FU LEI AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE IN MODERN CHINA

ii ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………… …………………………………… ……………… ………………………………………… …………………………………………. …………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………...… …………………………………………… …………………………………..………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………….… iii ‟ ‟ iv ‟ ‟ è ‟ – – 1 For example: Xu Jianping, Yinghan huyi shijian yu jiqiao (Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe, 2003), p. 7; Li Ming, Yinghan hudong fanyi jiaocheng (Wuhan: Wuhan daxue chubanshe, 2006), p. 4. 2 For example: Xu Yuanchong, ‘Weishenme chongyi “Yuehan kelisiduofu”?’, Waiguoyu, 4 (1995), pp. 37-40; Serena Jin, ‘Fuyi “Gao laotou” de yishu’, in Serena Jin, ed. Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), pp. 209-29; Xu Jun, ‘Zuozhe, yizhe he duzhe de gongming yu shijieronghe – wenben zaichuangzao de ge’an piping’, Zhongguo fanyi, 23, 3 (2002), pp. 23-7; Wang Hongtao, ‘Fu Lei yu huomusi mianduimian’, Shanghai fanyi, 4 (2008). 1 ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ 3 Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese Enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth movement of 1919 (Berkeley, LA. and London: University of California Press, 1986), p. 3. 4 Ibid., pp. 2-4. 5 Ibid., pp. 284-6. 2 ‟ 6 Leo Ou-fan Lee, ‘Incomplete Modernity: Rethinking the May Fourth Intellectual Project’ and Rudolf G. Wagner, ‘The Canonization of May Fourth’ in Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China’s May Fourth Project (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 2001). 7 Geremie R. Barmé, An Artistic Exile: A Life of Feng Zikai (1898-1975) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). 3 ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ – – „ ‟ ‟ 8 Zhou Yang, cited in Schwarcz, p. 239. Joseph R. Levenson, Confucian China and its modern fate: the problem of intellectual continuity (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958). 9 4 ‟ „ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟– ‟ „ ‟ 10 Lydia H. Liu, Translingual practice: literature, national culture, and translated modernity--China, 19001937 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1995). 11 Ibid., p. 82. 12 Ibid., pp. 83-4. 5 ‟ ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ 13 Used here as a general term to refer to ‘a system of accepted beliefs which control behavior’ (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 6 „ ‟ ‟ ‟ 14 D.C. Lau, trans., Mencius, IV. B. 12 (London: Penguin, 2004), p. 90; Gao Zhuancheng, Mengzi tongshuo (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2004), p. 127. 15 Chen Zishan, ‘Chizi zhixin de zuichu tixian’, Mingbao yuekan, 5 (2008); Xu Jun and Song Xuezhi, eds., Zoujin Fu Lei de fanyi shijie (Beijing: Gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe, 2008), pp. 421-31. 7 ‟ – ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 16 Benjamin I. Schwartz, In search of wealth and power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964). 17 Theodore Huters, Bringing the world home: appropriating the West in late Qing and early Republican China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005), p. 66. 8 – – ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 18 Susan Bassnett, ‘The Tranlsation Turn in Cultural Studies’ in Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere, Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1998), p. 123. 9 – – ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ 19 Romain Rolland, Beethoven the creator: the great creative epochs from the Eroica to the Appassionata, trans. Ernest Newman (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964). 20 Fu Lei, ‘Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p. 605. 21 Ira Bruce Nadel, Biography: fiction, fact and form (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 8. 10 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 22 David Novarr, cited in Nadel, p. 4. For example: Jin Mei, Fu Lei zhuan (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1996); Su Liqun, Fu Lei biezhuan (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2000). 23 11 ‟ ‟ ‟ – – ‟ ‟ 24 Chen Zishan, ‘Chizi zhixin de zuichu tixian’, Mingbao yuekan, 5 (2008). Examples: Ye Yonglie, Fu Lei huazhuan (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2005); Ye Yonglie, Fu lei yu Fu Cong: jiedu “Fu Lei jiashu” (Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe, 2004); Ye Kai, Fu Lei de zuihou 17 nian (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2005); Richard Kraus, Pianos and politics in China: middle class 25 12 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ambitions and the struggle over Western music (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); pp. 70-99. 13 ‟ 14 „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – ‟ ‟ 1 Fu Lei, ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 3 March 1934’, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), pp. 462 – 4. 