu, C.F., Claiborn, C., Gould, T., Simpson, C.D., Larson, T., Liu, S., 2006 Agricultural burning smoke in eastern Washington – part I: Atmospheric characterization Atmospheric Environment, 40, 639 – 650 Jones, D.S., 2006 ASEAN and transboundary haze pollution in Southeast Asia Asian Europe Journal, 4, 431 – 446 Junker, C., Wang, J.L., Lee, C.T., 2009 Evaluation of the effect of long-range transport of air pollutants on coastal atmospheric monitoring sites in and around Taiwan Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3374 – 3384 Kang, C.M., Lee, H.S., Kang, B.W., Lee, S.K., Sunwoo, Y., 2004 Chemical characterization of acidic gas pollutants and PM2.5 species during hazy episodes in Seoul, South Korea Atmospheric Environment, 38, (4749 - 4760) 89 Kawamura, K and Kasukabe, H., 1995 Source and reaction pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, and dicarbonyls in arctic aerosols: one year of observation Atmospheric Environment, 30, 1709 - 1722 Kawamura, K., and Ikushima, K., 1993 Seasonal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids in the urban atmosphere Environmental Science and Technology, 27 (10), 2227-2235 Kawamura, K., Steinberg, S., Kaplan, I., 1995 Concentrations of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids and aldehydes in southern California wet precipitations: Comparison of urban and nonurban samples and compositional changes during scavenging Atmospheric Environment, 30 (7), 1035-1052 Kawamura, K, and Kaplan, I.R., 1987 Motor exhaust emissions as a primary source for dicarboxylic acids in Los Angeles ambient air Environmental Science and Technology 21, 105-110 Kawamura, K, and Yasui, O., 2005 Diurnal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and dicarbonyls in the urban Tokyo atmosphere Atmospheric Environment, 39, 1945 – 1960 Kawamura K, and Sakaguchi F 1999 Molecular distributions of water soluble dicarboxylic acids in marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean including tropics Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 104: 3501-3509 Kerminen, V.M., Teinila, K., Hillamo, R., Makela, T., 1999 Size segregated chemistry of particulate dicarboxylic acids in the Arctic atmosphere, 33, 2089-2100 90 Kleeman, M.J., Schauer, J.J., Cass, A., 2000 Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles Environment Science & Technology, 34 (7), 1132-1142 Koe, L.C.C., Arellano Jr., A.F., McGregor, J.L., 2001 Investigating the haze transport from 1997 biomass burning in Southeast Asia: its impact upon Singapore Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2723-2734 Kocak, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kupilay, N., 2007 Chemical composition of the fine and coarse fraction of aerosols in the northern Mediterranean Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7351 – 7368 Koulouri, E., Saarikoski, S., Theodosi, C., Markaki, Z., Gerasopoulos, E., Kouvarakis, G., Makela, T., Hillamo, R., Mihalopoulos, N., 2008 Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6542-6550 Krivacsy, Z, and Molnar, A., 1998 Size distribution of ions in atmospheric aerosols Atmospheric Research, 46, 279-291 Kumar, P.P., Broekhuizen, K., Abbatt, J.P.D., 2003 Organic acids as cloud condensation nuclei: Laboratory study of high soluble and insoluble species Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 509 – 520 Lightstone, J.M., Onashch, T.B., Imre, D., 2000 Deliquescence, efflorescence, and water activity in ammonium nitrate and mixed ammonium nitrate/succinic acid microparticles Journal of Physical Chemitry A, 104 (41), 9337 – 9346 91 Lin, C.Y., Liu, S.C., Chou, C.C.K., Suang, S.J., Liu, C.M., Kuo, C.H., Young, C.Y., 2005 Long-range transport of aerosols and their impact on the air quality of Taiwan Atmospheric Environment, 39, 6066 – 6076 Liu, S., Hu, M., Slanina, S., He, L.Y., Niu, Y.W., Bruegemann, E., Gnauk, T., Herrmann, H., 2008 Size distribution and source analysis of ionic compositions of aerosols in polluted periods at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6284-6295 Liu, T.H., Tsai, F., Hsu, S.C., Hsu, C.W., Shiu, C.J., Chen, W.N., Tu, J.Y., 2009 Southeastward