2 These were Michelangelo and Tolstoy, published in 1935 by the Commercial Press in Shanghai. Beethoven underwent extensive correction from the version completed in 1932 and was initially adapted as an abridged commentary (‘Beiduofen pingzhuan’, Guoji yibao 7,1, September 1934). The final version was published in 1946 as Beiduofen zhuan (Shanghai: Luotuo chubanshe). These biographies made up the original ‘Lives of Illustrious Men’ series in French. 3 Romain Rolland, ‘Letter from Romain Rolland to the translator: on non-resistance’, 30 June 1934, reproduced in Mingren zhuan (Nanjing: Yilin chubanshe, 2008), pp. 270 – 1. 15 ‟ – ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 4 Fu Lei, ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 20 August 1934’, trans. Luo Xinzhang, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 464. 5 Jin Mei, Fu Lei zhuan (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1996), p. 158. 6 Megan Conway, ‘Romain Rolland’ in Dictionary of literary biography 332 (Thomson Gale, 2007), p. 46; Su Liqun, Fu Lei biezhuan (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2000), p. 102. 7 Rolland was a life-long admirer of Tolstoy and wrote him a series of letters in his youth, to which Tolstoy replied once. Tolstoy died in 1910 and Rolland wrote the Tolstoy biography a year later. 8 Su Liqun, p. 78; Li Yunlei, Ting Fu Lei jiang yishu (Xi’an: Shaanxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2008), p. 177. 16 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 9 Chen Sihe, ‘Fu Lei de jingshen yichan’, Wenxue jiaoyu (October 2008), pp. 6-7. Poshek Fu, Passivity, resistance, and collaboration: intellectual choices in occupied Shanghai, 1937-1945 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 21-67. 11 Xie Tianzhen and Li Xiaojun, Fu Lei na yuanshi de leihuolinghun (Beijing: Wenjing chubanshe, 2004), pp. 103-4. 10 17 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 18 „ ‟ ’ é ‟ „ ‟ „ … ‟ ‟ ‟ – 12 Stefen Zweig, Romain Rolland: the man and his work, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1921), p. 348. 13 Ibid., pp. 352-3. 14 Romain Rolland, The Forerunners, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1920), pp. 211-5. 15 ‘Jingshen duli xuanyan’, trans. Zhang Songnian, Xin qingnian 7,1 (December 1919), p. 32. 16 Having no access to the original Declaration published in France, New Youth discussed only signatories chosen from an abridged list of names from the English versions. 19 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 17 ‘Benzhi xuanyan’, Xin qingnian 7,1 (December 1919), pp. 1-4. Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), p. 119 n. 54. 19 Song Xuezhi, Fanyi wenxue jingdian de yingxiang yu jieshou (Shanghai: Shanghai yiwen chubanshe, 2006), p. 27-8. 20 Leo Ou-fan Lee, The romantic generation of modern Chinese writers (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 35. 18 20 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 21 Lee, p. 12. Ibid., p. 32. 23 Ge Baoquan, ‘Tan Fu Lei he Luoman Luolan de tongxin’ in Fuyi zhuanji wuzhong (Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1983), p. 715. 24 ‘Yuehan Kelisiduofu xiang zhongguo de dixiongmen xuanyan’, trans. Jing Yinyu, cited in Ge Baoquan, pp. 715-6. 25 It was observed that it was Rolland’s praise for Ah Q that put the piece ‘on a trajectory of legitimization’ to become a work of ‘world literature’. Ibid., p. 256. 22 21 „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ „ – ‟ ‟ ‟ – 26 Nakazawa Rinsen and Ikuta Chōkō, ‘Luoman Luolan de zhenyong zhuyi’, trans. Lu Xun, cited in Song Xuezhi, p. 34. 27 Zhao Shaohou, ‘Luoman Luolan pingzhuan’, cited in Song Xuezhi, p. 35. 28 Chen Xiying, ‘Xianhua’ (Column), Xiandai pinglun, 3, 60, cited in Song Xuezhi, pp. 35-6. 29 Xu Zhimo, cited in Lee, p. 288. 30 Fu Lei, ‘Fu Lei zishu’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p. 6. 31 Ye Yonglie, Fu Lei huazhuan (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2005), p. 13. 32 Commercial Press, ‘Xuesheng zazhi’ (http://www.cppod.com.cn/main/newsdetail.cfm?iCntno=4414) 22 33 Ye Yonglie, pp. 13-4 Jin Mei, p. 12. 35 Merle Goldman and Leo Ou-fan Lee, eds., An intellectual history of modern China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 197. 36 Xie Tianzhen and Li Xiaojun, p. 5. 34 23 „ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ – – „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ “ ” „ “ ” ‟ „ „ ‟ „ “ ”‟ é‟ 37 Ye Yonglie, p. 16; Jin Mei, p. 17. ‘Mengzhong’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 13-8. 39 Published by the Commercial Press from 1923, edited by Ye Jingfeng, later Hu Jichen. 40 ‘Huiyi de yimu’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 20 41 Lee, p. 263. 38 24 „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ é „ ‟ „ ‟ „ é é ‟– ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ 42 Cited in ibid., p. 262-3. Michael Lowy and Robert Sayre, Romanticism against the tide of modernity, trans. Catherine Porter (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001), pp. 3-4. 44 Lee, pp. 278-9. 43 25 „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ 45 Ibid., p. 283, 285. Foster, p. 92. 47 Su Liqun, p. 24. 46 26 ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ 48 Foster, p. 257. Lu Xun, ‘A Q zhengzhuan de chengyin’, Beixin, 18 (December 1926), pp. 1-11. 50 Fu Lei, ‘Guanyu gou de huiyi’, Beixin, 24 (February 1927), pp. 19-23. 51 Originally Cuore (Heart) in Italian. Written by Edmondo De Amicis in 1886. 52 Ye Zhishan, ‘Wa chitang de biyu’, in Ai de jiaoyu, trans. Tian Yaqing (Beijing: Zhongguo shaonian ertong chubanshe, 1980), p. 308. Fu Lei reviewed the Xia Mianzun version of 1926, published by Kaiming shudian. 49 27 – „ ‟ „ “ ” ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ é 53 Qin Yanhua, Xiandai chuban yu ershishiji sanshiniandai wenxue (Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe, 2008), p. 200. 54 Fu Lei, ‘Jieshao yiben shini xialei de shu’, Beixin, 16 (December 1926), pp. 7-10. 55 Fu Lei would later meet with the Sun brothers in France and holiday together. Jin Mei, p. 72. 56 ‘Faxing tongxin shiwu pian’ in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 23-77. The series was later collated in Cao Juren’s anthology of famous letters: Cao Juren, ed., Xiandai mingjia shuxin (Hong Kong: Chuangken chubanshe, 1955), pp. 199-231. 28 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ … ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 57 ‘Faxing tongxin shiwu pian’, pp. 75-7. 29 „ é ‟ é ‟ – – é 58 Recounted by Liu Haisu, cited in Jin Mei, p. 57. 30 „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟– „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 59 Jin Mei, p. 107. ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 3 March 1934’, p. 462. 61 Ibid. 62 Ye Yonglie, p. 17. 63 ‘Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’ (1943), Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 606. 60 31 ‟ „ ‟ è ‟ è é é é 64 Georges Lecomte, ‘Shijibing (mal du siècle)’, trans. Fu Lei, Fu Lei yiwenji, Vol. 14 (Hefei: Anhui renmin chubanshe, 1984), pp.618-22. 32 „ ‟ – „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ō ō ‟ „ ‟ 65 ‘Translator’s note’, Ibid., p. 622. ‘Xiandai qingnian de fanmen (1933)’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 244-246. 67 Ibid., p. 244 68 Jing Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of Modern Chinese Identity, 1895-1937 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2005), pp. 205-8. 66 33 ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ è „ ‟ „ ‟ 69 Ibid., pp. 214-5. ‘Xiandai Zhongguo yishu zhi konghuang’ (1932), Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 532-5. 71 ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 3 March 1934’, p. 462. 72 ‘Translator’s preface’, Mingren zhuan (Nanjing: Yilin chubanshe, 2008), p. 6. 70 34 „ “ ” ‟ – „ – ‟ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟– „ ‟ „ „ 73 74 ‟ ‟ ‘Xiandai qingnian de fanmen’, p. 244. Ibid., p. 245. 35 ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ 75 ‟ ‟ … Jing Tsu, pp. 205-9 36 ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ 76 Bertrand Russell, The conquest of happiness (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 5. Ironically Russell spoke approvingly of young intelligentsia in China who, while prevented politically from being happy, were living positively and purposefully, and therefore more likely to achieve happiness (pp. 103-4). 77 ‘Xingfu zhi lu’, Fu Lei yiwenji, Vol. 14, p. 132. 78 Russell, pp. 25, 170-1. 79 Bertrand Russell, A history of western philosophy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1945), pp. 694, 724-5, 752, 767. 80 ‘Translator’s foreword’, Fu Lei yiwenji, Vol. 14, pp. 111-2. 37  ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ … ‟ 81 Ibid. Linda M. Austin, ‘Children of childhood: nostalgia and the romantic legacy’, Studies in Romanticism, 42, 1 (2003). 83 ‘Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’, pp. 607-15. 82 38 ‟ ‟ é ‟ „ ‟ ‟ è ‟ ‟ ‟ – – ‟ 84 ‟ ‘Xiandai qingnian de fanmen’, p. 244. 39 „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 85 Su Liqun, pp. 95-103. 40 „ … ‟ ‟ ‟ 1 ‘Cong “gongbuju Zhongguo yinyuehui” shuodao Zhongguo yinyue yu xiju de qiantu (1933)’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p.587. 41 „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟– – ‟ – 2 Charlotte Furth, ‘Intellectual change: from the reform movement to the May Fourth movement, 18951920’ in Merle Goldman and Leo Ou-fan Lee, eds. An intellectual history of modern China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 27-8, 37, 53-5; Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth movement of 1919 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), p. 25. 42 ‟ ‟ – „ – ‟ „ … … … 43 ‟ – „ … „ ‟– ‟ 3 ‘Women de gongzuo (1932)’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 240-1. ‘Preface’ in ‘Shijie meishu mingzuo ershijiang (1934)’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 364; ‘Women de gongzuo’, p. 240. 5 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 13 April 1966, in Fu Lei wenji, shuxinjuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p.452. 6 Leo Ou-fan Lee, The romantic generation of modern Chinese writers (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 276. 