transport of Asian dust: Source, transport and its contribution to Taiwan Atmospheric Environment, 43, 458 – 467 Matsumoto, K., Tanaka, H., Nagao, I., Ishizaka, Y., 1997 Contribution of particulate sulphate and organic carbon to cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 655-658 Matta, E., Facchini, M.C., Deccesari, S., Mircea, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Putaud, J.P., Accqua, A.D., 2003 Mass closure on the chemical species in size-segregated atmospheric aerosol collected in an urban area of the Po Valley, Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 623-637 McMurry, P., 2000 A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements Atmospehric Environment, 34, 1959-1999 Mitra, A.P., and Sharma, C., 2002 Indian aerosols: present status Chemosphere, 49 11751190 92 Mochida, M., Umemoto, N., Kawamura, K., Uemastu, M., 2003 Bimodal size distribution of C2-C4 dicarboxylic acids in the marine aerosols Geophysical Research Letter, 30, 13, 1627 Mochida, M., Umemoto, N., Kawamura, K., Lim, H.J., Turpin, B.J., 2007 Biomodal size distributions of various organic acids and fatty acids in the marine atmosphere Influence of anthropogenic aerosols, Asian dust, and sea spray off the coast of East Asia Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D15209 Muller, K., Pinxteren, D.V., Plewka, A., Svrcina, B., Kramberger, H., Hofmann, D., Bachmann, K., Herrmann, H., 2005 Aerosol characterization at the FEBUKO upwind station Goldlauter Detailed organic chemical characterization Atmospheric Environment, 39, 42194231 Muraleedharan, T.R., Radojevic, M., Waugh, A., Caruana, A., 2000 Chemical characterization of the haze in Brunei Darussalam during the 1998 episode Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2725 – 2731 Narakawa, M., Kawamura, K., Takeuchi, N., Nakajima, T., 1999 Distribution of dicarboxylic acids and carbon isotopic compositions in aerosols from 1997 Indonesian forest fires Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (20), 3101-3104 Narukawa, M., Kawamura, K., Takeuchi, N., Nakajima, T., 1999 Distribution of dicarboxylic acids and carbon isotope compositions in aerosols from 1997 Indonesian forest fire Geophysical Research Letter, 26, 3101 – 3104 93 Nguyen, H.T., Kang, C.-H, Ma, C.-J., Choi, K.-C., Kim, J.S., Lee, J.H., Kim, K.H., 2009 Evidence of long-range transport of pollutants from the size-fractionated ionic composition of aerosols in the Jeju island of Korea Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 196, 225 – 243 Nichol, J., 1998 Smoke haze in Southeast Asia: a predictable recurrence Atmospheric Environment, New Directions, 32 (14-15), 2715 – 2716 Niemi, J.V., Saarikoski, S., Aurela, M., Tervahattu, H., Hillamo, R., Westphal, D.L., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Makkonen, U., Vehkamaki, H., Kulmala, M., 2009 Long-range transport episodes of fine particles in southern Finland during 1999 – 2007 Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1255 – 1264 Oros, D.R and Simoneit, B.R.T., 1999 Identification of molecular tracers in organic aerosols from temperate climate vegetation subjected to biomass burning Aerosol Science and Technology, 31, 433 – 445 Park, S.S., and Kim, Y.J., 2004 PM2.5 particles and size segregated ionic species measured during fall season in three urban sites in Korea Atmospheric Environment, 38, 1459-1471 Pennanen, A.S., Sillanpaa, M., Hillamo, R., Quass, U., John, A.C., Branis, M., Meliefste, K., Janssen, N.A.H., Koskentalo, T., Castano-Vinyals, G., Bouso, L., Chalbot, M.C., Kavouras, I.G., Salonen, R.O., 2007 Performance of a high-volume cascade impactor in six European urban environments Mass measurement and chemical characterization of size segregated particulate samples Science of the Total Environment, 374, 297-310 94 Pereira, S., Wagner, F., Silva, A.M., 2008 Scattering properties and mass concentration of local and long-range transported aerosols over the South Western Iberia Peninsula Atmospheric Environment, 42 (33), 7623 – 7631 Pio, C., Alves, C., Carvalho, A., Santos, C., 2006 Size distribution characteristics of organic species in atmospheric particulate matter from Finnish and German rural sites with variable anthropogenic influence Environmental Engineering Science, 23 (6), 933-941 Pio, C.A., Legrand, M., Alves, C.A., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Caseiro, A., Puxbaum, H., Ochoa, A.S., Gelencser, A., 2008 Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 summer intense forest fire period Atmospheric Environment, 42, 7530 – 7543 Pope, C.A., Bates, D.V., Raizenne, M.E., 1995 Health effects of particulate air pollution: Time for reassessment? Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (5), 472-480 Putaud, J.P., Van Dingenen, R., Dell Acqua, A., Raes, F., Matta, E., Decesari, S., 2002 Sizesegregated aerosol mass closure and chemical composition Monte Cimone (I) during Minatroc Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 3, 4097-4127 Radojevic, M., 2003 Chemical of forest fire and regional haze with emphasis on Southeast Asia Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160, 157 – 187 Radojevic, M., Tan, K.S., 2000 Impact of biomass burning and regional haze on the pH of rainwater in Brunei Darussalam Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2739-2744 Radojevic, M and Hassan, H., 1999 Air quality in Brunei Darussalam during the 1998 haze episode Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3651 – 3658 95 Rinaldi, M., Emblico, L., Deccesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.C., Librando, V., 2007 Chemical characterization and source apportionment of size segregated aerosol collected at an urban site in sicily Water Air Soil Pollution, 185, 311-321 Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., 1993 Sources of fine organic aerosols: Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust roads as sources and sinks Evironmental Science and Technology, 27, 1892 – 1904 Saxena, P Hildermann, L.M., McMurry, P.H., Seinfeld, J.H., 1995 Organic alter hygroscopic behaviour of atmospheric particles Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 18755-18770 Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., 2002a Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles Environmental Science and Technology 36, 1169-1180 Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., 2002b Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources C1-C27 organic compounds from cooking with seed oils Environmental Science and Technology 36, 567-575 Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., 2001 Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources C1-C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood Environmental Science and Technology 35, 1716-1728 Schmidl, C., Marr, I.L., Caseiro, A., Kotianova, P., Berner, A., Bauer, H., Giebl., A.K., Puxbaum, H., 2008 Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from wood stove combustion of common woods growing in mid-European Alpine regions Atmospheric Environment, 42, 126 – 141 96 See, S.W., Balasubramanian, R., Wang, W., 2006 A study of the physical, chemical, and optical properties of ambient aerosol particles in Southeast Asia during hazy and nonhazy days Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D10S018, doi:10.1029/2005JD006180 Seinfeld, J.H and Pandis, S.N., 2006 Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, Second edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc Shulman, M L., M C Jacobson, R J Charlson, R E Synovec, and T E Young, 1996: Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets Geophys Res Lett., 23:277–280 Sillanpaa, M., Saarikoski, S., Hillamo, R., Pennanen, A., Makkonen, U., Spolnik, Z., van Grienken, R., Koskentalo, T., Salonen, R.O., 2005 Chemical composition, mass size distribution and source analysis of long-range transported wildfire smokes in Helsinki Science of the Total Environment, 350, 119 – 135 Sun, H., Zhuang, G., Wang, Y., Han, L., Guo, J., Dan, M., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Hao, Z., 2004 The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing – concentration, composition, distribution and source Atmospheric Environment, 38, 5991 – 6004 