4 44 – „ ‟ ‟ „ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 7 8 Ni Wei, “Minzu” sixiang yu guojia tongzhi (Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe, 2003), pp. 51-67. Xie Tianzhen and Li Xiaojun, Fu Lei na yuanshi de leihuolinghun (Beijing: Wenjing chubanshe, 2004), p. 76. 45 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ – „ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 9 ‘Women de gongzuo’, p. 242. ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 3 March 1934’, in Fu Lei wenji, shuxinjuan, p. 463. 11 ‘Women de gongzuo’, p. 242. 12 Ibid., p. 241. 13 ‘Preface’ in ‘Shijie meishu mingzuo ershijiang’, p. 364. 10 46 „ … ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ – ‟ – ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ 47 „ è … … ‟ „ ‟ „ „ „ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 14 ‘Translator’s preface’ in Mingren zhuan (Nanjing: Yilin chubanshe, 2008), p. 6. Ibid., p. 5. Here Fu uses zhongyong as a character trait, hence its translation as ‘mediocre’. 16 Beethoven, ‘The Heiligenstadt Testament (1802)’, in Mingren zhuan, p. 56. 15 48 „ … … ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 17 Romain Rolland, Beethoven the creator: the great creative epochs from the Eroica to the Appassionata, trans. Ernest Newman (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964), pp. 88-9. This second biography presents a technical breakdown of the most important music and subjects it to a dramatized reading to explain Beethoven’s creative process. This work was not translated in full by Fu Lei but his summary basically makes the same point. ‘Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 605-29. 18 Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’, pp. 606-14. 19 Song Xuezhi, Fanyi wenxue jingdian de yingxiang yu jieshou (Shanghai: Shanghai yiwen chubanshe, 2006), p. 51. 49 ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 20 Mao Dun, ‘Yongheng de jinian yu jingyang (1945)’, cited in Ibid., pp. 51-2. ‘Message from the translator (1937)’ in Yuehan Kelisiduofu, vol. 1 (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1997). 21 50 ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ – „ ‟ 22 Su Liqun, Fu Lei biezhuan (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2000), p. 100; Song Xuezhi, p. 46. Song Xuezhi, p. 59. 24 Ibid., p. 58. 25 Romain Rolland, John Christopher: storm and stress, trans. Gilbert Cannan (London: Heinemann, 1961), pp. 160-1. 26 Henri Bergson (1859-1941), French thinker who emphasized the significance of intuition and creative impulses in shaping human experience. 23 51 ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟– ‟ „ ‟ ‘ 27 28 ‘Translator’s foreward (1940)’ in Yuehan Kelisiduofu, vol. 1, pp. 2-3. ‘Taina “Yishulun” yizhe bianyan’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 514-6. 52 … ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ „ 29 30 ‟ Romain Rolland, John Christopher, pp. 149-50. ‘Letter to Zamira Menuhin’, 21 October 1960, Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 240. 53 ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ – – ‟ ‟ 31 Chen Hong, Rijun paohuoxia de Zhongguo zuojia (Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe, 2006), pp. 159-60. Su Liqun, pp. 100, 103; Song Xuezhi, p. 71. 33 Chen Hong, pp. 10-23; 165-75. 32 54 „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 34 Romain Rolland, ‘Preface to the original edition’ in Mingren zhuan, p. 11. ‘Letter from Romain Rolland to the translator, 30 June 1934’, in Mingren zhuan, p. 269. 36 ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 20 August 1934’, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 464. 37 Poshek Fu, Passivity, resistance and collaboration: intellectual choices in occupied Shanghai (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 42-5. 35 55 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 38 Georges Duhamel, Civilization 1914-1917, trans., E.S. Brooks (New York: The Century Co., 1919). ‘Translator’s foreword to Duhamel’s Wenming (1947)’ in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 211. 40 ‘Guanyu gou de huiyi’, Beixin, 24, (February 1927), pp. 19-23. 41 ‘Letter from Romain Rolland to the translator’, p. 270. 39 56 „ ‟ – ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ 42 ‘Suowei rendao (1945)’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 265-7. Leo Tolstoy, ‘Letter to Gandhi’, 7 September 1910, in Recollections and Essays by Leo Tolstoy (London: Oxford University Press, 1937), pp. 435-439. In English in the original. Fu Lei’s translation into Chinese included in Mingren zhuan, pp.441-4. 44 ‘Suowei rendao’, pp. 265-7. 43 57 ‟ „ ‟ – „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ 45 Maurice Nadeau, ‘Romain Rolland’, Journal of Contemporary History, 2,2 (1967), pp. 214-6. ‘Suowei rendao’, pp. 265-7 and ‘Shi kuanda haishi fangzong?’ (1945), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 269-71. 47 ‘Romain Rolland’, p. 219. 46 58 ‟ „ – ‟ ‟ 48 D.C. Lau, trans., Mencius, IV. B. 12 (London: Penguin, 2004), p. 90; Gao Zhuancheng, Mengzi tongshuo (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2004), p. 127. 49 Gu Xingliang, ‘Mingqing shiqi meixue jiben jingshen gaiguan’, Xinyang shifan xueyuan xuebao, 22,5 (2002), pp. 109-12. 50 Zhu Ziqing, ‘Baizhongren – shangdi de jiaozi!’ (1925), in Beiying (Beijing: Kaiming chubanshe, 1992), pp. 12-3. 51 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 5 August 1960, p.232. 59 „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ … ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ 52 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 9 March 1962, p. 349. ‘Anna Karenina, War and Peace’, in Mingren zhuan, pp. 317-23. 54 Serena Jin, ‘Chizi zhixin Zhongguohun’, in Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p. 328. 53 60 ‟ „ … ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 55 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 27 December 1954; ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 31 December 1960, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), pp. 84; 252. 56 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 26 January 1955, p. 94. 57 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 29 February 1956, pp. 157-8. 61 „ … ‟ – ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ … ‟ „ ‟ he is „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 58 D.C. Lau, trans., The Analects, II. 17, (London: Penguin, 1979), p.65. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 29 February 1956, p. 157. 60 Ibid. 61 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 27 December 1954, p. 84. 59 62 é „ ‟ – ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ’ ‟ 62 ‘Shenme jiaozuo gudian de?’ in Fu Lei yiwenji, Vol. 14 (Hefei: Anhui renmin chubanshe, 1984), p.722. The Analects, III. 20, p. 70. 64 ‘Shenme jiaozuo gudian de?’, p. 725. 63 63 „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ 65 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 11 May 1955, p. 125. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 27 December 1957, p. 84. 67 Wang Guowei, Renjian cihua 1. 16 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1998), p. 4. 66 64 ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ 68 ‘Shenme jiaozuo gudian de?’, p. 725. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 5 October 1961, p, 331. 70 ‘Preface’ in ‘Shijie meishu mingzuo ershijiang’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 364. 69 65 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 71 Ibid. 66 ‟ ‟ 1 Wang Bingqin, Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi sixiangshi (Tianjin: Nankai daxue chubanshe, 2004); Leo Takhung Chan, Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2004). 67 ’ – – „ ‟ 2 Yang Jiang, ‘Yi Fu Lei’, p. 13 and Serena Jin, ‘Xin ru shuijing yiban touming’, in Serena Jin, ed. Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p. 57. 3 ‘Fu Lei zishu (1957)’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 9. Several critics appear to think the early works show his literary potential. 4 ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’ (1957), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 193. 5 ‘Fu Cong de chengzhang’ (1956), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 672. 68 „ … ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 6 ‘Lun Zhang Ailing de xiaoshuo’ (1944), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 107. Liu Jingzhi, ‘Fu Lei de yinyueyishuguan’, in Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei, pp. 177-92. 8 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 27 March 1955, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, pp. 105-6. 7 69 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 9 ‘Lun Zhang Ailing de xiaoshuo’, pp. 107-19. Chen Qingsheng, Kangzhan shiqi de Shanghai wenxue (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1995), p. 317. 11 Ibid.; Jin Mei, Fu Lei Zhuan (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1996), pp. 204-5; Li Yunlei, Ting Fu Lei jiang yishu (Xi’an: Shaanxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2008), p. 188. 12 Leo Ou-fan Lee, Shanghai modern: the flowering of a new urban culture in China, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 281. 13 See n.8. 10 70 ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ – ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 14 Lee, trans., pp. 280-1. Ibid., p. 291. 16 Ibid., pp. 282, 287. The ‘principle’ is cenci de duizhao, a term invented by Chang, roughly meaning the juxtaposition of incongruous elements. Cangliang is Chang’s own description of her work. To read Chang’s use of desolation as an aesthetic principle is an established view, also recorded in Ban Wang, The sublime figure of history (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1997), p. 90. 15 71 „ ‟ – ‟ ‟ – „ … ‟ … ‟ 17 ‘Lun Zhang Ailing de xiaoshuo’, pp. 113-4. Ibid., p. 112. Jinsuoji is a tale of a widowed concubine whose painful romance with a dallying brother-inlaw provoked destructive passions that spilled over to her relationship with her children. 18 72 ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 19 Ibid., pp. 108-12. Ibid., p. 118. 