Spindler, G., Bruggeman, E., Gnauk, T., Gruner, A., Muller, K., Herrman, H., 2010 - A four year size segregated characterization study of particles PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 depending on air mass origin at Melpitz Atmospheric Environment, 44, 164-173 Teinila, K., Hillamo, R., Kerminen, V.M., Beine, H.J., 2003 Atmospheric chemistry during the NICE drak and light campaigns Atmospheric Environment, 37, 563-575 97 Tursic, J., Podkrajsek, B., Grgic, I., Ctyroky, P., Berner, A., Dusek, U., Hitzenberger, R., 2006 Chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of size segregated aerosol particles collected at the Adriatic coast of Slovenia Chemosphere, 63, 1193-1202 Wang, Z., Bi, X., Sheng, G., Fu, J., 2009 Characterization of organic compounds and molecular tracers from biomass burning smoke in South China I: Broad-leaf trees and shrubs Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3096 – 3102 Yao, X., Fang, M., Chan, C.K., 2002 Size distribution and formation of dicarboxylic acids in atmospheric particles Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2099 – 2107 Yao, X., Lau, A.P.S., Fang, M., Chan, C.K., Hu, M., 2003a Size distribution and formation of ionic species in atmospheric particulate pollutants in Beijing, China: – Inorganic ions Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2991 – 3000 Yao, X., Lau, A.P.S., Fang, M., Chan, C.K., Hu, M., 2003b Size distribution and formation of ionic species in atmospheric particulate pollutants in Beijing, China: – dicarboxylic acids Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3001 – 3007 Yao, X., Fang, M., Chan, C.K., 2002 Size distribution and formation of dicarboxylic acids in atmospheric particles Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2099 – 2107 Wang, G., Niu, S., Liu, C., Wang, L., 2002 Identification of dicarboxylic acids and andehydes of PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols in Nanjing, China Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1941-1950 98 Wang, H., Kawamura, K., Ho, K.F., Lee, S.C., 2006 Low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, and dicarbonyls in the fine particles from roadway tunnel: Possible secondary production from the precursors Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40, 6255-6260 Warneck, P., 2003 In-cloud chemistry opens pathway to the formation of oxalic acid in the marine atmosphere Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2423-2427 Ward, T.J., Hamilton Jr, R.F., Dixon, R.W., Paulsen, M., Simpson, C.D., 2006 Characterization and evaluation of smoke tracers in PM: Results from the 2003 Montana wildfire season Atmospheric Environment, 40, 7005 – 7017 Witham, C and Manning, A., 2007 Impacts of Russian biomass burning on UK air quality Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8075 – 8090 Yang, L and Yu, L.E., 2008 Measurements of oxalic acid, oxalates, malonic acid, and malonates in atmospheric particulates Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 9268 – 9275 Zhang, R., Han, Z., Cheng, T., Tao, J., 2009 Chemical properties and origin of dust aerosols in Beijing during springtime Particuology, 7, 61 – 67 Zhao, Y., and Gao, Y., 2008 Mass size distributions of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in size-segregated aerosols over metropolitan Newark in the US east coast Atmospheric Environment, 42, 4063-4078 99 Zhuang, H., Chan, C.K., Fang, M., Wexler, A.X., 1999 Formation of nitrate and non-seasalt sulphate on coarse particles Atmospheric Environment, 33, 4223-4233 100 ... Evaluating effects of transboundary biomass burning smoke on the concentration of oxalates in PM2.5; and • Examining effects of transboundary biomass burning pollutants on the size distribution of inorganics,.. .INFLUENCE OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION OF BIOMASS BURNING ON IONIC COMPOUNDS IN URBAN PARTICULATES NGUYEN DUC MINH (B.Eng (Hons.), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam)... Biomass Burning 2.1.4 Transboundary Pollution of Biomass Burning and Particulate Matters 13 2.1.5 Transboundary Pollution of Biomass Burning and Ionic Species 13 2.2 Oxalic Acid in