20 73 – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 21 Lee, pp. 290-1. Eileen Chang, cited in Lee, p. 282. 23 ‘Lun Zhang Ailing de xiaoshuo’, p. 107-8. 22 74 ‟ „ … ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 24 ‘Meiyou zaiqing de “zaiqinghua”’ (1946), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 564-6. Ibid., pp. 565-6. 26 Ibid., p. 566. 25 75 ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ 27 Guo Moruo, ‘Cong zainanzhong xiang juren yiyang jueqi’ (1946), in Guo Moruo yiwenji Vol. 2 (Chengdu: Sichuan daxue chubanshe, 1988), pp. 157-9. 28 Ibid., pp. 158-9. 76 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ – – 29 ‘Lun Zhang Ailing de xiaoshuo’, p. 107. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 22 October 1954, p. 64. 31 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 14 April 1956, pp. 164-5. 30 77 ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ – „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ 32 33 ‟ ‟ ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 17 March 1957, p. 196. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 18 March 1957, p. 200. 78 ‟ – – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ – „ ‟ „ “ ” 34 ‘Yishu chuangzaoxing yu laodong taidu’ (1956), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 173-4. Ibid., p. 174. 36 The darkness or lightness of different areas in a painting, achieved through the use of colors and shading techniques. 37 Used here as a criticism of art work to be lacking in substance and divorced from real life. 38 The leading culture and propaganda bureaucrat. 35 79 ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ 39 ‘Guanyu wenyi chuangzuo yu chuban shiye wenti’ (1956), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 148. ‘Wei fanrong chuangzuo, tigao chubanwu zhiliang tigong genghao de tiaojian’ (1957), in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 180-7. 40 80 „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ – ‟ 41 ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’ (1957), Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p. 191. Ibid., p. 193. 43 Ke Ling, ‘Huai Fu Lei’, in Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei, p. 3. A similar idea is repeated in ‘Letter to Song Qi’, 9 October 1951, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, pp. 582-3; and May Wong, trans., ‘Preface to the retranslation of Le Père Goriot (1951)’ in Leo Tak-hung Chan, ed. Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory, p. 103. While the term ‘creation’ is not used here, this is where he considers the difficulty in attaining the highest standard in translation in the ‘boundless world of art’. 44 ‘Huai Fu Lei’, p. 3. 42 81 „ ‟ „ … … ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ 45 46 ‟ ‟ Adapted from May Wong, trans., ‘Preface to the retranslation of Le Père Goriot’, p. 102. Ibid. 82 ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟– – „ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 47 Leo Tak-hung Chan, ‘The traditional approach: impressionistic theories’, in Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory, pp. 6-7. 48 Ibid., p. 3. 49 Han Jianghong, Yan Fu huayuxitong yu jindai zhongguo wenhua zhuanxing (Shanghai: Shanghai yiwen chubanshe, 2006), pp. 60-73. 50 George Kao, trans., ‘The translations of Lin Shu (1963)’, in Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory, pp. 104-14. 51 ‘The traditional approach’, p. 9. 83 – „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ 52 53 ‟ ‘Modern theories of the 1920s and 30s’, Ibid., pp. 18-23. Ibid., pp. 26-7. 84 „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 54 Meng Zhaoyi and Li Zaidao, eds., Zhongguo fanyi wenxueshi (Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2005), p.236. 85 „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ 55 ‘Preface to the retranslation of Le Père Goriot (1951)’; ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, first published in Wenyibao, May 1957; ‘Letter to Song Qi (Stephen Soong)’, 10 October 1954 and Yang Jiang, ‘Yi Fu Lei’, p.14, on report submitted to state conference on translation in 1954. 56 Han Jianghong, pp. 13-4. 86 ‟ ‟ 57 André Lefevere, ‘Mother Courage’s cucumbers: text, system and refraction in a theory of literature’ in Lawrence Venuti, ed., The Translation Studies Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 234. 58 Ibid., pp. 234-6. 59 Song Xuezhi, Fanyi wenxue jingdian de yingxiang yu jieshou (Shanghai: Shanghai yiwen chubanshe, 2006). 87 „ ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ –„ ‟ ‟ 60 ‘Letter to Song Qi’, 10 October 1954, p. 591. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 10 February 1954, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 20. 62 D.C. Lau, trans., The Analects, II. 17, (London: Penguin, 1979), p.65. 63 ‘Letter to Song Qi’, 8 July 1954, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 589; Ke Ling, ‘Huai Fu Lei’, p. 3; Si Ling, ‘Fu Lei yu Ba’erzhake’, in Fu Lei tan fanyi (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2005), pp. 78-87. 61 88 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 64 ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, p. 193; ‘Letter to Song Qi’, 10 October 1954, p. 590. ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, pp. 191-2. 66 ‘Letter to Luo Xinzhang’, 6 January 1963, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 718. 65 89 „… “ ” “ ” ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 67 ‘Letter to Yehudi Menuhin’ 14 April 1963, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 692. Adapted from Sara Ho, trans., ‘Letter to Lin Yiliang (Stephen Soong) on translation (1951)’, in TwentiethCentury Chinese Translation Theory, p. 170. 69 ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, p. 193. 70 Ibid.; ‘Letter to Song Qi’, 7 February 1953, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 584. 68 90 „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ 71 Xiao Hong and Xu Jun, ‘Shilun Fu Lei de fanyiguan’, in Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei, p. 294. ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, p. 193. 73 ‘Shilun Fu Lei de fanyiguan’, p. 295. 74 Serena Jin, ‘Fuyi “Gao laotou” de yishu’, in Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei, pp. 209-29; Chen Weifeng, ‘Tan Fu Lei de fanyi’, in Fu Min, ed., Fu Lei tan fanyi (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2005), pp.70-7; Xu Jun, ‘Zuozhe, yizhe he duzhe de gongming yu shijie ronghe – wenben zaichuangzao de ge’an piping’, Zhongguo fanyi 23,3 (May 2002), pp. 23-7. 75 Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi sixiangshi, p. 232. 72 91 „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ 76 Mao Zedong, ‘Talks at the Yenan forum on literature and art’, in Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Vol. III (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1967), pp. 69-98. 77 Zhongguo fanyi wenxueshi, pp. 282-3. 78 Ibid., p. 289. 79 Ibid., p. 286. 92 „ „ ‟ – ‟ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ 80 Mao Dun, ‘Wei fazhan wenxue fanyi shiye he tigao fanyi zhiliang er fendou’, cited in Ibid., pp. 291-2. Nicolai Volland, ‘A linguistic enclave: translation and language policies in the early people’s republic of China’, Modern China 35,5 (2009), pp. 467-94. 81 93 ‟ ‟ – ‟ – „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ – 82 Fu Min, ed., Fu Cong: wangqi le! (Tianjin: Tianjin shehuikexueyuan chubanshe, 2003), p. 84. ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, p. 193. 84 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 18 March 1957, pp. 201-2. 83 94 ï „ – ‟ ‟ „ ‟ for his „ – … … 85 ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 12 September 1965, p. 441. ‘Taina “Yishulun” yizhe bianyan’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 514-6. 87 ‘Letter to Zamira Menuhin’, 9 April 1961, Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p. 273. 86 95 … ‟ „ ‟ … ‟ – ‟ ‟ 88 89 ‘Danna “Yishu zhexue” yizhexu’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp. 519-20. ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 31 October 1964, p. 414. 96 „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ –„ ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ 90 Zhongguo fanyi wenxueshi, p. 288; Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi sixiangshi, p. 207. Zheng Zhenduo, ‘Virgins and matchmakers (1921)’; Guo Moruo, ‘Letter to Zheng Zhenduo (1921)’, Rachel Lung, trans., in Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory, pp. 251-3. 92 Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi sixiangshi, pp. 148-53. 91 97 ‟ ‟ ‟ 98 ‟ ‟ 1 ‘Liu Yandong chuxi jinian Fu Lei bainiandanchen zhanlan kaimushi’, Xinhua News Agency (7 April 2008). 99 ‟ „ ‟ ‟ 2 Examples: Liu Jiming, ed., Qingshaonian wenxue duben: zhongxueshengjuan (Beijing: Zhongguo wenlian chubanshe, 2004); Wu Jianming et al eds., Jingcai yuedu. Xiandai wen, 7,8 (Shanghai: Huadong shifandaxue chubanshe, 2005); Ruan Shengzhen et al eds., Zhongdian zhongxue chuzhong yuwen (Shanghai: Shanghai kexuejishuwenxian chubanshe, 2005); Chen Huanyue, ed., Renyisheng yaodu de 60 feng jiashu (Beijing: Zhongguo heping chubanshe, 2006). 3 Lu Xun, ‘Cong “Fu Lei jiashu” kan Fu Lei jingshen ji qi dui dangdai qingnian zhishifenzi de yiyi’, Anhui wenxue, 6 (2008). 100 – „ ‟ 4 Xu Yuanchong and Xu Jun, ‘Fanyi: “meihua zhi yishu”’ in Xu Jun, Wenxue fanyi de lilun yu shijian – fanyi duihualu (Nanjing: Yilin chubanshe, 2001), pp. 50-3. 101 ō ō 爱的教育 北新 苍凉 陈独秀 赤子 赤子之心 传奇 创造性 创作 春秋责备贤者 烦闷 烦躁 法行通信 傅聪 傅雷 傅雷家书 傅雷文集 富强 贡献 国民党 郭沫若 胡适 化 化境 解放日报 敬隐渔 精神 金锁记 苦闷 苦悶の象徴 廚川 白村 浪漫蒂克地忧郁 劳动态度 李煜（后主） 梁启超 临画 林纾 刘海粟 刘抗 鲁迅 莽原 茅盾 毛泽东 钱钟书 倾城之恋 人间词话 102 人民内部矛盾 申报 神似 司马迁 司徒乔 孙福熙 桐城 童心 万象 王国维 王统照 文艺报 文艺工作 物我同化 夏丏尊 萧军 小说世界 小说月报 信、达、雅 新潮 学生杂志 延安文艺座谈会 严复 艺术家 艺术品 艺术修养 艺术眼光 艺术意境 意译 忧患意识 郁达夫 张嵩年 指鹿为马 直译 朱梅馥 朱自清 103 „ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ 104 „ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ 105 „ è ‟ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ „ “ ” ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ 106 “ ” – „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 107 – „ – ‟ ‟ „ “ ” ‟ “ „ ” ‟ „ „ ‟ – ‟ 108 [...]... ‟ é 53 Qin Yanhua, Xiandai chuban yu ershishiji sanshiniandai wenxue (Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe, 2008), p 200 54 Fu Lei, ‘Jieshao yiben shini xialei de shu’, Beixin, 16 (December 1926), pp 7-10 55 Fu Lei would later meet with the Sun brothers in France and holiday together Jin Mei, p 72 56 ‘Faxing tongxin shiwu pian’ in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp 23-77 The series was later collated in Cao Juren’s... made up the original ‘Lives of Illustrious Men’ series in French 3 Romain Rolland, ‘Letter from Romain Rolland to the translator: on non-resistance’, 30 June 1934, reproduced in Mingren zhuan (Nanjing: Yilin chubanshe, 2008), pp 270 – 1 15 ‟ – ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 4 Fu Lei, ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 20 August 1934’, trans Luo Xinzhang, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan, p 464 5 Jin Mei, Fu Lei zhuan (Changsha: Hunan... Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964) 17 Theodore Huters, Bringing the world home: appropriating the West in late Qing and early Republican China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005), p 66 8 – – ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ 18 Susan Bassnett, The Tranlsation Turn in Cultural Studies’ in Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere, Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters,... Zweig, Romain Rolland: the man and his work, trans Eden and Cedar Paul (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1921), p 348 13 Ibid., pp 352-3 14 Romain Rolland, The Forerunners, trans Eden and Cedar Paul (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1920), pp 211-5 15 ‘Jingshen duli xuanyan’, trans Zhang Songnian, Xin qingnian 7,1 (December 1919), p 32 16 Having no access to the original Declaration published in France,... Conway, ‘Romain Rolland’ in Dictionary of literary biography 332 (Thomson Gale, 2007), p 46; Su Liqun, Fu Lei biezhuan (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2000), p 102 7 Rolland was a life-long admirer of Tolstoy and wrote him a series of letters in his youth, to which Tolstoy replied once Tolstoy died in 1910 and Rolland wrote the Tolstoy biography a year later 8 Su Liqun, p 78; Li Yunlei, Ting Fu Lei jiang... cited in Nadel, p 4 For example: Jin Mei, Fu Lei zhuan (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1996); Su Liqun, Fu Lei biezhuan (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2000) 23 11 ‟ ‟ ‟ – – ‟ ‟ 24 Chen Zishan, ‘Chizi zhixin de zuichu tixian’, Mingbao yuekan, 5 (2008) Examples: Ye Yonglie, Fu Lei huazhuan (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2005); Ye Yonglie, Fu lei yu Fu Cong: jiedu Fu Lei jiashu” (Nanning: Guangxi renmin... 2004); Ye Kai, Fu Lei de zuihou 17 nian (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2005); Richard Kraus, Pianos and politics in China: middle class 25 12 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ ambitions and the struggle over Western music (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); pp 70-99 13 ‟ 14 „ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟ ‟ „ „ ‟ ‟ ‟ – ‟ ‟ 1 Fu Lei, ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, 3 March 1934’, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan (Beijing: Dangdai... 2 These were Michelangelo and Tolstoy, published in 1935 by the Commercial Press in Shanghai Beethoven underwent extensive correction from the version completed in 1932 and was initially adapted as an abridged commentary (‘Beiduofen pingzhuan’, Guoji yibao 7,1, September 1934) The final version was published in 1946 as Beiduofen zhuan (Shanghai: Luotuo chubanshe) These biographies made up the original... 1998), p 123 9 – – ‟ ‟ – „ ‟ 19 Romain Rolland, Beethoven the creator: the great creative epochs from the Eroica to the Appassionata, trans Ernest Newman (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964) 20 Fu Lei, ‘Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’, Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), p 605 21 Ira Bruce Nadel, Biography: fiction, fact and form (London: Macmillan, 1984), p... signatories chosen from an abridged list of names from the English versions 19 ‟ ‟ ‟ ‟ „ ‟ 17 ‘Benzhi xuanyan’, Xin qingnian 7,1 (December 1919), pp 1-4 Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), p 119 n 54 19 Song Xuezhi, Fanyi wenxue jingdian de yingxiang yu jieshou (Shanghai: Shanghai ... 55 Fu Lei would later meet with the Sun brothers in France and holiday together Jin Mei, p 72 56 ‘Faxing tongxin shiwu pian’ in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp 23-77 The series was later collated in. .. Lee, ‘Incomplete Modernity: Rethinking the May Fourth Intellectual Project’ and Rudolf G Wagner, The Canonization of May Fourth’ in Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation... ‟ Fu Lei, ‘Letter to Romain Rolland, March 1934’, in Fu Lei wenji: shuxinjuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), pp 462 – These were Michelangelo and Tolstoy, published in 1935 by the